Part II
COUNTRY BRIEFS (continued)

ZAIRE (continued)

Bibliographie

1. Leplae, E. 1937 “La Grande Forêt Congolaise; son influence sur le régime des pluies; défrichements nécessaires à la prospérité des indigènes” - Revue “Congo” - Bruxelles

2. Pêche, F. 1939 “Les bois du Congo belge” - Bruxelles

3. Donis, C. 1948 “Essai d'économie forestière au Mayumbe” - Publications de l'INEAC - Série scientifique No. 37 - Bruxelles

4. Eeckhout, L.E. 1954 “L'exploitation forestière du Congo belge” - Bruxelles

5. Lebrun, J. et Gilbert, G. 1954 “Une classification écologique des forêts du Congo” - Publications de l'INEAC - Série scientifique No. 63 - Bruxelles

6. Renier, H.J. 1954 “L'aménagement des forêts naturelles au Kasai et au Rwanda” - Extrait du Vol XLV No. 6 du Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge - Bruxelles

7. Raad, A. 1955 “L'exploitation forestière Agrifor au Congo belge” - Bois et Forêt des Tropiques No. 41 - Nogent-sur-Marne (France)

8. FAO 1956 “L'Agriculture nomade - Volume I: Congo belge - Côte d'Ivoire” - par G. Tondeur et B.Bergeroo-Campagne - Collection FAO: Mise en valeur des forêts - Cahier No. 9 - Rome

9. Germain, R. et Evrard, C. 1956 “Etude écologique et phytosociologique de la forêt à Brachystegia laurentii” - Publications de l'INEAC - Serie scientifique No. 67 - Bruxelles

10. Gillardin, G. 1959 “Les forêts du Congo belge” - Extrait du Vol. L. No. 4 du Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda - Urundi - Bruxelles

11. Devred, R. 1960 “La cartographie de la végétation au Congo belge” - Extrait du Vol LI, No. 2 du Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Rwanda - Urundi - Bruxelles

12. INEAC 1961 “Contribution à l'étude des problèmes du reboisement et de la conservation du sol - Sommaire des documents présentés et cartes hors-texte” - Bruxelles

13. Maudoux, E. 1961 “Utilisation des feux contrôlés pour l'amélioration des groupements naturels et le traitement des jeunes boisements d'essences exotiques en région de forêts claires au Katanga (expériences de Keyberg, de la Kipopo et d'Elizabethville)” - Bruxelles

14. Wagemans, J. 1961 “Influence de la protection des feux sur la reforestation naturelle des savanes guinéennes (expériences de Yangambi et de Luki)” - Bruxelles

15. FAO 1962 “Rapport au gouvernement du Congo (Leopoldville) - La réorganisation du service forestier et la formation des cadres” - par. A. Ricciardi - FAO No. 1458 - Rome

16. Anonyme 1965 “Rapport sur le développement de la foresterie et l'industrie forestière dans la République Démocratique du Congo (Leo)” - présenté à la Conférence intergouvernementale sur la consommation, la production et le commerce du bois en Afrique - Leopoldville

17. FAO 1966 “Rapport au gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo sur la foresterie de la province du Congo central” - par C.S. Jankovic - Leopoldville

18. FAO 1966 “Rapport au gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo - Situation et problèmes de l'économie forestière congolaise de 1963 à 1965” - par G.A.M. Müller - FAO No. AT 2240

19. Pierlot R. 1966 “Structure et composition des forêts d'Afrique Centrale, spécialement celles du Kivu” - Académie royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer - Bruxelles

20. Maudoux, E. 1969 “Visite de la division forestière de l'INEAC à Yangambi (du 22 au 28 Octobre 1969” - Lettre et rapport joint du 22 Décembre 1969 au Département des Forêts de la FAO - Tananarive

21. FAO 1974 “Reboisement pilote autour de Kinshasa - Zaïre - Rapport sur les activités et résultats du projet” - préparé par R. Rouanet - FO: DP/ZAI/70/003 - Document de travail - Rome

22. FAO 1974 “Rapport sur la mission d'évaluation du PNUD/FAO pour le projet ZAl/70/003 - Reforestation pilote autour de Kinshasa - menée du 26 Nombre au 6 Décembre 1974” - Rome

23. FAO 1975 “Rapport sur la Domaine de Chasse de la Bili-Uéré et sur la Réserve Intégrale de Faune du Bomu” - par A. Simonetta - ZAI/70/001 - Document de travail No. 2 - Rome

24. Délégation de la République du Zaïre 1976 “Etablissement de parcs et réserves nationaux dans la forêt dense humide en République du Zaïre” - Communication à la Commission des forêts pour l'Afrique - quatrième session - Kinshasa

25. FAO 1976 “Contribution à l'étude et aménagement du Parc national de la Salonga” - par P.V. Pierret et J.M. Petit - ZAI/70/001 - Document de travail No. 3 - Rome

26. FAO 1976 “Contribution à l'étude des grands mammifères du Parc national de la Garamba et zones annexes” - par P.V. Pierret, J.M. Petit, M. Grimm et Dimoleyele ku-Gilima Buna - Rome

27. FAO 1976 “Reboisement pilote autour de Kinshasa - Zaïre - Techniques de reboisement” - sur la base des travaux de P. Vauron - FO: DP/ZAI/70/003 - Rapport technique 1 - Rome

28. Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature - 1976 “Conservation de la nature et de ses ressources - Informations de base” - Kinshasa

29. FAO 1977 “Reboisement pilote autour de Kinshasa - République du Zaïre - Projet de rapport du consultant en économie forestière, du 7 Janvier au 31 Mars 1977” - par H.S. Kernan - FO: DP/ZAI/70/003 - Document de travail No. 1 - Rome

30. FAO 1977 “Conservation de la nature - Zaïre - Conclusions et recommendations du projet” - FO: DP/ZAI/70/001 - Rapport terminal - Rome

31. Gauthier, Poulin, Thériault, Ltée 1977 "Inventaire forestier d'une partie de la cuvette centrale, région de l'Equateur, République du Zaïre - Rapport général préparé pour le Gouvernement de la République du Zaïre dans le cadre du programme de coopération de l'Agence Canadienne de Developpement International - Quebec

32. Direction des Etudes et Politique Agricole - Division de la Statistique 1978 “Annuaire des statistiques agricoles 1976–1977” - Kinshasa

33. FAO 1978 “Rapport provisoire - Etude du Secteur forestier au Zaïre” - (2 volumes) - par le programme de coopération FAO/Banque mondiale - Centre d'Investissement - Rome

34. Institut National de la Statistique - 1979 “Annuaire Statistique du Zaïre 1969–1978” - Nouvelle série No. 2 - Kinshasa

35. Service Permanent d'Inventaire et d'Aménagement Forestiers 1979 “Rapport d'activité - Année 1978” - Kinshasa

36. FAO 1980 “Rapport de mission” - preparé par E. Robbe - ZAI/80/002 - Rome

ZAMBIA

Zambia lies between 25° and 32° 30'E, and between 8° and 18°S. The south eastern tip of Zaire penetrates deeply the country in its middle. In the north the country touches lake Mweru and lake Tanganyika, and in the south it reaches lake Kariba, on the Zambezi river. It covers 752 612 km², most of it between 900 and 1 500 m.a.s.l. Some areas are a little more elevated in the northern part of the country and along the eastern border. Annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 900 mm in the south and is over 1 250 mm in the north. Rainy season extends from October–November to April.

Five physiographic regions are generally distinguished (6):

• the main plateau region stretching along the main Zaire-Zambezi watershed from Kabwe (Broken Hill) to Isoka;

• the southern plateau (region of Choma-Kalomo), very similar to the main plateau;

• the eastern plateau;

• two main extensions of the main plateau;

  • the highlands surrounding lake Bangweulu area from Kasama to Mansa (Fort Rosebery) in the northern part;

  • the Copperbelt-Solwezi-Kasempa area, in the north western part.

Population is estimated for 1980 at almost 5.9 million, growing at a rate of 3.3%.

1. Present situation

1.1 Natural woody vegetation

1.1.1 Description of the vegetation types

Closed broadleaved forests (NHC)

The largest part of the country is covered by open woodlands and some authors do not even mention closed forests. However (15) distinguishes the following types of closed forests ¹:

• Parinari forest has an average height of 20 m. The main genera in the canopy are Parinari, Syzygium and Entandophragma. This forest type exists only as a relic in small patches in the reserved forests;

• Marquesia forest is about 18 m high, with Marquesia, Syzygium and Anisophyllea as main genera;

• Lake basin “chipya”, 20 m high, is characterized by the genera Erythrophleum, Burkea, Pterocarpus and Albizia;

• Kalahari sand “chipya” is about 13m high with Erythrophleum, Burkea, Guibourtia and Pterocarpus;

• Cryptosepalum forest has an average height of 15 m and main genera in the canopy are Cryptosepalum, Guibourtia and Marquesia;

• Baikiaea forest with Baikiaea, Pterocarpus, Combretum and Acacia;

• montane forest (only small relics) is up to 25 m high and important genera include Aningeria, Podocarpus, Olinia, Cola and Myrica;

• swamp forest grows 25 m tall with Mitragyna, Ilex, Syzygium and Xylopia;

• riparian forest, 20 m high, is characterized by the genera Syzygium, Diospyros, Khaya and Parinari.

The two latter forest types occur along the rivers with water all year round, which are found mostly in the north. According to the second edition of the Unesco map all these forest types correspond to dry evergreen forest or dry deciduous forest.

Open broadleaved forests (NHc/NHO)

Woodlands cover in Zambia extensive areas. Their structure and composition vary from tree savannas in the drier areas of the south to formations very close to deciduous forests in the north and northwest, where the rainfall is highest (11).

(5) distinguishes four main types of woodland in Zambia:

(a) Miombo woodland is a two storeyed woodland with an open or slightly closed canopy of semi-deciduous trees up to 15–21 m and practically no climbers. It is characterized by the dominance of species of Brachystegia, Isoberlinia, Julbernardia and Marquesia. The latter is considered to be a relic from closed dry evergreen forest. Usually more than one species is dominant; however, based on dominance, it is possible to distinguish the following subtypes: Marquesia woodland, Brachystegia utilis woodland, B. longifolia - B. spiciformis woodland, B. floribunda woodland, mixed Julbernardia paniculata - Brachystegia bussei woodland.

The miombo woodland occurs on the main plateau, from Kabwe in the centre of the country towards Isoka in the northeast, on the southern plateau around Choma and Kalomo and in the Copperbelt region and west of it.

(b) Kalahari woodland in its best forms a two-storeyed canopy with a dominant stratum up to 18–24 m. Climbers are rare and epiphytes very scarce. Dominant species are Burkea sp., Combretum mechowianum, Erythrophleum africanum, Guibourtia sp., Parinari curatellaefolia, Pterocarpus angolensis and Terminalia sericea. Sometimes occur also Brachystegia longifolia, B. spiciformis, Julbernardia paniculata and relic forest species such as Baikiaea and Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus. The Kalahari woodland is thought to be a secondary vegetation type, derived by fire, cultivation, erosion and fluctuations in the water table from dry deciduous Baikiaea forest, which covered the greater part of the Kalahari sands.

(c) Mopane woodland is a one or two storeyed formation, with the upper canopy between 6 and 18 m. Climbers may be locally common (e.g. Fockea sp.) as well as epiphytes (orchids). The dominant species is Colophospernum mopane. The understorey forms a dense thicket when it exists.

Regeneration of the dominant species is locally abundant and depends largely on the degree and duration of flooding. The mopane woodland is found only in the Zambesi depression. It has failed to penetrate into the north, due probably to the acidic soils of the uplands of the central african plateau.

(d) Munga woodland presents itself in its highest degree of development, as a one or two storeyed deciduous woodland with scattered or grouped emergents up to 18 m high. It is characterized by the following genera: Acacia, Afrormosia, Albizia, Combretum, Ficus, Kigelia, Kirkia, Lonchocarpus, Ostryoderris, Piliostigma, Pterocarpus, Sclerocarya, Terminalia and Ziziphus. The understorey forms a thicket layer up to 4–5 m when it exists. There may be climbers and epiphytes. A dense layer of tall coarse grass is very characteristic. The munga woodland may have been derived from the dry deciduous forest of the Kalahari sands but it seems more likely that it developed from grassland to shrub and tree savanna together with the soil formation of the sand plains. Fires would eventually have restricted tree species to the fire resistant ones found nowadays.

Scrub formations (nH)

All the above mentioned woodlands are under the influence of various climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. When these factors permit their optimum development, the woodlands are approaching the dense dry deciduous forest but under severe adverse conditions they only appear as open shrub formations or thickets. The so-called “itigi” shrub vegetation type occurs also with Bussea, Baphia, Euphorbia and Burttia as main genera (15).

¹ It is not clear whether some of these forest types are in fact mixed forest-grassland formations with a grass layer and could therefore be classified better as a dense type of woodland (NHc/NHO1). In this study they have all been considered as dense broadleaved formations (NHC).

1.1.2 Present situation of the woody vegetation

Present areas

The following table provides tentative estimates of the areas of woody vegetation as at end of 1980.

Areas of natural woody vegetation estimated at end 1980
(in thousand ha)

The above estimates are based mainly on (10), (15) and the second version of Unesco/AETFAT Vegetation map of Africa. The following remarks are necessary:

• in (10) the total forest and woodland area was estimated at 37 592 000 ha at year 1970. It is thought that this area includes closed forests and woodlands but not shrub vegetation. To separate between closed forest and woodland, a percentage has been applied, derived from the Unesco map and (15): from the map it results that the closed forests cover 11.25% of the total forest and woodland area ¹; according to (15) this area amounts to 10.85% of the forest area. These two figures are quite comparable and the closed forest area has been estimated eventually at 11% of the forest and woodland area mentioned in (10), or 4 135 000 ha (NHC). However, this area includes also zones of shifting cultivation which are considered to cover about 20% or 830 000 ha (NHCa);

• (10) provides an estimate of the total area of protective closed forests and woodlands; the same percentage of 11% has been applied to obtain an estimate of the area of protective closed forests (NHCf2r);

• the swamp and riparian forests, totalling 0,5 million ha according to (15) are classified as unproductive closed forests (NHCf2i). The balance is supposed to be productive closed forest, of which 15% is estimated to be still undisturbed (NHCf1uv).

• it is considered that woodland areas affected by shifting cultivation occupy 20% of the total area, resulting in a total area of 15.8 million ha of NHc/NHOa;

• the area of woodlands, not productive because of legal status (NHc/NHO2r), correspond to the area of protection reserves as given in (10) less the area of protective closed forests (NHCf2r), plus the estimated woodland area within the national parks;

• unproductive woodlands for reasons of low stocking or accessibility (NHc/NHO2i) are estimated at about 80% of the remaining woodland area. The balance are productive woodland (NHc/NHO1);

• all the above estimates which correspond to the situation at end 1970 have been up-dated at end 1980 taking into account the deforestation rates given in section 2.1.

Ownership

According to (10) there were at end 1970 about 1 190 000 of forests and woodlands in private hands, the rest being state or communal forests.

Legal status and management

The extent at end 1970, of the various categories of ownership and status is given in the following table (10):

From (10) it can be deduced that at the end of 1970 about 22 000 ha of forest and woodland were intensively managed. This area has been divided into 3 000 ha of intensively managed closed forests (NHCf1m) and 19 000 ha of intensively managed woodland (NHc/NHO1m). The management consists of early prescribed burning and enrichment planting or sowing.

The national parks fall under the responsibility of the Department of National Parks and Wildlife. In the national parks both flora and fauna are protected (16). The total area covered by the 17 national parks amounts to 5.9 million ha (15). It has been estimated that they include approximately 5 million ha of woodlands which are thus part of those “unproductive for legal reasons” (NHc/NHO2r).

Forest utilization

Log harvesting

Harvesting of sawlogs is based on a selection system with prescribed minimum diameter (15). Commercial exploitation is located in the Copperbelt Province, where a semipublic organization has a concession to provide the mines with timber. Main tree species used are Brachystegia spp., Julbernardia paniculata and Isoberlinia angolensis. The other main logging area is in the south-west of the country in the relics of the Baikiaea plurijuga forest (local and commercial names of this species are mukisi, zambesi redwood, rhodesian or zambezian teak. Exploitation has been going on in this type of forest for the last 60 years. This species is mainly used for railway sleepers and for parquet. The minimum exploitability diameter is 20 cm. Another species occurring in the mukisi forest is mukwa (Pterocarpus angolensis), used for furniture (11).

In addition to production of sawlogs there are apparently some unrecorded pitsawing activities.

During the period 1975–78, an average of about 135 000 m³ of saw and veneer logs were extracted, according to the FAO Yearbook of Forest Products. (11) states that the production of industrial roundwood has varied from 160 000 to 195 000 m³ between 1964 and 1972 of which 70–75% are sawlogs, a figure of the same magnitude as that of the Yearbook (15) gives log removals of 55 000 m³ under licence and 71 000 m³ of poles.

Other forest products

Around Lusaka and the towns of the Copperbelt region extraction of fuelwood and poles is by clearfelling and most of the fuelwood (85%) is converted to charcoal. According to (15) consumption of poles for rural housing structures and of fuelwood amounts respectively to 1 m³ and 8 m³ per year and per family. The largest part is extracted from the unreserved forest area. The rural population has the right to collect firewood and poles for their own requirements from the state forests. The copper industry consumes large quantities of round and slabbed poles for support and other uses underground and for smelting. E. grandis poles are used more and more for this instead of the indigenous Brachystegia (6).

According to (1), the following secondary forest products were produced in 1960: oilseeds, oilnuts and kernels, bamboo and beeswax.

1.1.3 Present situation of the growing stock

Growing stock estimated at end 1980
(in million m³)

The above volumes are only tentative estimates since precise stocking figures have not been found. (15) mentions an average exploitable volume of about 5 m³/ha in the closed forests and of 1 m³/ha in the woodlands. (11) and (2) give, as rough averages, 1.7 to 14 m³ per ha of exploitable timber and 67 to 112 m³ per ha of firewood for the miombo woodlands. According to the same source, the exploitable volume of wood in the Baikiea forests seldom exceeds 70 m³ per ha. The actually commercialized volume of the productive woodlands (NHc/NHO1) has been tentatively estimated at 2 m³/ha.

1.2 Plantations

1.2.1 Introduction

The first plantation experiments were carried out in 1935. Commercial planting of coniferous species started in 1948, with 100 ha of Pinus patula using a taungya system. Survival was however very low and remained so at least until 1957 (4). In 1960 an Industrial Plantation Division was formed in the Forest Department. Between 1961 and 1966 about 65 ha were planted with P. merkusii. Large scale planting of P. kesiya started in 1963 with 400 ha; the planting rate increased fast and by 1968 had reached 2 000 ha per year. In 1970 about 50 ha were planted with P. oocarpa. The main reasons for starting the plantations have been the limited supplies coming from the indigenous forests, the need to secure a timber resource for the mining industry and for the development of wood-using industries in addition to providing employment. The main plantation areas are located in the Copperbelt region (11). In 1965 and 1966, 20 ha were planted with Eucalyptus grandis; the planting rate of this species rose to about 500 ha per year by 1972. Other eucalyptus were later on planted such as E. cloeziana and E. resinifera.

1.2.2 Areas of established plantations

Industrial plantations

Areas of established industrial plantations estimated at end 1980
(in thousand ha)

The table is based on (9), (11), (12), (14) and (15). According to (6), other eucalypts consist of E. resinifera, E. hybrid (E. grandis x E. tereticornis) and E. cloeziana. Gmelina arborea is planted as firebreaks in the pine plantations.

Other plantations

Areas of established plantations for fuelwood and poles at the end 1980
(in thousand ha)

Above figures are very tentative as a detailed breakdown by age classes has not been found. They are based mainly on (9), (11), (14) and (15).

All plantations

Areas of established plantations estimated at end 1980
(in thousand ha)

1.2.3 Plantation characteristics

Plantations for small poles and fuelwood, mainly Eucalyptus spp., are grown on a rotation of 3,5–4 years, without thinning, and with a coppice system (8).

2. Present trends

2.1 Natural woody vegetation

2.1.1 Deforestation

Average annual deforestation
(in thousand ha)

Periods
1976–80 and 1981–85 (projections)

Part of the 40 000 ha deforested annually are cleared by shifting cultivation called “chitemene”. (13) mentions that after the trees are felled and burnt, the soil is cultivated during 3 to 5 years and then left to regenerate, the fallow period varying according to regions from 5 years to more than 50 years. Another part consists of the savannisation process going on under the combined effect of fires and overexploitation (conversion to NHc/NHO).

Shifting cultivation occupies also around one fifth of the woodland area (NHc/NHO+ NHc/NHOa) (6.7 million ha approximately while areas not converted cover about 26.5 million ha, see section 1.1.2). The area of new woodlands brought annually under shifting cultivation has been estimated at 50 000 ha (a figure which must be reduced by 10 000 ha to account for transfer of closed forests to woodlands).

It can be said that most of the woodlands are secondary growth, having been included at one time or the other in the shifting cultivation cycle. (11) states for instance that the woodlands of the Copperbelt region are the result of hundreds of years of shifting cultivation and fires.

2.1.2 Degradation

Fire is, like for all african savannas, the most important factor of degradation of zambian woodlands. 90% of the tota woodland area is said to be affected every year by fires. The situation is aggravated around the population centres by overexploitation of firewood and wood for charcoal. One way to reduce the impact of fire is to practise early burning as it is done in the areas of woodlands intensively managed, the total extension of which is still very limited.

2.1.3 Trends in forest utilization

No significant changes can be expected in the next five years. The share of total wood production from the plantations will increase. For pine plantations it will correspond essentially to thinnings since practically none will have reached rotation age by 1985.

2.1.4 Areas and growing stock at end 1985

On the basis of the above considerations and of the areas as estimated at end 1980, the following tentative estimates have been made for areas and growing stock at end 1985.

Areas of natural woody vegetation estimated at end 1985
(in thousand ha)

Growing stock estimated at end 1985
(in million m³)

2.2 Plantations

Industrial plantations

Areas of established industrial plantations estimated at end 1985
(in thousand ha)

Other plantations

Areas of established plantations for fuelwood and poles estimated at end 1985
(in thousand ha)

All plantations

Areas of established plantations estimated at end 1985
(in thousand ha)

Bibliography

1. Forest Department, Northern Rhodesia 1961 “Progress Report (1955–60)” - prepared for the British Commonwealth Forestry Conference (1962) - Lusaka

2. Endean, F. 1962 “Experiments in Silvicultural Techniques to Improve the Indigenous Savanna Woodlands of Northern Rhodesia” - Forest Department, Northern Rhodesia - Lusaka

3. Forest Department, Northern Rhodesia 1962 “Annual Report for the Year 1961” - Lusaka

4. Forest Department, Northern Rhodesia 1962 “Plantation Planning for Conifers in Northern Rhodesia” - based on the work of B.M. Savory - Lusaka

5. Fanshawe, D.B. 1966 “Savanna Woodland in Zambia” - prepared for the African Forestry Commission Working Party on Savanna Forestry - Lusaka

6. Forest Department, Zambia 1966 “Statement on Man-Made Forests” - prepared for the World Symposium on Man-Made Forests and Their Industrial Importance - Canberra - Lusaka

7. Jones, B.E. 1967 “The Growth of Pinus khasya in Zambia” - prepared for the Ninth Commonwealth Forestry Conference (1968) - Forestry Research Bulletin No. 17 - Lusaka

8. Jones, B.E. 1967 “The Growth of Eucalyptus grandis in Zambia” - prepared for the Ninth Commonwealth Forestry Conference (1968) - Forestry research bulletin No. 18 - Lusaka

9. FAO 1971 “Forest Industries Development Mechanical Wood Products Study” - FO:SF/ZAM/5 Technical Report 3 - study carried out by Sandwell - Rome

10. Forest Department, Zambia 1971 “Annual Report for the Year 1970” - Lusaka

11. FAO 1972 “Forest Industries Development” - based on the work of H.J.I. Huuhtanen - FO:SF/ZAM 5 Technical Report 6 - Rome

12. Hjornegard, S.E. “Travel Report to Zambia” - Rome

13. Forestry Department, Zambia 1973 “Progress Report 1966–72” - prepared for the Tenth Commonwealth Forestry Conference (1974) - Ndola

14. Anonymous 1974 “Eucalyptus in Zambia” - mimeo stencil No 281 - Ndola

15. Forest Department, Zambia 1979 Letter of the Chief Conservator of Forests to FAO Forestry Department, dated 8 August - in reply to questionnaire for FAO/UNEP Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project - Ndola

16. Forest Department, Zambia 1979 Letter of the Chief Conservator of Forests to FAO Forestry Department, dated 28 September 1979, on vegetation types and cultivation in Zambia - Ndola