Establishment of forest plantations on land that, until then, was not classified as forest. Implies a transformation from non-forest to forest.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
For the purpose of FRA 2005, the area of a country is its area figure maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division, New York.
Explanatory note:
1. For FRA 2005, it is the total of the areas under Forests, Other wooded lands, Other land, and Inland water bodies.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T1.
Natural regeneration of forest/other wooded land with deliberate human intervention aimed at enhancing the ability of desired species to regenerate
Explanatory notes:
1. Interventions may include removal of external pressures, such as weeds and biotic interference; the application of controlled disturbances to trigger germination of native species such as mosaic and or ecological burns; or the preparation of the germination site e.g. through scarification.
2. The source of seed or vegetative reproduction is limited to the site and its immediate surroundings and may comprise both native and introduced species.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4.
Ratio between oven dry mass and fresh stem-wood volume without bark. It allows calculation of woody biomass in dry matter mass.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF – Glossary)
It’s the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
(Convention on Biological Diversity, art 2:
http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp?lg=0&a=cbd-02)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Tables T9 and T10.
Is a multiplication factor that expands growing stock, or commercial round-wood harvest volume, or growing stock volume increment data, to account for non-merchantable biomass components such as branches, foliage, and non-commercial trees.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
The percentage of the ground covered by a vertical projection of the outermost perimeter of the natural spread of the foliage of plants. Cannot exceed percent. (Also called crown closure)
Same as crown cover.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold.
Explanatory notes:
1. Deforestation implies the long-term or permanent loss of forest cover and implies transformation into another land use. Such a loss can only be caused and maintained by a continued human-induced or natural perturbation.
2. Deforestation includes areas of forest converted to agriculture, pasture, water reservoirs and urban areas.
3. The term specifically excludes areas where the trees have been removed as a result of harvesting or logging, and where the forest is expected to regenerate naturally or with the aid of silvicultural measures. Unless logging is followed by the clearing of the remaining logged-over forest for the introduction of alternative land uses, or the maintenance of the clearings through continued disturbance, forests commonly regenerate, although often to a different, secondary condition. In areas of shifting agriculture, forest, forest fallow and agricultural lands appear in a dynamic pattern where deforestation and the return of forest occur frequently in small patches. To simplify reporting of such areas, the net change over a larger area is typically used.
4. Deforestation also includes areas where, for example, the impact of disturbance, overutilization or changing environmental conditions affects the forest to an extent that it cannot sustain a tree cover above the 10 percent threshold.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
Dry matter refers to biomass that has been dried to an oven-dry state, often at 70C.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
Volume (over bark) of all trees, living or dead, above 10 cm diameter at breast height, felled annually in Forest and Other wooded land.
Explanatory notes:
1. It includes volume of all felled trees whether or not they are removed from “forest” and “other wooded land”.
2. It includes silvicultural and pre-commercial thinning and cleanings of trees of more than 10 cm diameter left in the forest, and natural losses that are recovered.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T11.
Changes within the forest which negatively affect the structure or function of the stand or site, and thereby lower the capacity to supply products and/or services.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
Changes within the forest which positively affect the structure or function of the stand or site, and thereby increase the capacity to supply products and/or services.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
The processes of planning and implementing practices for the stewardship and use of forests and other wooded land aimed at achieving specific environmental, economic, social and /or cultural objectives.
Explanatory note:
1. Includes management at all scales such as normative, strategic, tactical and operational level management.
Forest stands established by planting or/and seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation. They are either of introduced species (all planted stands), or intensively managed stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class, regular spacing.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
For the purposes of the global forest resources assessments, forest resources include those found in forests and other wooded land and as trees outside forests.
The composition of the Growing stock in Forest and Other wooded land by (each inventoried) forest tree species.
Explanatory notes:
1. For FRA 2005 the focus is on the ten most common forest tree species in terms of total growing stock.
2. It is based on forest inventories at national, sub-national and local level implemented during a given time period (last five years).
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T10.
A regime of forest management, where silvicultural practices define the structure and composition of forest stands. A formal or informal forest management plan exists.
Explanatory note:
1. A forest is not under intensive management, if mainly natural ecological processes define the structure and composition of stands.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4.
A species introduced outside of its normal past and current distribution.
Explanatory note:
1. Its synonyms are "alien species" and "exotic species".
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4.
Includes all non-living biomass with a diameter less than a minimum diameter chosen by the country for lying dead (for example 10 cm), in various states of decomposition above the mineral or organic soil. This includes the litter, fumic, and humic layers. Live fine roots (of less than the suggested diameter limit for below-ground biomass) are included in litter where they cannot be distinguished from it empirically.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Tables T6 and T7.
Forest and other wooded land that is managed in accordance with a formal or an informal plan applied regularly over a sufficiently long period (five years or more).
Note:
The definition was adapted to the different needs of each world region. See: Area under forest management plan in 2000, pages 373-374 of the reference below.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
A soil in Forest and Other wooded land which is not “organic soil”.
Explanatory note
1. Nearly all soils contain more than traces of both mineral and organic components but some are dominating in one or the other. The soil horizons that are less than about 20 to 35 percent organic matter by weight have properties that are closer to “mineral soils” than to “organic soils”.
2. If a soil has both organic and mineral horizons, then the cumulative thickness of both types of horizon are estimated to classify the soil into mineral or organic class.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T7
Expansion of forests through natural succession on land that, until then, was under another land use (e.g. forest succession on land previously used for agriculture). Implies a transformation from non-forest to forest.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
A forest composed of indigenous trees and not classified as a forest plantation.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
A product of biological origin other than wood derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests.
(FAO, NWFP website: http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/6388/en)
Explanatory notes:
1. NWFP may be gathered from the wild or produced in forest plantations in Forest or Other wooded land.
2. FRA 2005 classifies NWFPs into 16 categories. The plant products are classified into 8 categories (food; fodder; raw material for medicine and aromatic products; colorants and dyes; utensils, handicrafts and construction; ornamental plants; exudates and other plants products). The animal products are classified into 8 categories (living animals; hides, skins and trophies; wild honey and bee-wax; bush meat; raw material for medicines; raw material for colorants; other edible animal products and other non-edible animal products).
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Tables T13 and T14.
A soil in “forest and “other wooded land” is an organic soil (Histosol) if it satisfies any one of the following conditions:
a. If the soil is never saturated with water for more than a few days and contains more than 20 percent carbon (about 35 percent humus); or
b. If the soil is subject to water saturation episodes and has either ;
- At least 12 percent organic carbon (about 21 percent humus) if it has no clay; or
- At least 18 percent organic carbon (about 31 percent humus) if it has 60 percent or more clay
- An intermediate, proportional amount of organic carbon for intermediate amounts of clay.
Explanatory note:
1. Soils that do not satisfy the criteria for classification as organic soils are mineral soils.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T7
Forest/other wooded land of introduced species, and in some cases native species, established through planting or seeding.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes all stands of introduced species established through planting or seeding.
2. May include areas of native species characterized by few species, even spacing and/or even-aged stands
3. Plantation forest is a sub-set of planted forest.
Forest/other wooded land in which trees have been established through planting or seeding.
Explanatory note:
1. Includes all stands established through planting or seeding of both native and introduced species.
Establishment of forest plantations on temporarily unstocked lands that are considered as forest.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
Forest regenerated largely through natural processes after significant human or natural disturbance of the original forest vegetation.
Explanatory notes:
1. The disturbance may have occurred at a single point in time or over an extended period;
2. The forest may display significant differences in structure and/or canopy species composition in relation to nearby primary forest on similar sites
It refers to vegetation types where the dominant woody elements are shrubs i.e. woody perennial plants, generally more than 0.5 meters and less than 5 meters in height at maturity and without a definite crown. The height limits for trees and shrubs should be interpreted with flexibility, particularly the minimum tree and maximum shrub height, which may vary between 5 meters and 7 meters.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T1.
The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health and quality of forest and woodlands to meet the targeted diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis.
(web: http://www.iufro.org/)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T15.
A woody perennial with a single main stem, or in the case of coppice with several stems, having a more or less definite crown.
Explanatory note:
1. Includes bamboos, palms, and other woody plants meeting the above criteria.
(FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000 – Main report. Rome)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Tables T1 and T9.
Trees outside forests include all trees found outside forests and outside other wooded lands:
- stands smaller than 0.5 ha;
- tree cover in agricultural land, e.g. agroforestry systems, homegardens, orchards;
- trees in urban environments;
- along roads and scattered in the landscape.
(web: http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/tof/en)
