 | Rapid growth of selected Asian economies Lessons and implications for agriculture and food security Republic of Korea, Thailand and Viet Nam REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC |
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ISBN 92-5-105509-2
ISSN 1819–4591
| For copies write to: | Purushottam K. Mudbhary Senior Policy Officer Policy Assistance Branch FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200 THAILAND Tel: (+66) 2 697 4236 Fax: (+66) 2 697 4445 E-mail: [email protected] |
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PART I
Perspectives on agricultural development in the Republic of Korea: lessons and challenges
2. Agricultural situation and policy changes in Korea
2.1 Economic growth and structural transformation
2.2 The role of agriculture in industrial growth
2.3 The agricultural situation in Korea
2.3.1 Share of agriculture in the GDP
2.3.2 Changes in production share by commodity
2.3.3 Changes in agricultural population
2.3.4 Changes in farmland size
2.3.5 Rice-dominant farming system
2.3.6 Agricultural imports and exports
2.4 The impacts of the UR on Korean agriculture
3. Policy directions, achievements and emerging issues
3.1.1 Increased government budget on agriculture
3.1.2 Reforming agricultural structure to enhance competitiveness.
3.1.3 Promotion of environmentally friendly farming
3.1.4 Maintaining rural vitality and establishing a social safety net.
3.2.1 Productivity improvement in agriculture
3.2.2 Addressing food security
3.2.3 Increasing large-scale full-time farms
3.3 Emerging issues to be resolved.
3.3.1 Contradiction between growth and farm income
3.3.2 Rapid restructuring of agriculture
3.3.3 Rising farm income instability due to policy change
3.3.4 Rural population decline
3.3.5 Surfacing environmental issues
4. Challenges for Korean agriculture
4.1 Soft landing on the WTO/FTA plateau
4.2 Maintaining an adequate level of farm income
Tables
1. Korean agricultural policy regime changes
2. Share of agriculture in the GDP
3. Commodity share in total agricultural production, 1991–2004
4. Share of the agricultural population in total population
5. Share of the agricultural population over the age of 60 in the total agricultural population
6. Change in agricultural farm size
7. Labour hours required for the cultivation of major crops
8. Rice farming as a major income source
9. Value of total and agricultural imports and exports
10. A summary of the WTO notifications for domestic support
11. Trends in the total national budget and agricultural budget by year
12. Allocation of agricultural and forestry budget by project
13. Self-sufficiency rates for major grains (%)
14. Full-time farm status by livestock type (June 1995 to June 2005).
15. Ratio of farm household income over urban household income
16. Share of off-farm income in farm household income
17. The time lapses between 40 and 7 percent GDP for selected countries.
18. Time lapses in decline of employment in agriculture from 40 and 16 percent for selected countries.
19. Farm household income and debt
20. Rice share of total AMS notified to the WTO
21. Trends of urban and rural populations
Figures
1. Ratio of farm household income to all household income in selected high-income countries
2. Rice income assurance direct payment.
PART II
The decline and recovery of Thai agriculture: causes, responses, prospects and challenges
2. Growth and performance of Thai agriculture
2.1 Overview of the performance of Thai agriculture
2.3 Causes of the decline and recovery of agriculture: the Dutch disease
2.4 Natural decline of Thai agriculture or a long-term problem?
3. Structural change and changing comparative advantage of Thai agriculture .
3.1 Structural change at the national level
3.2 Structural change in agriculture at the regional level
3.4 Impact of agricultural growth on poverty
4. The responses of Thai agriculture
4.1 The restructuring of agricultural production
4.2 Emergence of specialized agents.
5. Government policies affecting agricultural development
5.1 The policy framework prior to the mid-1980s
5.2 Producer-oriented policies
5.3 Bilateral free trade agreements
5.4 Public good provision policies
6. Future prospects for Thai agriculture: challenges and constraints
6.1 Future prospects and challenges.
6.2 Policy implications and constraints
7.1 The dynamism of Thai agriculture and the role of prices
7.2 Lessons from agricultural trade and macroeconomic policies..
7.3 Infrastructure and public goods
Appendix 1. Total factor productivity growth in Thai agriculture
1. Measurement of output and inputs
2. Estimates of factor income shares.
3. TFP growth of the Thai economy
Appendix 2. Growth-accounting framework
Tables
1. Growth rates of Thai agriculture and other sectors.
2. Growth accounting for GDP growth
3. Growth in value added of major crops, livestock and fishery products
4. Real income of agricultural households by landholding status
5. Unemployment rates by area (percent)
6. Number of holdings by type and number of crops cultivated (percent)
7. Ratio of farm and wage income of farm households
8. Poverty incidence regressions, 1986–2004
9. Price differentials between safe and regular vegetables
10. Profitability of contract farming crops and alternative crops grown by independent farmers in Chiangmai Province
11. Characteristics of two types of agricultural households
12. Number and area of holdings by type of contract farming with agribusiness company/middleman and size of total area of holding and region 2003
14. Value of trade between Thailand, Australia and China
15. MOAC annual budget for research and extension, 1982–2003.
16. Major exporters of selected agricultural products in 2003
Appendix tables
1. Growth rate and share of GDP at 1988 prices by major sector.
2. Total employment with at least 15 years of age by major sector
3. Average weekly working hours by major sector
5. Net capital stock of Thailand at 1988 prices by major sector
6. Number of agricultural equipment
8. Contribution of inputs and TFP to growth by major sector
9. Comparison of TFP growth in Thailand, 1981–1995
10. Growth accounting (whole economy)
11. Growth accounting (agriculture)
13. Growth accounting (livestock)
14. Growth accounting (fishery)
15. Growth accounting (freshwater fishery)
16. Growth accounting (marine fishery)
Boxes
1. How a supermarket chain recruited suppliers of safe fruit and vegetables.
2. SWIFT Co. - a leading vegetable contractor
Figures
1. Relative size of agriculture
2. World prices of sugar, maize, rice and rubber from 1950 to 2005
3. Farm prices of major commodities, 1985–2002.
4. Real wage rates of private employees in the agriculture sector and all sectors
5. Number of agricultural machines, by type
6. Planted area and area per worker
7. Share of five agricultural subsectors in agricultural value added, 1960–2004 ..
8. Percentage share of crop and livestock value added by product, 1970–2004
9. Share of GRP by sector and regions
10. Poverty incidence (head count) by area and Gini coefficient
11. Poverty incidence by size of landholding
12. Farm household sources of income
13. Farm household sources of income by income group.
14. Household real income by sources and type of farm household
PART III
Policy reform and the transformation of Vietnamese agriculture
2. The policy reform process - Doi Moi
2.1 The initial stage: dismantling central planning (1986–1989)
2.2 Phase two - building market institutions (1990 to present)
2.3 Reforms specifically related to agriculture
3. The impact of institutional change
4. Impacts of policy reforms on economic performance
4.1 Economic growth and structural change
4.3 Structural change in agriculture, forestry and fisheries
4.4 Structural transformation within agriculture
4.6 Competitiveness of the main agricultural commodities
4.8 Household income and poverty alleviation
5. Conclusions and lessons learned
5.1 Challenges in the new stage of development
5.2 Nine lessons from Viet Nam's reform experience
A.1 Summary of major policies and events
Tables
1. Five-year averages of key economic indicators
2. Poverty and food poverty rates, 1993–2003
3. Relative agricultural tax burden in Viet Nam
4. Rural income diversification by regions in 1993, 1998 and 2002.
5. Land sources of commercial farms
6. Annual growth rates in employment by sector, 1999–2004
7. Total factor productivity and its contribution to rice production growth in Viet Nam, 1985–2000
8. Change in TFP growth of the agricultural sector by region
9. Average annual growth rates of agriculture, forestry and fisheries
10. Volumes of major agricultural exports
11. Value of major agricultural exports
12. Nitrogen (from urea)/paddy price ratio
13. Domestic resource cost of some agricultural commodities in Viet Nam in 1997 .
14. Export potential of key agricultural commodities
15. Food poverty rate by region
16. Changes in per capita incomes for rural households
18. Number of off-farm households and ratio of off-farm households to total rural households
Figures
1. Growth in registered enterprises, 1992–2004.
3. Real and nominal exchange rates.
4. Main income sources of rural households
5. Income sources of households in 2001.
6. Labour structure of commercial farms
7. Growth in the main sectors, 1986–2003
8. Sectoral shares in the economy, 1985–2003
9. Real agricultural GDP growth rate
10. Agricultural land and labour
11. Fertilizer use in Viet Nam and selected Asian countries, 1985–2002.
12. Ratio of food and foodstuff export to raw material import price indices
15. Export markets for Viet Nam's agricultural exports in 2003
16. Food output per capita, 1985–2002
17. Rice export and import, 1976–2002.
18. Urban and rural expenditure and income, 1993–2002