3. METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (continued)
3.2 Utilization of small water bodies
| 3.2.1 | Utilization of small water bodies - general | (SWB/GEN) |
Description: Six small water body projects are under way: one each in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi and Zambia; and two in Zimbabwe. Pilot projects address issues in fisheries assessment, fishing monitoring, community surveys, economic feasibility, fisheries development and management, fishing gear, and fisheries enhancements. Pilot project areas cover a wide range of climate, fish fauna, social organization, and fish eating/marketing habits.
Small water body pilot projects are complemented by studies and surveys on selected topics. Information and experiences from other regions are evaluated, and results exchanged among pilot projects.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Report on economics of small water body exploitation. | No progress. |
| 2. | Draft guidelines on methods to assess small water body fisheries and management methods. | Ongoing: framework of rapid fishery assessment methods proposed; management options being reviewed. |
| 3. | Pilot project documents. | Three pilot projects prepared in Zimbabwe in collaboration with Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management and Agritex. One pilot project prepared in Malawi in collaboration with Department of Fisheries and ICLARM. |
Assessment: The emphasis on this target area during 1991, reflects the potential and the interest expressed by member countries. Progress was made in the assessment process, and the foundation laid for interventions during 1992 to improve management and fisheries.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Preparation of guidelines on rapid fisheries assessment for small water bodies incorporating elements of fisheries sampling, monitoring and community appraisal. | Guidelines formulated (June). |
| 2. | Desk study and review of issues in small water body fisheries development. | Report (Aug). |
| 3. | A technical consultation on small water body fisheries development. | Technical consultation September and report November. |
| 3.2.2 | Utilization of small water bodies - Botswana | (SWB/BOT) |
Objective: The overall objective is to test and demonstrate methods to increase the production of fish from small water bodies benefitting the local communities.
The immediate objectives are:
Description: Information on physical, biological and socio-economic aspects of fisheries has been gathered and evaluated for seven small dams. One year of monthly test fishing exercises has been completed on one dam to determine the annual fluctuation in fish populations, and a fishery data and assessment procedure has been devised. Strong indigenous fish populations have been found, and constraints to local fishing and fish consumption have been identified. Fishery development and management efforts will focus on testing and introducing appropriate fishing methods in selected local communities as identified through the Rapid Rural Appraisal.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Baseline data on species present and relative seasonal densities; analysis of implications for fisheries management; technicians trained in test fishing. | Completed for 8 reservoirs and documented in a working paper; four technicians trained. |
| 2. | Management schemes proposed for up to seven communities. | Under discussion with one reservoir community. |
| 3. | Report on testing, training and extension material for appropriate fishing methods. | Testing ongoing for liftnets, longlines, and seining |
| 4. | Management scheme implemented on at least one reservoir. | RRA implemented and management options discussed at Semarule Dam. |
Assessment: Lack of fishing tradition and fish eating habits necessitates a cautious and slow approach to the involvement of communities in the activities. A Rapid Rural Appraisal (October 1991) clarified options on how to proceed with reservoir utilization and management. Key staff of the Fisheries Unit left second half of 1991 for training abroad. Project activities have been adjusted to the situation and focus on maintaining continuity awaiting their return.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Adaptation and testing of fishing gear for small dam fisheries. | Gear packages and report on utilization (Dec). |
| 2. | Preparation of small dam fishing modeules and integration into existing Fisheries Section training activities. | Modules prepared (Apr) and used in Fisheries Section training activities (Nov). |
| 3. | Introduction of fishery exploitation on three small community dams. | Three small dam fisheries underway (Sept). |
| 4. | Preparation of inventory of small dams in Botswana and identification of those with potential for fisheries or aquaculture development. | Preliminary dam inventory completed in June and 10 dams selected for interventions (Aug). |
| 5. | Study of and recommendation for fishery management and marketing options for small dam fisheries in Southeastern Botswana. | Report (September) |
| 6. | Training of Fisheries Section staff in small dam fishery assessment, development and management. | One-week workshop for Fisheries Unit staff (Nov). |
| 3.2.3 | Utilization of small water bodies - Lesotho | (SWB/LES) |
Objective: The overall objective is to increase fish production from existing small reservoirs benefitting the local communities.
The immediate objectives are:
Description: The pilot project was initiated in 1989 with a socio-economic survey of fishing activities and fish eating habits and attitudes, which documented an unmet demand for fresh fish. In late 1990, test fishing on five selected reservoirs showed established indigenous fish populations, with some introduced bass and carp. A map-based inventory has identified 310 reservoirs of less than 1 ha, 75 reservoirs between 1 and 10 ha, and 6 reservoirs larger than 10 ha. A fishing survey initiated in mid-1991 is documenting the seasonal hook and line fisheries on larger reservoirs, the only type of fishing currently allowed in Lesotho.
The pilot project will develop the fisheries of each size class of reservoir by stimulating entrepreneurial fishing through gear development, training of fishermen, stocking where necessary, and appropriate regulations.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements Sept 1991 | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Standardized description of reservoirs with potential for fisheries management, based on map survey and field visits. | Framework prepared. |
| 2. | Baseline data on species present and relative densities; analysis of implications for fishery management; national staff trained in test fishing. | Baseline data for five reservoirs; one fisheries officer trained to collect and evaluate data; sampling equipment provided. |
| 3. | Standardized monitoring system. Description of fishing activities in selected reservoirs. | Developed and being tested at Sebaboleng dam. |
| 4. | Review of reservior fisheries management in the Orange river system. | References collected. |
| 5. | Protocols for mitigating waterborne disease vectors. | No progress |
| 6. | Management schemes implemented for up to five reservoirs. | Discussed with Government. |
Assessment: The project is behind schedule mainly because of limited personnel of the Fisheries Unit. A request was forwarded towards the end of the reporting period to augment the capacity with an ALCOM APO, and the project will be reformulated in March/April 1992.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Testing of fish stock assessment and yield estimation method for small reservoirs in Lesotho. | Guidelines (June). |
| 2. | Make improvements to existing fishing methods and adapt other methods (gill nets, seine nets, long lines) to Lesotho fisheries. | Gear package (June). Training of fishermen from July. |
| 3. | For large dams; develop and implement closed access fisheries based enterprises. | Options identified (Mar), one approach selected (Apr) and implemented on one reservoir (Dec). |
| 4. | For medium and large dams; develop and implement open access fisheries management. | Options identified (Mar), selected (April) and implemented on three reservoirs (Dec). |
| 5. | For small dams; develop and implement closed access fisheries enterprises. | Options identified (Mar), selected (April) and implemented on six reservoirs (Dec). |
| 6. | Investigation of fish export markets in neighboring countries. | Report (Sept). |
| 7. | Training of small-scale entrepreneurs in business management. | Course for 10 entrepreneurs completed. |
| 3.2.4 | Utilization of small water bodies - Zambia | (SWB/ZAM) |
Objective: The overall objective is to improve the production of fish from small water bodies benefitting local communities.
The immediate objectives are:
Description: Eastern Province of Zambia has 207 catalogued small reservoirs on which fishing is carried out. There is a high demand for fish, and improved reservoir fishing and management could help satisfy this demand. Fishery assessment and fishing monitoring procedures are being refined for conditions in Eastern Province. Monitoring shows high fishing effort on some reservoirs. Management strategies will focus on harvesting unexploited fish stocks, strengthening local control over reservoir fisheries, and promotion of fisheries on under-exploited reservoirs.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Baseline data on species and relative densities; analysis of implications for fishery management. | Completed on eight reservoirs. |
| 2. | Modified test fishing method; technicians trained to use the method. | Completed. Four technicians trained. |
| 3. | Description of socio-economic and fishing situation at selected reservoirs. | Completed at four reservoirs. |
| 4. | Fishing monitoring method and data on 4 reservoirs. | Initiated and being tested on two reservoirs. |
| 5. | Inventory of reservoirs based on maps and field visits; proposal for reservoir fisheries assessment. | Map-based inventory completed for 223 reservoirs; assessment procedure being tested in the field. |
| 6. | Management strategies proposed for 4 reservoirs. | RRA completed on two reservoirs. No strategies have been formulated. |
| 7. | Studies of: legal and organizational aspects of fisheries management; relation of test fishing CPUE to species abundance. | No progress. |
| 8. | Review of local fishing methods, testing of improvements, preparation of extension materials. | Ongoing; sketches of local gear prepared; liftnets tested for catching small pelagics. No progress. |
| 9. | Management strategies implemented on at least two reservoirs. | |
Assessment: The situation with several (interest) groups involved in the fisheries (women and men from local communities and outsiders fishing with professional gear) is more complex than anticipated at the start of the project. This has delayed decisions on interventions.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Test and refine the fishing monitoring (creel survey) method and document findings on sampled reservoirs. | Report on findings from sampled reservoirs (June). |
| 2. | Synthesize and prepare guidelines on using the rapid fishery appraisal method (sampling, monitoring, community survey). | Report with guidelines (June). |
| 3. | Develop and test gear for catching Barbus paludinosis and evaluate its impact on small cichlids. | Gear(s) tested on ten reservoirs, with report (Dec). |
| 4. | Propose, discuss and facilitate means of increasing local control over reservior fisheries. | Plan of action agreed between one Chief and Chipata District Council (June), repeated for a different Chief and District Council (Dec). |
| 5. | Assess and promote fishing on under-exploited reservoirs. | Increased fishing initiated on ten reservoirs (Dec). |
| 6. | Update reservoir inventory with field observations and disseminate to Districts. | Continuous updating, biannual distribution (Apr, Oct) to Districts. |
| 7. | Organize bi-annual three-day workshops for Eastern Province Fish Scouts on reservoir fisheries assessment, development and management methods. | Two workshops (dates to be determined). |
| 3.2.5 | Methods for evaluating small reservoir fisheries - Malawi | (SWB/MLW) |
Objective: The overall objective is to identify a feasible fish stock assessment method for use in appraising small reservoir fishery yield parameters and the potential management of and enhancements to small reservoir fisheries.
The immediate objectives are to:
Description: This collaborative project among the Government of Malawi, ALCOM and ICLARM will commence in 1992 for 18 months. It will address critical fishery and limnology assessment issues relating to sampling and yield prediction. The results will be of use in Malawi and in other small reservoir fishery assessment and development efforts in the region. The pilot project will also evaluate effects of interventions on reservoirs used for domestic water supply.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Selection of small reservoirs for study. | Up to four reservoirs selected (Jan). |
| 2. | Establish fishery and limnology sampling protocols. | Parameters identified, local secondary data sources evaluated, sampling protocol written (Jan). |
| 3. | Sampling of fishery and limnology data on selected reservoirs. | Sampling schedule drawn-up (Jan) and sampling initiated. |
| 4. | Initiation of data analysis. | Calculations of species composition, CPUE, growth and mortality rates, production estimates (as data is collected). |
| 5. | Training of Malawian staff in sampling and data analysis methods. | Research Associate, Fisheries Technical Assistant, and Fisherman with one-year's on-the-job training (Dec). |
| 3.2.6 | Utilization of Small Water Bodies - Zimbabwe | (SWB/ZIM) |
Three projects were formulated during 1991 and preparatory work on two initiated towards the end of the year.
1. Methods for reservoir fisheries development (SWB/ZIM 1)
Objectives: The overall objective is a rapid fisheries appraisal method for community based reservoir fisheries management. The immediate objectives are:
Description: Zimbabwe has over 8000 man-made reservoirs on communal land, commercial farming land and state land. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management licences fishing on all reservoirs. Licences are however limited to gill nets. Removal rates by other legal fishing gear such as rod and line, long lines and fishing traps are not considered in estimating the potential production of reservoirs for determining the fishing pressure.
Five reservoirs have been selected to test and demonstrate an improved rapid fishery assessment method and community-based fisheries management.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Description and analysis of fish stock assessment methods used in Zimbabwe, adaptation and use of test fishing method used by ALCOM. | Report (Oct) |
| 2. | Estimation of removal rate by fishing gear used on dams. | A procedure for equating different gear to facilitate permit procedures and allow diversification of fishing efforts. |
| 3. | Test of a monitoring system to estimate actual fishing pressure on small reservoirs. | Results (Dec) from monitoring of 5 reservoirs. Report on the method and guidelines for its wider application. |
| 4. | Collection of limnological data on small water bodies for classification of small reservoirs by estimated potential yields. | Fish yield estimates for reserviors. |
| 5. | Preparation of guidelines for the use of RRA techniques. Gathering of social and economic data on small reservoir fisheries and communities. | Report/manual (May) |
| 6. | Gathering of economic data to determine economic performance of small operators. | Documentation of economic feasibility of small reservoir fisheries under different conditions. |
| 7. | Identification of management schemes for testing on pilot reservoirs. | Management scheme implemented on at least two reservoirs (200–500 ha) and 2 reservoirs (50-100 Ha) |
| 2. | Enhanced Fish Production from Reservoirs | (SWB/ZIM 2) |
Objectives: The overall objective is to increase fish production from selected reservoirs. The immediate objectives are:
a demonstration of the bio-technical and socio-economic feasibility of enhancement interventions in reservoirs ranging from 100 ha to 2000 ha.
development of guidelines for further application of feasible enhancement interventions.
Description: Most reservoirs are already being fished. The intensity of fishing is not well documented nor have fisheries enhancements been tried other than initial stocking of new reservoirs. The pilot project seeks to test and demonstrate methods of fish enhancement such as stocking, fertilization, cage culture and other enclosures. The interventions will follow rapid fisheries appraisal methods developed under SWB/ZIM 1.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Development of community based hatcheries for stocking local reservoir to enhance production. | Feasibility study report. Eventual sites and agents identified. |
| 2. | Test of fertilization of reservoirs using organic manure. | Fertilization initiated in 2 reserviors. Monitoring of yield. |
| 3. | Testing the use of fish traps. Assessment of feasibility of large fish traps for keeping live fish. | Trials initiated |
| 4. | Tests with cage culture. | Sites and operators identified. |
| 3. | Reservoir Fisheries in Local Community Development | (SWB/ZIM3) |
Objectives: The overall objective is an increased contribution to income and nutrition in selected communities of Chivi District, Masvingo Province from utilization of their reservoirs. The immediate objectives are:
Description: Rural communities use small reservoirs in communal lands for many purposes, including fisheries. These communities can benefit from improved fish production methods which are intergrated into the multiple uses of the pilot project activities.reservoirs. Rapid Rural Appraisal techniques will be used in conjunction with SWB/ZIM 2 to increase production on 5 communal land reservoirs. The methods tested will be disseminated for wider use in Zimbabwe.
| Activities 1992 | ||
| 1. | Activities postponed to 1993. | |
3.3 Environmental aspects of aquaculture
| 3.3.1 | Environmental aspects - general | (ENV/GEN) |
Description: The 4th Steering Committee Meeting in February 1991 endorsed the idea that environmental aspects should be addressed within the concept of water resources management for biological production. Several countries in the region are facing constraints to development caused by water scarcity. Efficient use of water resources can facilitate development, and aquaculture and inland fisheries compete with other users for good quality water in adequate amounts.
General activities were initiated in the fourth quarter of 1991 with the entry on duty of the Ecologist (APO). Activities will continue throughout 1992 in three main areas: water resources management; waterborne human diseases; and, environmental impact. Contacts and collaboration with ICLARM, UNEP, IUCN and other national and international bodies working on environmental issues will be strengthened.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Prepare a document outlining the concept of water resources management and its relationship to aquaculture. | Document (Jan), presentation at SC-meeting (Feb), and follow-up action (from Mar). | |
| 2. | Literature review and field survey of waterborne human diseases in Southern Africa, including prevalence, host environment, and current measures for mitigation and eradication. | Report (Jul) presenting: | |
| - | Prevalence of water borne human diseases | ||
| - | Draft guideines on how to mitigate waterborne diseases and vectors in aquaculture. | ||
| - | Suggestions for implementation of guidelines in existing pilot projects. | ||
| - | Suggestions for research and trials, where needed, to develop new techniques to mitigate waterborne human diseases and vectors in aquaculture. | ||
| 3. | Literature review and field survey of environmental impact (e.g. water quality, soil conservation) and aquaculture in Southern Africa. | Report (Oct) presenting: | |
| - | Draft guidelines on managing environmental impact in aquaculture. | ||
| - | Suggestions for trial implementation of guidelines in existing pilot projects. | ||
| - | Suggestions for research and trials, where needed, to test new techniques to manage environmental impact in aquaculture. | ||
| 4. | Implement guidelines in selected pilot projects and initiate new ENV pilot project(s) as needed. | Pending outcome of reports (from July). | |
| 5. | Review of bio-diversity as it relates to aquaculture in Southern Africa. | ||
3.4 Extension/training methods
| 3.4.1 | Extension/training - general | (EXT/GEN) |
Description: Extension methods currently applied in agriculture, rural development and fish farming are surveyed and evaluated for their potential in small-scale fish farming development. The testing and demonstration of extension methods and material are an integral part of all pilot projects. The need for extension methodology development is assessed and specific pilot projects proposed.
Information on extension methods is disseminated to the participating countries.
In the context of pilot projects, study tours are provided for Government staff and fish farmers. Government staff attend short training courses, through fellowships, with priority given to courses in Africa.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Organization and report of a technical consultation on extension in conjunction with the CIFA Working Party on Aquaculture. | The CIFA working party on Aquaculture was postponed to second half 1992, and later indefinitely postponed. |
| 2 | Report on extension methods and systems for the integration of aquaculture with existing extension systems in other sectors. | Ongoing; country-specific information provided in Mozambique and Angola. |
| 3. | Study tour for selected participants of ALCOM's Steering Committee to ICLARM Africa Project, Malawi. | Contacts with FAOR, Lilongwe and ICLARM Malawi; study tour planned to take place in conjuction with 5th Steering Committee Meeting, February 1992. |
| 4. | Assistance to the Belgium Administration for Development Cooperation to identify candidates for scholarships. | Three Government officers from the region participated in training course in Belgium September–December 1991. |
Assessment: Training is provided in the region by national institutions and by ICLARM for M.Sc. The University of Kuopio has a fellowship programme for training in Finland with field work in country of origin. Scholarships are provided by for example United Kingdom, Belgium and USA. SADCC has initiated a comprehensive aquaculture and fisheries training programme. All these efforts call for close collaboration and coordination to avoid duplication and to provide complementary inputs.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Study tour for selected participants to ICLARM Africa Project, Malawi. | Study tour in conjunction with 5th Steering Committee meeting (Feb). |
| 2. | Coordination of and collabration with the SADCC regional fisheries and aquaculture training programme, with the University of Kuopio, and others as appropriate. | |
| 3.4.2 | Field testing of aquaculture in rural development | (FAR/EPZ) |
Objective: The overall objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of, and develop a methodology for, the introduction of small-scale aquaculture in rural communities with a participatory approach.
The immediate objectives are to:
Description: Pilot project activities were initiated in March 1987 in Chipata District, Eastern Province, Zambia. Communities interested in fish farming were identified and described, together with potential sites for aquaculture. A participatory method for introducing fish farming into these communities was developed and tested, and the results are being monitored. A short course for training of extensionists to use the method was developed. Special supporting studies were undertaken to address issues arising during the project.
Modest and long-term technical and material support is being provided to the Department of Fisheries, Eastern Province, to solidify and expand this fish farming extension method to 3 other Districts (Chadiza, Katete, Lundazi) where fingerling production centres and Fish Scouts are already established.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Report with manual for extension method. | No progress. |
| 2. | Preparation of three extension pamphlets. | Pamphlets prepared and distributed October. |
| 3. | Report of trials on harvesting methods. | In preparation. |
| 4. | Report of trials with Clarias qariepinus. | Trials postponed due to drought conditions during 1991. |
| 5. | Fish pond production monitoring system. | Being tested. |
| 6. | Proposals for follow-up activities. | Method being fully implemented by national staff in Eastern Province. |
Assessment: The extension method and remaining pilot project activities are now being fully implemented by the Department of Fisheries. There is need for long-term, low level, support in terms of maintenance of vehicles and motorbikes and provision of extension material.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Prepare final report with manual for extension method. | Final report on the pilot project (March) |
| 2. | Organize bi-annual three-day workshops for Eastern Province Fish Scouts on extension and fish farming methods. | Two workshops, dates to be determined. |
| 3. | Establish a fish farmer monitoring system for farmers assisted by extension service, including quarterly reporting and guidelines for implementation. | Monitoring system established, four quarterly reports, guidelines for larger-scale implementation. |
| 4. | Provide transport for extension service and establish a programme of regular visits by Fish Scouts to farmers, including provision of fingerling. | Transport functioning - 4WD double-cab pick-up - spares for 2 motorbikes |
| 5. | Technical and material support for two training courses for up to 20 farmers each course. | Two courses completed (dates to be determined.) Report |
| 3.4.3 | Methodology for fish culture extension - Mozambique | (EXT/MOZ) |
Objectives: The overall objective is the establishment of an effective extension service for fish culture.
The immediate objectives are to:
develop an extension methodology and related extension material
design and implement a pilot extension service
prepare curricula and material for training of extension staff
train medium-level technicians in extension methods
train existing extension workers on basic fish farming techniques
Description: The pilot project addresses need for fish culture training and extension materials adapted to local conditions, and trained sttaff, to improve and expand the coverage of the extension service.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Preparation of extension and training material | Two training manuals printed. |
| 2. | Organization of farmers training | One course held in Sussundenga district in July |
| 3. | Integration of fish culture extension into agriculture extension system | Proposal to integrate fish culture into UNDP-supported rural extension programme. |
| 4. | Preparation for further training of middle-level technicians, conducted in English | Ongoing. Training, course to be held in 1992 |
| 5. | Technical assistance to follow-up fish culture development project. | |
Assessment: The training has provided the basis for aquaculture extension reaching the small-scale farmers. The sustainability will require substantial inputs such as the proposed component of the UNDP rural extension programme or from other donors.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Training of farmers | Course completed in Sussundenga, with report, first half 1992. |
| 2. | Further training of middle-level technicians conducted in English | Course completed, with report (September) |
| 3.4.4 | Fish farming training and extension - Angola | (EXT/ANG) |
Objective: The overall objective is the development of human resources needed to evaluate and exploit the aquaculture potential in Angola.
The immediate objectives are:
Description: Angola has a good potential for inland fish farming and fisheries in terms of water and land resources. The Government has recently created an Aquaculture Section, within the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Florestal (IDF) of the Ministry of Agriculture, charged with developing inland aquaculture.
A formulation mission in March 1991 identified three areas of collaboration to strengthen fish farming development in the short and medium-term: technical and extension training of medium-level IDF staff; advanced training of one high-level IDF officer; and, preparation of an aquaculture development strategy. Medium-level technical training and development planning was initiated in the second half of 1991.
The training and development planning activities will be continued during 1992, based on a pilot project to be formulated in late 1991. These activities draw on trained personnel and extension methods from ALCOM's 1990 pilot project in Mozambique.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Formulation mission report and pilot project proposals. | Draft report prepared. The formulation mission identified three areas of collaboration to strengthen fish farming development in the short and medium-term: technical and extension training of medium-level IDF staff and advanced training of one high-level IDF officer; and, preparation of an aquaculture development strategy. |
| 2. | Six week training course for 10 medium-level technicians. | Six week course held July–August |
| 3. | Technical advice on establishing pilot fish farming units. | Given during formulation mission. |
Assessment: The training course was successfully implemented with two consultants from Mozambique as course leaders. There is need for continued training with more emphasis on practical aspects of fish farming.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Organize in-country training of ten medium-level technicians in extension methods. | One 6-week course completed, with report. |
| 2. | Prepare in-country, in-depth technical training of five selected medium-level technicians. | One 6-week course prepared for implementation during 1993. |
| 3. | Prepare a study tour of fish farming facilities in the SADCC region for five selected medium-level technicians. | Study tour planned for 1993 and participants selected. |
| 4. | Organize one-year aquaculture training for one higher-level IDF officer. | Training course identified, candidate selected and application in process. |
3.5 Gender in aquaculture development
| 3.5.1 | Gender in aquaculture - general | (WOM/GEN) |
Description: Literature reviews and studies in connection with other programme activities reveal information on constraints and potential for an increased involvement of women in aquaculture development. Specific studies are undertaken on constraints and possibilities.
The focus is on the identification of options and activities to in first hand be included in ongoing activities.
Assessment: Not applicable
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Dissemination of the report of the workshop on Enhanced Women Participation in Fisheries Development. | Completed. Report presented to FAO's Committee on Fisheries (COFI) meeting April. |
| 2. | Finalization of reports on case studies. | Report on women in fish farming in Luapula Province distributed. |
| 3. | Monitoring of and support to woman's groups in Luapula Province, Zambia (see also AIR/LPZ) | On-going in collaboration with ODA-funded research project |
| 4. | Sponsoring of SADCC workshop on women in fisheries development. | Workshop postponed |
| 5. | Identification of crucial factors in pilot projects for enhanced women's participation. | No progress |
Assessment: Gender issues are addressed by the project GCP/RAF/273/JPN partly implemented through ALCOM, which will allow a systematic gathering of data during 1992.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Activities will be planned as outcome of GCP/RAF/273/JPN | |
| 3.5.2 | Enhancement of the role of women in inland fisheries/aquaculture development | (WOM/IFA) |
This project, partly implemented by ALCOM, is funded by Japan under GCP/RAF/273/JPN.
Objectives: The overall objective is to increase the socio-economic benefits for vulnerable groups through the incorporation of gender specific considerations in inland fisheries and aquaculture development activities.
The immediate objectives are:
enhancement of gender specific socio-economic information on inland fisheries and aquaculture.
guidelines for collecting gender specific socio-economic information
integration of gender issues into development projects
Description: Little information is available on gender (roles of men and women) within communities targeted by development projects. These are often unable to address the needs of women and to utilize their potential to participate in development activities. This lack of information is compounded by the fact that guidelines for systematic collection of such information do not exist.
A review of the current status of gender-specific socio-economic information for inland fisheries and aquaculture will be undertaken in Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This review will be followed by a regional expert consultation on gender-specific socio-economic information needs. Gender - specific studies will be undertaken and their results discussed at a regional workshop to identify ways and means for projects to incorporate activities oriented towards the enhancement of the role of women in inland fisheries and aquaculture development.
Draft guidelines for collecting gender - specific socio-economic information for development planning and project formulation in inland fisheries and aquaculture will be prepared and tested during pilot surveys. The guidelines will be finalized in consultation with regional experts and disseminated within the region.
Pilot projects integrating gender issues into inland fisheries and aquaculture development activities will be identified and formulated. Proposed pilot projects will be discussed at a regional workshop and selected ones submitted to donors for funding.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Gather gender-specific information on inland fisheries and aquaculture through pilot surveys/studies | Reports (July) |
| (1) Review of the current status of gender-specific socio-economic information for inland fisheries and aquaculture in Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe; (2) Study on the socio-economic profile of small-scale fisheries in Lake Mweru (Zambia); (3) Conduct a socio-economic survey of rural fish farming in Ruvuma Region (Tanzania); (4) Preparation of technical, social and economic profiles of aquaculture in selected regions of Tanzania. | ||
| 2. | Organize a regional expert consultation on gender-specific socio-economic information needs. | Report (October) |
| 3. | Design, conduct and analyze results of socio-economic studies. | Number of studies, areas and dates to be determined. |
| 4. | Support to SADCC regional workshop on the incorporation into projects of activities oriented towards the enhancement of the role of women in inland fisheries and aquaculture development. | Place and date to be determined. |
| 5. | Prepare, test, finalize and disseminate guidelines for collecting gender-specific socio-economic information for development planning and project formulation in inland fisheries and aquaculture. | Guidelines (December) |
| 6. | Identify and formulate pilot projects integrating gender issues into inland fisheries and aquaculture development activities. | Pilot projects formulated (November) |
3.6 Youth in Aquaculture development
| 3.6.1 | Youth in aquaculture - general | (YOU/GEN) |
Description: The activities will focus on the identification of possibilities to involve youth in aquaculture with both a short and a long term perspective. Areas will be identified where there is a potential for aquaculture development. Considerations will be given to the economics of scale.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements September 1991 | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Document (s) for pilot projects for income generation among youth | No progress |
| 2. | Document (s) for school pond projects | No progress |
Assessment: No activities were implemented during the year. Youth issues will, when appropriate, be integrated in ongoing projects.
3.7 Aquaculture and human nutrition
| 3.7.1 | Human nutrition - general | (NUT/GEN) |
Objective: Increased consumption of fish in rural households and an increased role for aquaculture in household food security.
Description: The programme will assist the participating countries to implement recommendations of the Technical Consultation on the Role of Aquaculture in Human Nutrition, which was held in 1989.
The activities will encompass support to national coordinating groups in conducting national planning conferences, and introduction of household food security objectives in aquaculture development.
Activities 1991
No human nutrition - general activities were carried out 1991.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Review of nutritional impact in ongoing and planned pilot projects | Report (s) and guidelines for the placing of pilot projects |
| 2. | Assistance to national coordination | Meetings organized in two countries |
| 3. | Review of nutrition policies in relation to aquaculture/fisheries development | Reports on two countries |
| 3.7.2 | Nutrition - Zambia general | (NUT/ZAM) |
This activity is funded by GCP/INT/467/NOR, Strengthening of the Role of Fish and Fisheries in the Alleviation of Malnutrition.
Objective: An active national mechanism for cooperation and coordination between nutrition and aquaculture/fisheries.
Description: A National Steering Committee was formed in Zambia in 1989 and the Committee's Terms of Reference were established and presented to the Expert Consultation on Aquaculture and Human Nutrition in Lesotho 1989. The major objective of the Committee is to plan and coordinate projects on aquaculture and human nutrition.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Three meetings of the National Steering Committee | One meeting was held during 1991 |
| 2. | Preparation for a national workshop | Workshop cancelled, results to be integrated in ALCOM national workshop (see AIR/LPZ) |
Assessment: Not applicable.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Support to national coordination of fisheries/aquaculture activities with nutrition activities. | One meeting of the national steering committee. |
| 3.7.3 | Nutrition-Luapula Province, Zambia | (NUT/LPZ) |
This activity is funded by GCP/INT/467/NOR, Strengthening the Role of Fish and Fisheries in Alleviation of Malnutrition.
Description: Two studies are ongoing in Luapula Province, Zambia:
The studies are planned to result in proposals for interventions for improved household food security through aquaculture. Activities will encompass training of extension officers and household members and use of fish in weaning food.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Surveys on aquaculture and household food security. | Draft report proposed. |
| 2. | Identification of nutrition interventions. | Nutrition interventions identified, see under 3. |
| 3. | Training of trainers on household food security and nutrition in Chibote. | Training manual prepared. Training course held in October. |
| 4. | Comparative study on household food security in agriculture, fishing, and fish farming communities. | Collection of secondary data. |
Assessment: The activities were implemented as planned. Integration of nutrition aspects in ongoing ALCOM activities has not been achieved.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Surveys on aquaculture and household food security. | Final report in April. |
4. DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT
| 4.1 | Development support - general |
Description: To achieve the intermediate and overall objectives of the programme, feasible aquaculture methods and practices need to be applied on a larger scale than in pilot projects. The activities under this target area attempt to assist in bridging the gap between research, pilot projects and regional and national development initiatives.
Activities are initiated on request from participating Governments, Non-governmental organizations and donor agencies. These may include the identification of investment opportunities, project identification and preparation (including feasibility studies), mobilization of funds, managerial and technical assistance during implementation, and training in project formulation, management, monitoring and evaluation.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | A project proposal for Botswana as part of the programming of the next UNDP funding cycle | Project proposed for implementation in 1994. |
| 2. | Initiation of a TCP - project on aquaculture extension in Mozambique | Project not approved with reference to UNDP-project. |
| 3. | Project document for an extension project integrated with agriculture extension for consideration by UNDP in Mozambique | A Draft Project Formulation Framework was prepared. Proposals were made to integrate fish farming into the Agriculture Extension with UNDP assistance. |
| 4. | Preparation of final report on fish farmer surveys in Zambia | Report finalized and disseminated. |
Assessment: With the Senior Planning Officer, EOD September 1991, Development Support has been strengthened which will allow support to increasing demands expressed by participating countries.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Assistance to Governments, upon request, in the identification and preparation of development strategies, plans and projects, and in the identification of investment opportunities for aquaculture. | Reports and project documents |
| 2. | Assistance to Angola in the formulation of an aquaculture development strategy. | Report (Sept). Projects to implement selected elements of the strategy identified and prepared (Nov) |
| 3. | Compile data on laws and regulations governing or affecting aquaculture and small water body fisheries in the SADCC region with emphasis on incentives and support measures to attract investments. | Report |
| 4. | Review of available data generated by ALCOM activities relevant to assess the economic viability of aquaculture in rural house-holds. | Assessment documented (October) |
| 5. | Case study on costs and returns for small-scale fish farming in a selected pilot project area to identify economic factors affecting adoption and sustainability of fish production. | Assessment of economic factors (September) |
| 6. | Assistance, upon request, in the review, management, monitoring and evaluation of aquaculture projects. | Reports |
| 7. | Training in project formulation | To be determined based on requests from participating countries. |
5. INFORMATION SERVICE
| 5.1 | Information service - general | (INF/GEN) |
Description: The main elements in the Information Service are technical reports, exhibitions, audio-visuals, video films, the library and the newsletter, ALCOM News.
| Targets 1991 | Achievements September 1991 | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | ALCOM News established as a quarterly newsletter. | First issue of the quarterly newsletter in October. |
| 2. | Catch up with backlog in printing and distribution of technical reports. | Reports printed, 7 reports outstanding. |
| 3. | Booklet (Sketchbook) | In preparation for printing, early 1992. |
| 4. | Organization of the library and of a data base. | Ongoing. |
Assessment: The Information Officer joined the programme in May 1991. Good progress was made in establishing the service and in dissemination of information. The Information Service suffered during 1991 due to inadequate funds allocated.
| Activities 1992 | Targets | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | ALCOM News | 4 issues (Jan, Apr, Jul, Oct) |
| 2. | Reports | 10 technical reports completed and distributed. |
| 3. | Booklet (Sketchbook) | Printed (Jan) |
| 4. | Brochure on ALCOM. | Disseminated (Jul) |
| 5. | Pamphlets and fact-sheets. | As needed for extension projects. |
| 6. | Audio-visuals on | |
| - women in aquaculture | Finalized (February) | |
| - general on ALCOM. | Finalized (Oct) | |
| 7. | Organization of the library and regular dissemination of information or library holdings to participating countries. | Finalized April. Regular (twice a year) information disseminated. |
Background
The Working Group, appointed by the Steering Committee, will carry out the preparatory work for the continuation of ALCOM beyond its present phase. The Working Group will report to the Steering Committee, and through the Committee to the SADCC Sector Coordinator for Fisheries.
The Working Group will hold consultations with Government authorities, donor agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations in the SADCC region. It will report its preliminary findings to the 6th Steering Committee Meeting early 1993. The Working Group will continue during 1993 as directed by the Committee and submit its final report to the 7th Steering Committee Meeting.
Terms of reference
The Working Group shall
Review the present status of aquaculture in the SADCC region.
Review results and experiences of past and present aquaculture development policies and programmes, including those of externally funded projects.
Identify and describe present trends in aquaculture development (commercial, small-scale, inland and marine aquaculture).
Identify and describe needs for and interest in regional cooperation.
Identify priority areas for development and test of methods and techniques for aquaculture 1995–2000.
Formulate a regional programme.
Review and prepare constitutional framework for the programme.
Propose mode of work/approach.
Identify an appropriate level of funding for the core programme.
Report its findings to the Steering Committee (the report should contain a draft Plan of Operation)
Members of the Working Group
The Working Group consists of three members of the Steering Committee, the SADCC Coordinator(s) for Fisheries, and one representative of ALCOM.
ALCOM will provide the Secretariat for the Working Group.
A technical seminar on aquaculture and economic growth, held in conjunction with the Steering Committee Meeting, examined the role aquaculture can play in the livelihood of small scale farmers and how government can promote economic growth through aquaculture. The seminar was led by Mr. Ulf Wijkstrom, economist, FAO consultant.
Economic behaviour of the small-scale farmer
The seminar was divided into four parts. The first examined the economic behaviour of the typical small-scale farmer. He grows four or five agricultural crops with the land, water, manure, farm tools and household labour he has available. Fish farming is a secondary activity. Whether he takes up fish farming and to what extent depends on how beneficial it is likely to be. If he opts for fish farming, he foregoes some other option. He has to weigh the likely costs and benefits of such a choice -- in particular, the costs of the various inputs for each option, and the prices he can charge for the outputs. On the basis of this assessment, he may opt for a combination of fish farming and one or more agricultural crops, or he may not take up fish farming at all.
Extension advice to the small-scale farmer has to be based on economic realities. It may be inappropriate to urge an increase in fish pond production if this means the farmer must divert to fish ponds fertilizer that can be more productively deployed in agriculture. If fish ponds in an area lie abandoned, it may be because they have outlived their economic utility; extension work should focus then on improving the output per man hour of any pond that is still in use.
Goals of fish farming
The seminar's second part discussed the goals of fish farming, from the standpoint of the government as well as the fish farmer. The point was made that the goals of government economic policies coincide with those of farmers who culture fish. The government wants to promote national income by increasing the production of goods and services in the country -- including fish. The farmer, according to the surveys conducted in Zambia, engages in fish farming to increase his consumption, either by eating more fish or by selling fish and buying something he needs.
The purpose of the fisheries department in promoting fish culture should be to increase national income. How is this done most effectively? In areas where the economy is stagnant, the department should strive primarily to interest farmers who have idle resources (land, water, labour) to use these for fish farming. This is so because the larger the share of previously idle resources in the total resources used, the greater the national income.
In regions with economic growth, priority should be given to assisting farmers who have fish ponds to increase their productivity per man day of labour.
The farmer prefers fish culture to some other activity only if it increases in a sustainable manner the income he earns per hour or day worked. Higher fish yields interest practising fish farmers only if they result in greater net income per day worked.
Magnitude of Government effort in fish farming
The seminar's third part discussed the size or magnitude of government effort into fish farming, and the economic validity of such effort. It showed how fishery administrations can substantiate the case for rural fish farming in spite of the small volumes of fish produced.
Most Government departments have to pay for their staff and equipment with funds obtained from households: taxes. The departments compete with one another for a share of tax revenues.
How much tax revenue should a government put into fish farming? How far is the deployment of resources or taxpayers' money to fish farming justified? The seminar leader cited two reasons why fish farming is important despite the small volumes of fish produced:
The consumption effect on production.
The likelihood that the farming communities concerned attach much importance to the long-term effect of increased incomes resulting from this allocation of tax revenue.
The consumption effect refers to the positive impact of government policy on an individual's living standards -- on nutrition, health and education, for example -- which lead to a long-term increase in national income. Resources expanded on fish farming in a stagnant economy generate returns not merely through fish production. The farmer's family is better-fed, healthier and better educated. It gets more productive in the long run. Investment in fish farming becomes a government investment into the future.
Recommendations for fishery departments
The recommendations addressed how a Fish Culture Development Unit should deal with (i) farmers/fishermen (ii) other government units (iii) the use of resources within the unit. Recommendations also gave weight to present policies of reducing the size of public administrations and of ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of these actions.
The recommendations are set out in detail in Chapter 8 of ALCOM Report No. 9. With two exceptions, the recommendations appeared acceptable to seminar participants.
The first exception was the statement made by the seminar leader that in regions with economic growth and close to full employment, priority should be given to areas where fish culture is being carried out, in preference to areas where there is no fish culture. It was pointed out that this recommendation did not consider the case of countries or areas with no fish farming but with economic growth. It was felt that it might be worthwhile for governments of such countries to introduce fish farming, in case it could be proved to be more attractive than some of the activities currently undertaken by farmers.
The second exception concerned the recommendations that fish culture extension should be carried out through agricultural extension services. It was stated by one seminar participant that given the present excessive workloads of agricultural extension services, the addition of one more task would not be welcomed. However, it was concluded that from the government's standpoint, it would be cheaper in most cases to run a single agricultural extension service that catered to fish farming extension as well, than to run parallel services, one for fish farming and another for agriculture, covering the same farmers. In addition, it was pointed out that the effectiveness of the agricultural extension agent, trained also in fish farming, would probably be considerably greater than that of the aquaculture extension agent, who generally lacks technical knowledge related to the farmer's other activities.
| REPORTS | |
|---|---|
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/1 | Report of the First Advisory Committee Meeting. Lusaka, Zambia, 3–5 November 1987. FAO, Rome, 1987. 16 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/2 | Report of the Technical Consultation on Aquaculture in Rural Development. Lusaka, Zambia, 27–30 October 1987. FAO Rome, 1987. 84 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/3 | Report of the Second Advisory Committee Meeting. Harare, Zimbabwe, 5–8 October 1988. FAO Rome, 1988. 21 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/4 | Report of the Third Advisory Committee Meeting. Maseru, Lesotho, 5–8 September 1989. FAO Rome, 1989. 24 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/5 | Report of the Workshop on Methods to Promote Aquaculture in Rural Development. Chipata, Zambia, 10–14 July 1989. FAO Lusaka, 1989. 21 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/6 | Report of the Technical Consultation on Aquaculture and Human Nutrition. Maseru, Lesotho, 5–8 June 1989. FAO, Rome, 1990, 54 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/7 | Gender Issues in Fisheries and Aquaculture including proceedings of the Workshop on Enhanced Women's participation in Fisheries Development, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 4–7 December 1990, FAO, Harare, 1991, 132 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/8 | Report of the Fourth Steering Committee Meeting, Mbabane, Swaziland, 19–22 February 1991, FAO, Harare, 1991. 66 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE/REP/9 | How fish culture can stimulate economic growth. By Ulf Wijkstrom, 47 p. |
| FIELD DOCUMENTS | |
| FI:GCP/INT/436/SWE.1 | Socio-cultural, socio-economic, bio-environmental, and bio-technical aspects of aquaculture in rural development. FAO Rome, 1987. 51 p. |
| FI:GCP/INT/436/SWE.2 | A socio-economic survey of fish farmers in rural communities. By U. Wijkstrom, Consultant. FAO Rome, 1988. 78 p. |
| FI:GCP/INT/436/SWE.3 | Formulation mission: Southern African Region (November to December 1987). FAO Rome, 1988. 50 p. |
| FI:GCP/INT/436/SWE.3 | Addendum 1. Formulation mission: Botswana. FAO Lusaka, 1988. 15 p. FAO Lusaka, 1988. 16 p. |
| FI:GCP/INT/436/SWE.4 | Fish farmers in rural communities: evaluation of questionnaires and survey routines used during a pilot survey in the Northern Province of Zambia (October 1987). By U.N. Wijkstrom, Economist, and H. Aase, Aquaculturist. FAO Rome, 1988. 80 p. |
| FI:GCP/INT/436/SWE.5 | Fish farmers in rural communities: results of a pilot survey in Northern Province of Zambia. By U.N. Wijkstrom, Economist, and H. Aase, Aquaculturist. FAO Lusaka, 1989. 71 p. |
| FI:GCP/INT/436/SWE.6 | Field testing of aquaculture in rural development: pilot project in Eastern Province of Zambia. By J. van der Mheen, Socio-economist, and H. van der Mheen, Aquaculturist. FAO Lusaka, 1989. 63 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.7 | Intermittent harvesting methods: report of a consultancy. By S. Sen, Socio-economist, and J. Janssen, Aquaculturist. FAO Lusaka, 1989. 39p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.8 | Fish farmers in rural communities: results of a survey in Northwestern Province of Zambia. By U.N. Wijkstrom, Economist, and R. Larsson, Socio-economist. 1989. (In preparation) |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.9 | Fish farmers in rural communities: results of a survey in Luapula Province of Zambia. By U.N. Wijkstrom, Economist, and K.O. Wahlstrom, Aquaculturist. (In preparation) |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.10 | A Bibliography of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Zambia. FAO Harare, 1990. By I. Andersson, Librarian, and R. Mubamba, Fisheries Research officer. FAO, Zambia, 1989. 42 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.11 | Utilization of Small Water Bodies. Socio-economic Survey on Demand for Fresh Fish in Communities Around Small Water Bodies. By S. Sen, Socio-economist, FAO, Harare, 1990. 61 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.12 | Utilization of Small Water Bodies, Botswana. Results of a Socio-economic Survey on Fish Consumption and Fishing. B S. Sen, Socio-economist, FAO, Harare, 1990. 73 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.13 | Adoption of Fish Farming: Promoting and Inhibiting Factors in Eastern Province, Zambia. By J. van der Mheen, Socio-economist, FAO, Harare, 1991, 41 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.14 | Seawweed Collection and Culture in Tanzania. By S. Sen, Fisheries Economist. 29 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.15 | Aquaculture and Farming Systems. A Study of Fish Farmers in North-Western Province, Zambia. By R. Larsson, Socio-economist. (In print) |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.16 | Integration of Fish Farming in the Luapula Farm Household System. By A. de Kartzow, Agronomist, P. van der Heijden, Aquaculturist, and J. van der Schoot, Socio-anthropologist. (In preparation) |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.17 | Integration of gender issues into fish farming in Chibote, Zambia. By Emmy H. Mbozi. 27 p. |
| GCP/INT/436/SWE.18 | Round-table meeting on research needs in aquaculture and culture-based fisheries in Zimbabwe. 40 p. |
NEWSLETTER ALCOM NEWS
1st issue ALCOM News March 1988
2nd issue ALCOM News May 1989
3rd issue ALCOM News November 1990
4th issue ALCOM News October 1991
5th issue ALCOM News January 1992
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
How to construct your fish pond
(In English and Nyanja) 1991
How to feed your fish
(In English and Nyanja) 1991
How to take care of your fish pond
(In English and Nyanja) 1991
Aquaculture in southern Africa: A sketchbook (Sketches by Jonathan King) 60 p.
