LAKES OF THE TOUBOURI DEPRESSION | LACS DE LA DEPRESSION DE TOUBOURI | ||
A group of four lakes, Fianga (11 mi2), Léré, Tikem (5.4 mi2) and Tréné (4.6 mi2) situated on the Mayo Kebbi River of which the largest is Lake Léré with the following characteristics. | Quatre lacs se trouvent le long du fleuve Mayo Kebbi: Fianga (28 km2), Léré, Tikem (14 km2) et Tréné (12 km2). Le plus grand d'entre eux est le lac Léré qui présente les caractéristiques suivantes. | ||
Léré (Map 2) | Léré (Carte 2) | ||
Location: Cameroon, Chad | Emplacement: Cameroun, Tchad | ||
9°37'N; 14°10'E | 9°37'N; 14°10'E | ||
Altitude: 756 ft | Altitude: 231 m | ||
Surface area: 15.6 mi2 | Superficie: 40,5 km2 | ||
Depth: 26 ft (max); 15 ft (mean) | Profondeur: 8 m (max); 4,5 m (en moyenne) | ||
Volume: 5 600 × 106 ft3 | Volume: 160 × 106 m3 | ||
Maximum length: 8.1 mi | Longueur maximum: 13 km | ||
Maximum width: 3 mi | Largeur maximum: 4,8 km | ||
Major inflowing river: Mayo Kebbi | Principal tributaire: Mayo Kebbi | ||
Outflowing river: Mayo Kebbi | Emissaire: Mayo Kebbi | ||
Physical and chemical data: after LEVEQUE, 1971 | Données physiques et chimiques: d'après LEVEQUE, 1971 |
Conductivity | K25 89 μ mhos | Conductivité | |
Surface temperature | 20.5–25.2°C | Température à la surface | |
pH | 8 | pH | |
Ca | 0.5 meq/l | Ca | |
Mg | 0.22 meq/l | Mg | |
Na | 0.100 meq/l | Na | |
K | 0.046 meq/l | K | |
HCO3 | 0.90 meq/l | HCO3 | |
SiO2 | 32 meq/l | SiO2 |
THE LAKES AND RIVERS OF THE SENEGAL SYSTEM (Map 1) | LACS ET FLEUVES DU SYSTEME DU SENEGAL (Carte 1) |
SENEGAL (River) | SENEGAL (fleuve) |
Source: The Senegal River originates at the confluence of the Bafing and Bakoye Rivers at Bafonlabé. The major tributary (Bafing) rises in the Fouta Djallon, Guinea. | Source: Le fleuve Sénégal commence au confluent des rivières Bafing et Bakoye à Bafonlabé. Le principal affluent (Bafing) prend sa source dans le Fouta Djallon en Guinée. |
Altitude: 3 950 ft | Altitude: 1 200 m |
Total length: 1 020 mi, including the Bafing tributary. | Longueur totale: 1 641 km, y compris la rivière Bafing. |
Drainage area: 132 000 mi2 | Bassin hydrographique: 338 000 km2 |
Countries traversed: Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal | Pays traversés: Guinée, Mali, Mauritanie, Sénégal |
Major tributaries: Bafing, Bakoye, Falémé, Baoulé, Kolombiné, Karakoro, Gorgol | Principaux affluents: Bafing, Bakoye, Falémé, Baoulé, Kolombiné, Karakoro, Gorgol |
Discharges to: Atlantic Ocean, 15 mi south of Saint Louis | Se jette dans: l'Océan Atlantique, à 24 km au sud de Saint Louis |
Volume of discharge at mouth: 177 000 ft3/sec during 100 year flood | Débit à l'embouchure: 5 000 m3/sec sur 100 ans de crues |
Flood regime: August–November, maximum September. In the rain the river floods downstream of Bakel: an area of 3 200 000 acres, of which 3 000 000 acres are left dry during low water. | Régime des crues: août–novembre, maximum en septembre. Lors des pluies, le fleuve déborde en aval de Bakel et inonde une superficie de 1 300 000 ha, dont 1 200 000 ha sont à sec à basses eaux. |
Physical and chemical data: | Données physiques et chimiques: |
Upper course | Middle course | Lower course | ||
Cours supérieur | Cours moyen | Cours inférieur | ||
Conductivity | K20 72 μ mhos | K20 72 μ mhos | Conductivité | |
Temperature | 18.6–26.8°C | 25°C | 25°C | Température |
pH | 6.8 | 7.1 | 7.1 | pH |
Upper course | Middle course | Lower course | ||
LIVINGSTONE, 1963 | REITZER, 1971 | |||
Na | 2.5 ppm | - | 0.09–2.1 meq/l | Na |
K | 2.4 ppm | - | 0.04–1.6 meq/l | K |
Ca | 10 ppm | - | 0.29–5.8 meq/l | Ca |
Mg | 1 ppm | - | 0.45–5.5 meq/l | Mg |
HCO3 | - | 0.50–30.5 meq/l | HCO3 | |
Cl | 3 ppm | - | - | Cl |
SO4 | 11 ppm | - | - | SO4 |
Total annual catch: | Captures annuelles totales: | ||||
Mauritania | 13 000–15 000 t | Mauritanie | 13 000–15 000 tonnes | ||
Senegal | 15 000–25 000 t | Sénégal | 15 000–25 000 tonnes | ||
total | 28 000–40 000 t | totales | 28 000–40 000 tonnes | ||
Number of fish species: 54 in Baoulé and Bakoye Rivers (DAGET, 1961) | Nombre d'espèces de poissons: 54 dans les rivières Baoulé et Bakoye (DAGET, 1961) | ||||
GUIERS (Lake) (Map 1) | GUIERS (lac) (Carte 1) | ||||
Location: Northern Senegal 15°50'–16°20'N; 15°30'N | Emplacement: Nord du Sénégal 15°50'–16°20'N; 15°30'N | ||||
Surface area: 65.5 mi2 | Superficie: 170 km2 | ||||
Depth: 11.5 ft (max); 6.5 ft (mean) | Profondeur: 3,5 m (max); 2 m (en moyenne | ||||
Volume: 6 700 × 106 ft3 | Volume: 190 × 106 m3 | ||||
Maximum length: 43 mi | Longueur maximum: 70 km | ||||
Maximum width: 5 mi | Largeur maximum: 8 km | ||||
Annual fluctuation in level: 5.2 ft | Fluctuation annuelle du niveau: 1,6 m | ||||
Inflowing river: There is no inflowing river, but the lake is filled and emptied through a channel, the Tawey, which connects it to the Senegal River. | Tributaires: Ce lac n'a pas de tributaires, mais il se remplit et se vide par l'intermédiaire d'un canal, le Tawey, qui le relie au fleuve Sénégal. | ||||
Conductivity: 45–75 (72.6) μ mhos | Conductivité: 45–75 (72,6) μ mhos | ||||
Surface temperature: 15–35°C | Température à la surface: 15–35°C | ||||
pH: 6.6–8.1 | pH: 6,6–8,1 | ||||
Number of fishermen: 371 (1966) | Nombre de pêcheurs: 371 (1966) | ||||
Number of boats: 90 (1966) | Nombre de bateaux: 90 (1966) | ||||
Total annual catch: Varies between 1 000 and 3 500 t: 2 200 t (1968; 3 100 (1969) | Captures annuelles totales: Varient entre 1 000 et 3 500 tonnes: 2 200 tonnes (1968); 3 100 (1969) | ||||
Maximum sustainable yield: approximately 2 500 t | Captures maximales équilibrées: environ 2 500 tonnes |
RKIZ (Lake) (Map 2) | RKIZ (lac) (Carte 1) | ||
Location: Mauritania 16°51'N 15°49'W | Emplacement: Mauritanie 16°51'N; 15°49'W | ||
Surface area: 75 mi2 | Superficie: 120 km2 | ||
Annual fluctuation in level: 8 ft. The lake dries out completely for five months every year due to dams for controlling the water flow through the inflowing streams. Lake Rkiz is connected to the Senegal River by the Laouwaja, Sakan, Sebereim and Kamlach Rivers, and the water fills and empties the lake through these according to the flood regime of the Senegal. | Fluctuation annuelle du niveau: 2,5 m. Le lac est complètement à sec pendant cinq mois par an à cause des barrages installés à l'embouchure des tributaires pour régulariser l'écoulement des eaux. Le lac Rkiz est relié au fleuve Sénégal par les rivières Laouwaja, Sakan, Sebereim et Kamlach, et le niveau du lac fluctue en fonction du régime des crues du Sénégal et de ses affluents. | ||
Number of fishermen: 115 | Nombre de pêcheurs: 115 | ||
Number of boats: 89 canoes | Nombre de bateaux: 89 pirogues | ||
Total annual catch: 1 200 t (1959) | Captures annuelles totales: 1 200 tonnes (1959) | ||
350 t (1970) | 350 tonnes (1970) | ||
THE COASTAL RIVERS | FLEUVES COTIERS | ||
GAMBIA (River) (Map 1) | GAMBIE (fleuve) (Carte 1) | ||
Source: Fouta Djallon (Guinea) | Source: Fouta Djallon (Guinée) | ||
Altitude: 3 600 ft | Altitude: 1 100 m | ||
Total length: 700 mi | Longueur totale: 1 120 km | ||
Drainage area: 29 700 mi2 | Bassin hydrographique: 77 000 km2 | ||
Countries traversed: Gambia, Guinea Sénegal | Pays traversés: Gambie, Guinée, Sénégal | ||
Discharges to: Atlantic Ocean at | Se jette dans: l'Océan Atlantique à | ||
Bathurst, Gambia. 13°23'N; 16°20'W | Bathurst, Gambie. 12°23'N; 16°20'W | ||
Temperature: about 20°C | Température: environ 20°C | ||
pH: 6.3 | pH: 6,3 | ||
Totale annual catch: 800 t (only Gambia) | Captures annuelles totales: 800 tonnes (uniquement en Gambie) |
Map 1 Rivers and lakes of West Africa
Carte 1 Fleuves et lacs d'Afrique occidentale
Map 2 Rivers and lakes of Central Africa
Carte 2 Fleuvos et lacs d'Afrique contrale
Map 3 Rivers and lakes of the Chad basin
Carte 3 Fleuves et lacs du bassin tchadien
Map 4 Lake Chad
Carte 4 Lac Tchad
Map 5 Rivers and lakes of the Niger-Benue System
Carte 5 Fleuves et lacs du système du Niger-Benoué
Map 6 Central delta of the Niger river
Carte 6 Delta central du fleuve Niger
Map 7 Lake Kainji
Carte 7 Lac Kainji
BALINGA, V.S.
Chef de Service de la Faune et de
l'Environnement Forestier
B.P. 194
Yaoundé
EBALE, L.C.
Chef de Bureau de la Pêche Continentale
et de la Pisciculture
Direction des Eaux et Forêts
B.P. 194
Yaoundé
EVAMBANE, Ing.
Direction des Eaux et Forêts
B.P. 194
Yaoundé
MAKON, J.
Chef de Service Adjoint de la Faune
et de l'Environnement Forestier
B.P. 194
Yaoundé
MBENG, G.G.
Directeur des Eaux et Forêts
B.P. 194
Yaoundé
MVOGO, L.
Hydrobiologiste
Direction des Eaux, Forêts et Chasses
B.P. 194
Yaoundé
OLE, Z.
Directeur
Direction des Eaux, Forêts et Chasses
du Secrétariat d'Etat au Développement
Rural du Cameroun Oriental
B.P. 194
Yaoundé
RAJONA, S.G.
Directeur du Centre Piscicole
National FAO
B.P. 130
Foumban
TONDO, S.Y.
Ingénieur des Travaux Piscicoles
Chef de Service de la Pêche Continentale
et de la Pisciculture
Sous-Direction de l'Environnement
Forestier
Direction des Eaux et Forêts
Ministère de l'Agriculture
B.P. 194
Yaoundé
DIGUERRA, B.
Chef de l'Inspection des Eaux et
Forêts, Sarh
c/o Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
KORNAYE, J.
I.T.F.
Secteur Forestier du Lac & Kanem, Sarh
c/o Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
NAINGAYE, T.
I.T.F.
Secteur Forestier du Lac & Kanem, Bol
c/o Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
SYAN, J.
I.T.F.
Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
LASSOU, ..
I.T.F.
Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
BRAHIM BARKA
Adjoint technique
Secteur Forestier du Lac & Kanem, Bol
c/o Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
KADO MOGUENARA
Adjoint technique
Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
NGABAROUM BAISSALAM
Adjoint technique
Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
TA MBAYE
Contrôleur Pêche
Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Pêches
et Chasses
B.P. 447
N'Djamena
DINISSI ADONA | Préposé | forestier, | Bol |
MANTAN BEANAN | " | " | " |
MBAIAM NDONGA | " | " | " |
MANDINANGUI DJEL | " | " | " |
NAIBE MAKOMBE | " | " | " |
DANDU ZOUA | " | " | " |
DOUD TAHER MOUSSA | " | " | " |
ADOUM ISSEN | " | " | " |
ABDERAHMAN | " | " | " |
ALLADOUM, F. | " | " | " |
OUAGABE, M. | " | " | N'Djamena |
ABBASSOUL, E. | " | " | Bousso |
MAMADOU, F. | Agent administratif, Bol | ||
ABAHAL, M. | " | " | Bol |
NASSARDIBAYE | " | " | Bongor |
ABAKAR ABOU MAHAZE Garde forestier, N'Djamena |
AKAMBI, L.
Assistant des Pêches
Direction des Pêches
B.P. 383
Cotonou
ASSANI, N.
Chef de la Région Piscicole du Zou
Service des Pêches
B.P. 383
Cotonou
AFFOYON, L.
Chef de la Division des Etudes
Statistiques et Documentation
Direction des Pêches
B.P. 383
Cotonou
BOSSOU, B.
Chef du Service des Pêches Maritimes
Direction des Pêches
B.P. 383
Cotonou
DADE, H.
Ingénieur des Pêches
Chef du Service des Pêches
Continentales
Direction des Pêches
B.P. 383
Cotonou
LOKO, H., Dr. en Océanographie
Directeur des Pêches
B.P. 383
Cotonou
KALECHA, A.
Assistant Minister of Agriculture
for Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture
Addis Ababa
KETSELA, Ato T.
Director of Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture
Addis Ababa
TEDLA, Dr. S.
Assistant Professor
Department of Biology
Faculty of Science
Hailé Sélassié 1, University
P.O. Box 1176
Addis Ababa
COCHE, A.G. *
Project Manager
Lake Kossou Fishery Development
Programme
c/o Res. Rep. of UNDP
B.P. 1747
Abidjan
JOCQUE, R.C.A.*
Associate Expert
Lake Kossou Fishery Development
Programme
c/o Res. Rep. of UNDP
B.P. 1747
Abidjan
KAMARA, L.
Directeur Adjoint des Pêches
Maritimes et Lagunaires
Ministère de la Production Animale
B.P. 1806
Abidjan
KOUASSI, N.
Biologiste des Pêches
Service de la Pisciculture et de
la Pêche en Eaux Continentales
Ministère de l'Agriculture
B.P. 1373
Abidjan
KRZELJ, S. *
Biologiste
Lake Kossou Fishery Development
Programme
c/o Res. Rep. of UNDP
B.P. 1747
Abidjan
LESCARRES, V.
Directeur des Pêches Maritimes et
Lagunaires
Ministère de la Production Animale
B.P. 1806
Abidjan
DIARRA MAMACOU
Ingénieur des Eaux et Forêts
Sous-Directeur Pisciculture et
Pêches Continentales
Ministère de l'Agriculture
B.P. 1373
Abidjan
PLANQUETTE, P.Y.P.
Chef de la Direction des Recherches
Piscicoles du Centre de Côte-d'Ivoire
B.P. 621
Bouaké
ROEST, F.C.*
Associate Expert
Lake Kossou Fishery Development
Programme
c/o Res. Rep. of UNDP
B.P. 1747
Abidjan
VIEYRA, A.R.
Directeur du Service de Pisciculture et
de Pêches Continentales
Ministère de l'Agriculture
B.P. 1373
Abidjan
COULIBALY, T.
Contrôleur des Pêches Continentales
Opération Pêche
B.P. 91
Mopti
KEITA, J.
Directeur du Service des Pêches
B.P. 91
Bamako
KONARE, A.
Directeur Opération Pêche
B.P. 91
Mopti
SZABO, A. *
Fish Processing Technologist
now: c/o South China Sea Fisheries Development
and Coordination Programme
P.O. Box 4459
Manila, Philippines
TRAORE, B.
Contrôleur des Pêches
Opération Pêche
B.P. 91
Mopti
BA, I.
Directeur des Pêches
Service des Pêches
B.P. 137
Nouakchott
GUELEM, T.
Chef du Service des Pêches Continentales
Ministère de Planification et
Développement Industriel
Nouakchott
COULEBALY, A.
Chef de Service Départemental des
Eaux et Forêts
B.P. 10
Diffa
JEFFREY, P.
Peace Corps
B.P. 537
Niamey
KALILOU, G.
Chef du Centre Piscicole de
N'Gortogol N'Guigmi
B.P. 10
Diffa
SALEY, Capt. M.
Directeur Adjoint des Eaux et
Forêts
Ministère de l'Economie Rurale
B.P. 246
Niamey
SOULEYMANE, A.
Secteur Chasse et Pêche
B.P. 578
Niamey
TORO, A.
Direction Statistiques
Service des Eaux, Forêts et Chasses
B.P. 246
Niamey
ADENIJI, H.A.
Fisheries Limnologist
Kainji Lake Research Project
P.O. Box 95
New Bussa, Kwere State
ADESANYA, Z.A.
Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources
Fisheries Division
Akure
AJAYI, O.T.
Graduate Student
Department of Biological Science
University of Ife
Ile-Ife
ARAWOMO, G.O.
Graduate Research Student
Kainji Lake Research Project
Department of Biological Science
University of Ife
Ile-Ife
DADA, B.F.
Chief Planning Officer
Federal Fisheries Department
P.M.B. 12529
Lagos
IMEVBORE, A.M.
Professor of Zoology
Department of Biological Science
University of Ife
Ile-Ife
NATHAN, T.M.*
Expert (Marketing and Processing)
Fisheries Development
Lagos State
c/o Res. Rep. of UNDP
P.O. Box 2075
Lagos
OTOBO, F.O.*
Fisheries Biologist
UNDP/SF Kainji Lake Research Project
P.O. Box 2075
Lagos
PADAYOMI, N.
Principal and Assistant Director
Federal Fisheries School
Lagos
STAUCH, A.*
Project Manager
Improvement of Fisheries Processing
and Transport on Lake Chad
B.P. 329
Maiduguri
SYDENHAM, D.H.J.
Lecturer in Zoology
Zoology Department
University of Ibadan
Ibadan
TOBOR, J.G.
Senior Research Officer
Federal Department of Fisheries
Lake Chad Research Station
P.O. Box 227
Maiduguri
FALL, A.O.
Ingénieur
Responsable des Pêches
Service des Eaux, Forêts et Chasses
Ministère du Développement Rural et
de l'Hydraulique
Parc Forestier de Hann
B.P. 1831
Dakar
MOULUN, M.J.*
Fishing Vessel Maintenance Specialist
Rural Vocational Training Centre
c/o UNDP
P.O. Box 154
Dakar
SENE, El Hadji
Ingénieur des Eaux et Forêts
Directeur des Eaux et Forêts
Service des Eaux, Forêts et Chasses
Ministère du Développement Rural et
de l'Hydraulique
Parc Forestier de Hann
B.P. 1831
Dakar
EL MOGHRABY, Dr. A.I.
Director
Hydrobiological Research Unit
University of Khartoum
P.O. Box 321
Khartoum
MAHDI, M.
Assistant Director of Fisheries
(Research)
Ministry of Animal Resources
P.O. Box 336
Khartoum
MEDANI, Dr. Y.I.
Director of Fish Production Section
Department of Fisheries
P.O. Box 336
Khartoum
PIKE, E.G.R.*
Fishery Advisor
c/o UNDP
P.O. Box 913
Khartoum
OUEDRAOGO, I.
Chef Service Pêches
Direction Service Forestier et
Environnement
Ministère du Plan et du Développement
Rural
B.P. 7044
Ouagadougou
ZIBA, C.
Inspection Forestière de l'Ouest
Bo bo Dialasso
Comité Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la
Sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS)
Inter-State Committee for the Control
of the Drought in the Sahelian Zone
B.P. 7049
Ouagadougou
Haute-Volta/Upper Volta
Secrétaire Exécutif/Dr. KONATE
Executive Secretary
Commission du Bassin du Lac Tchad
Lake Chad Basin Commission
B.P. 727
N'Djamena
Tchad/Chad
Secrétaire Exécutif/Mr. B.O. TONWE
Executive Secretary
Directeur Div. Pêches/M. Ali N'GARAM
Director, Fisheries Div.
Commission du Fleuve Niger
Niger River Commission
B.P. 729
Niamey
Niger
Secrétaire Exécutif/M. A.E. DEHINDE
Executive Secretary
Communauté Economique de l'Afrique de
l'Ouest (CEAO)
Economic Community for West Africa
B.P. 643
Ouagadougou
Haute-Volta/Upper Volta
Chef du Bureau Communautaire des Produits de la Pêche/M. A. SOW
Chief, Community Bureau for Fish Products
Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du
Bassin du Sénégal (OMVS)
Organization for the Development of
the Senegal Basin
5, Place de l'Indépendance
Dakar
Sénégal/Senegal
Secrétaire Général/M. Mohamed Ould AMAR
General Secretary
Centre Technique Forestier Tropical
(CTFT)
45 bis Av. de la Belle-Gabrielle
94 Nogent-sur-Marne
France
Djimtilo, Tchad/Chad
Communauté Economique Européenne
European Economic Community
200, rue de la Loi
1040 Bruxelles
Belgique/Belgium
Fonds Européen de Développement
European Development Fund
Bamako
Mali
Représentant/M. M. BERTRAND
Representative
Office de la Recherche Scientifique
et Technique d'Outre-Mer (ORSTOM)
24, rue Bayard
75 - Paris 8è
France
Centre ORSTOM
B.P. 65
N'Djamena
Tchad/Chad
&
Bamako
Mali
* UNDP/FAO Project Experts
PNUD/FAO Experts des projets
This document is excerpted from “A brief review of the current status of the inland fisheries of Africa”, submitted at the First Session of CIFA (CIFA/72/8), and originally compiled from individual summaries which were prepared in the FAO Department of Fisheries from existing reports and papers and then submitted to the interested countries for comments and approval. Thus, these data represent the best estimates currently available to FAO and the appropriate bodies within the countries concerned. However, in many cases adequate statistical bases for such estimates are lacking, and with the expansion of the fisheries of many of the water bodies, it is to be anticipated that the existing figures will soon be superseded. The data must, therefore, be considered only as provisional and it is to be hoped that they can be expanded and revised in the near future.
The inland waters of Eastern Cameroon fall naturally into three distinct systems, the Chad basin, the Benue basin and the rivers of the southern forest area.
About 1 800 km2 of Lake Chad lie within Cameroon, and the extensive floodplain of the Chari and Logone Rivers (Yaérés) is shared with the Republic of Chad. It is difficult to separate the fish production of the lake from that of the floodplain in this area. Several estimates exist, the most reasonable of which would seem to indicate a total production of between 60 000 and 80 000 t/yr, about 32 000 t possibly originating from the Cameroonian waters of the basin. About 1 000 fishermen are active on the lake, and their catch is probably 2 000 t/yr. A further 50 000 fishermen, estimated as operating on the rivers, account for the remaining 30 000 t.
The Benue River flows for 330 km through Cameroon and is fed by the Mayo Kebbi and Faro Rivers. Some 9 700 individual units of fishing gear, broken down into twelve major groupings, were in use on the Benue and its tributaries between 1959 and 1961. The annual production from this area may be roughly estimated at about 3 000 t.
The southern forest area contains the Sanaga, Mbam and Nyong Rivers and their tributaries. The fisheries of this area have been less well studied than those of the other two regions, production estimates are consequently difficult. Roughly 15 000 t are produced.
The total annual production from the inland waters of Cameroon can, therefore, be tabulated as follows:
Lake Chad | 2 000 t |
Logone/Chari System and Yaérés | 30 000 t |
Benue System | 3 000 t |
Southern forest area | 15 000 t |
50 000 t |
The main fisheries of the Republic of Chad are situated in the Lake Chad basin. In this region it is at present difficult to separate the production of Lake Chad itself from that of the inflowing Chari River and the associated Yaérés floodplain. The total production from the area has been estimated at between 60 000 and 80 000 t/yr, but this includes fish caught in Cameroon which shares this region with Chad and probably only about 45 000 t originate from Chadian waters. The lake fishery, which is carried out by about 5 000 fishermen operating from primitive papyrus canoes and dugouts, is thought to contribute some 10 000 t, the remaining 35 000 t originating from the Yaérés.
Another fishing area, located on the Upper Chari, where a region of swamps extends into the Central African Republic, includes the Salamat River, Bahr Aouk and Lake Iro (200 km2). The area is thought to produce about 20 000 t/yr.
Small fisheries exist on other lakes in the country, notably Lake Fitri (420 km2) and Lakes Léré, Tréné and Fianga of the Toubouri Depression. The combined annual catch of these lakes may be estimated at 500 t.
The annual catch in Chad is summarized below.
Lake Chad | 10 000 t |
Longone/Chari System (Yaérés) | 35 000 t |
Upper Chari | 20 000 t |
Minor fisheries | 500 t |
65 500 t |
The major fisheries of Dahomey are situated on the Niger River, of which Dahomey has 120 km of shoreline, the Oueme River and the coastal lagoon systems. Other minor fisheries exist on the Mono and Penjari Rivers.
The Niger River fishery involves some 2 300 fishermen and currently produces about 3 000 t of fish per year. In 1966 the production from the same fishery was estimated at 1 000 t/yr. This decline is attributed to the lack of markets for the fish and there is at present no sign of over-fishing in the region.
The Oueme River fishery is located mainly on the 1 000 km2 floodplain of the delta region of the river where it discharges into the coastal lagoons. About 30 000 persons participate more or less actively in it. Production was high in 1960 (10 400 t/yr), but has since declined to about 6 500 t/yr due to over-fishing. The productivity of this zone is augmented by a mangement technique involving the use of trench-like ponds cut into the floodplain.
Lake Nokoue and the adjoining Porto Novo lagoon is the largest of the Dahomean coastal lagoons covering 16 000 ha and supporting about 20 000 fishermen. An exceptionally high production of up to 15 000 t/yr has been maintained in the past, mainly by the use of an artificial culture method, the acadja, which involves planting extensive areas of the lake with branches. Recently, the opening of the lagoon to the sea has brought about a general degradation of the environment and has resulted in the destruction of the acadja fishery. The annual catch has therefore fallen to 5 200 t.
The second of the coastal lagoons, Lake Ahémé, covers an area of 8 000 ha and produces about 8 150 t/yr. The fishery supports about 10 000 fishermen.
The total catch from the inland waters of Dahomey for 1969/70 is summarized below.
Lake Ahémé | 8 151 t |
Oueme River and lakes | 7 029 t |
Lake Nokoue | 5 238 t |
Niger River | 1 173 t |
Minor fisheries | 1 502 t |
23 093 t |
Because of over-fishing in several of the fisheries and the deterioration of the lagoons, it is doubtful whether any increase in production can be envisaged.
The inland waters of Ethiopia hold substantial stocks of fish, which are at present hardly exploited. The fisheries are concentrated into two main areas, Lake Tana and the Rift Valley lakes. In addition, several major rivers flow through the country.
Lake Tana, with a surface area of 3 500 km2, is lightly fished and has a production of perhaps 500 t/yr, although the potential catch might be as high as 15 000 t.
A group of seven lakes in the Rift Valley have a combined area of about 3 100 km2. Very little fisheries development has taken place in these lakes although a potential production as high as 16 500 t has been estimated.
The Abbai (Blue Nile), Ganale Dorya, Webbe Schibele and Awash Rivers have a combined length of 5 000 km. Their fishery potential is at present not known.
The inland fishery production of Ethiopia in 1965 has been estimated at about 1 000 t and according to various estimates, this could be raised to between 20 000 and 35 000 t.
Inland fisheries have not hitherto played an important part in the economy of the Ivory Coast, and have been confined mainly to the Bandama, Comoe and Sassandra River systems. The recent creation of a dam on the Bia River at Ayame, however, produced a lake of nearly 10 000 ha area and the catch from this has risen from 160 t/yr in 1965 to 1 200 t/yr in 1969. This, together with the yield of the river fisheries, gives a total catch of 4 000 t of fish annually.
Another lake is at present on the White Bandama where a dam has been built at Kossou. The lake with an area of 1 750 km2 will produce up to 8 000 t of fish per year. A UNDP/SF project has been set up to assist the Government in developing and exploiting the new fishery in this lake.
In addition to the fresh waters, there is an extensive complex of brackishwater coastal lagoons which have an estimated production of 5 000 t/yr.
The present total catch from the inland waters is estimated at about 9 000 t, but this will possibly increase up to a total of 17 000 t as the Kossou Lake fishery is developed.
The fisheries of Mali are located on the Niger River and the floodplain surrounding the central delta area which extends over 25 000 km2 during the wet season. About 90 percent of the fish produced in the country originates in this area, which is flooded by the Niger and Bani Rivers from July to December. The fishery involves about 100 000 persons using traps, longlines, cast nets and gillnets. Fishing intensity fluctuates during the year and reaches a maximum between November and June at the time of the subsidence of the floods and at low water.
The total production of this area has variously been estimated at between 80 000 and 150 000 t/yr, with 90 000 t being most frequently quoted.
Although Mauritania is largely arid, some inland fishery resources exist in the south. An estimated 13 000–15 000 t per year of fish are caught from the Senegal River, its tributary the Gorgol, and the associated floodplain lakes. One of these lakes, the Lac de Rkiz, which has an area of 12 000 ha when flooded, was recorded as yielding 1 200 t of fish per year in 1959. Recent hydrological management of this zone has resulted in the complete dessication of this lake for five months of the year; as a result the catch has dropped to 350 t per year.
The Republic of Niger has two main centres of fishing activity, the Niger River and Lake Chad. The Niger River, of which 600 km flow through the country, has an area equivalent to 9 000 ha in the dry season. In the wet season, the river overflows its banks to flood an area of about 63 000 ha. Some 1 200 fishermen work in these waters; their catch was estimated as 4 150 t in 1961 and 9 696 t in 1969.
Niger has about 3 700 km2 (17 percent) of the area of Lake Chad. An estimated 1 000 fishermen catch about 3 000 t per year.
In addition to the two major fisheries there are several permanent water bodies and seasonal swamps of minor importance which together cover an area of about 55 000 ha in the rainy season.
The total annual catch of Niger is estimated at 12 500 t.
The freshwater fisheries of Nigeria are based on Lake Chad, Lake Kainji, the Niger-Benue River system, freshwater portions of rivers flowing into the sea, and freshwater fish ponds.
Nigeria has about 5 500 km2 (25 percent) of the area of Lake Chad, where 3 000 full-time fishermen are estimated to operate. Some 56 000 t of fish enter Nigeria from the lake each year, but the actual production from the Nigerian portion of the lake is probably only 28 000 t.
The Lake Kainji fishery has developed since the lake was filled in 1968. Preliminary estimates of the production from the lake in 1970 were between 3 000 and 5 000 t per year, although an estimate as high as 8 200 t has also been advanced.
The total production from the river and pond fisheries is 167 500 t. Of this, it is estimated that 122 500 t originate from the Niger and Benue Rivers, and the remaining 45 000 t from the tributaries of the Niger and Benue, coastal rivers, and freshwater creeks and ponds.
In addition to the freshwater production, a further 142 000 t are landed from the coastal and brackishwater lagoons and creeks of the Niger Delta, and eastern and western coastal areas.
The inland fisheries of Nigeri may, therefore, be estimated as producing about 344 700 t of fish per year as follows:
Lake Chad | 28 000 t |
Lake Kainji | 7 200 t |
Niger/Benue Rivers | 122 500 t |
Other rivers | 45 000 t |
Coastal lagoons and creeks | 142 000 t |
344 700 t |
The Senegalese portion of the Senegal River measures about 800 km. Near the delta, the river is connected with Lake Guiers (150 km2) by a small affluent, the Tawey. During the rainy season, the river overflows and floods about 456 000 ha, including 120 000 ha in the delta. Statistics on the Senegalese catches indicate a range of 15 000–25 000 t. To this should be added the catch from Lake Guiers itself, of 2 200 t in 1968 and 3 100 t in 1969. Total annual landings in all (inland) waters of Senegal therefore fluctuate between 17 000 and 28 000 t, heavily decreasing these last few years.
Eighteen natural fishery and management units, delimited in the inland waters of Senegal, are operated by fisheries councils under the technical direction of the Service des Eaux et Forêts.
On the floodplain, most of the residual ponds have been converted into reservoirs serving as fish refuges during the dry season, thus ensuring restocking of nearby bodies of waters. Thirteen such reservoirs have been established in which only subsistence fishing with cast nets, non-baited longlines and dip nets is permitted during the floods. The use of dragnets is prohibited.
Despite a potential estimated at about 60 000 t/yr from 20 000 km2 of river and lake area, little information is available on the inland fisheries of Sudan. The main fisheries are centred on Lake Nubia (the southern portion of Lake Nasser) and the River Nile and its tributaries. The 1971 total annual production was estimated at about 21 000 t.
Upper Volta has several bodies of water together totalling almost 25 000 ha in area (rivers, streams, ponds and reservoirs). They are exploited only partially and irregularly for the following reasons:
lack of equipment and gear, so that landings are very variable, ranging from 50 to 250 kg/ha and sometimes to as much as 500 kg/ha.
The Service des Eaux et Forêts et de la Conservation des Sols, which is a sub-division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, is in charge of fisheries and fish culture, but has very limited funds and a small staff responsible for a wide range of tasks. There are no recent catch data and the results of marketing surveys in major cities are the only source for an estimate of catch. This is of the order of 5 000 t of fresh fish per year.
SAHELIAN TOTAL FISH IMPORTS-EXPORTS/TOTAL IMPORTATIONS-EXPORTATIONS DE POISSON DU SAHEL
(processed, freshwater and marine fish/poisson traité, d'eaux douce et marine)
(thousand metric tons/milliers de tonnes) | ||||||||
Imports/Importations | Exports/Exportations | |||||||
1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | |
Cameroon/Cameroun | 5 9 | 6 8 | 6 2 | 8 3 | 0 5 | 1 7 | 3 2 | 1 9 |
Chad/Tchad | 0 1 | 0 1 | 0 1 | .. | 0 9 | 0 3 | 0 3 | .. |
Dahomey/Dahomey | 2 2 | 3 0 | 4 3 | .. | 0 3 | 0 4 | 0 6 | .. |
Ethiopia/Ethiopie | 0 3 | 0 4 | 0 2 | 0 3 | 2 8 | 3 1 | 2 6 | 3 1 |
Ivory Coast/Côte d'Ivoire | 7 3 | 13 7 | 20 9 | .. | 1 6 | 2 9 | 3 2 | .. |
Mali/Mali | 0 1 | 0 1 | 0 1 | .. | 5 7 | 5 7 | 4 4 | .. |
Mauritania/Mauritanie | 0 0 | 0 0 | 0 0 | .. | 12 3 | 21 4 | 22 1 | .. |
Niger/Niger | 0 2 | 0 3 | .. | .. | 0 1 | 0 1 | .. | .. |
Niger/Nigeria | 2 7 | 6 6 | 7 7 | 17 3 | 0 8 | 0 3 | 0 3 | 0 3 |
Senegal/Sénégal | 8 5 | .. | .. | .. | 11 5 | 12 4 | 15 7 | 21 3 |
Sudan/Soudan | 0 3 | .. | 0 3 | .. | 0 0 | 0 1 | 0 2 | .. |
Upper Volta/Haute-Volta | 1 2 | 1 0 | .. | 0 8 | 0 0 | 0 0 | .. | 0 0 |
Excerpt from: Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, FAO 1972 (Vol.35)
Extrait de: Annuaire des Statistiques des Pêches, FAO 1972 (vol.35)
SAHELIAN INLAND FISHERIES/PECHES CONTINENTALES DU SAHEL
(thousand metric tons/milliers de tonnes) | |||||||||
1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | |
Cameroon/Cameroun | 50 0 | 50 0 | 50 0 | 50 0 | 50 0 | 50 0 | 50 0 | 50 0 | 50 0* |
Chad/Tchad | 100 0 | 100 0 | 110 0 | 110 0 | 110 0 | 120 0 | 120 0 | 130 0 | 105 0* |
Dahomey/Dahomey | 16 0 | 15 0 | 30 0 | 23 1 | 23 1 | 23 0 | 22 5 | 25 5/e | .. |
Ethiopia/Ethiopie | 0 5/e | 0 5/e | 0 5/e | 0 5/e | 0 5/e | 0 9 | 0 3 | 1 0 | .. |
Ivory Coast/Côte d'Ivoire | 4 0 | 4 0 | 4 0 | 4 0 | 4 0 | 5 0 | 5 5 | 12 0 | 6 0* |
Mali/Mali | 90 0 | 90 0/e | 90 0/e | 90 0/e | 134 0* | 134 0* | 90 0 | 90 0/e | 78 0* |
Mauritania/Mauritanie | 11 0/e | 12 0/e | 13 0 | 13 0/e | 13 0/e | 13 0/e | 15 0/e | 15 0/e | .. |
Niger/Niger | 5 0/e | 5 0/e | 3 7 | 4 3 | 5 0/e | 8 0/e | 12 5 | 12 5 | .. |
Nigeria/Nigeria | 40 0 | 50 0 | 52 5 | 53 0 | 66 4 | 275 4 | 300 0 | 327 3 | 337 0* |
Senegal/Sénégal | 30 2 | 25 0 | 23 0 | 21 0 | 20 0 | 20 0 | 18 8 | 12 0* | 6 4* |
Sudan/Soudan | 18 5 | 19 0/e | 19 2 | 20 7 | 21 0 | 21 4 | 21 4 | 21 4 | 21 8* |
Upper Volta/Haute-Volta | 3 5 | 4 0 | 4 5 | 4 5 | 5 0 | 5 0 | 5 0 | 4 0 | 3 5* |
Excerpt from: Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, FAO 1972 (Vol.34)
Extrait de: Annuaire des Statistiques des Pêches, FAO 1972 (vol.34)
Osteoglossidae
Heterotis niloticus
Mormyridae
Petrocephalus bane tchadensis
Gymnarchidae
Gymnarcus niloticus
Tetraodontidae
Tetraodon fahaka strigosus
Charcidae
Hydrocynus forskali
Hydrocynus brevis
Alestes dentex sethente
Alestes macrolepidotus
Alestes dageti
Alestes nurse
Microalestes acutidens
Microalestes brevianalis
Petersius brevidorsalis
Petersius intermdius
Citharinidae
Citharinus citharus
Citharinus latus
Citharinus distichodoides
Nannaethiops unitaeniatus
Distichodontidae
Distichodus rostratus
Distichodus brevipinnis
Cyprinidae
Labeo senegalensis
Labeo coubide
Labeo pseudocoubie
Barilius loati
Barilius senegalensis orientalis
Bagridae
Bagrus bayad
Chrysichthys auratus tilhoi
Clarotes laticeps
Auchenoglanis biscutatus
Auchenoglanis occidentalis tchadensis
Clariidae
Clarias anguillaris
Clarias lazera
Heterobranchus bidorsalis
Schilbeidae
Siluranodon auritus
Mochocidae
Brachysynodontis batensoda
Hemisynodontis membranaceus
Synodontis clarias
Synodontis eupterus
Synodontis schall
Synodontis gambiensis
Mochocus niloticus
Malapteruridae
Malapterurus electricus
Centropomidae
Lates niloticus
Cichlidae
Hemichromis fasciatus
Hemichromis bimaculatus
Sarotherodon niloticus
Sarotherodon galileus
Tilapia zilli
Tilapia rendalli
Haplochromis wingati
Eleotridae
Kribia nana elongata
Polypteridae
Polypterus senegalus
Polypterus bichir
Osteoglossidae
Heterotis niloticus
Mormyridae
Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis
Mormyrus rume
Marcusenius elongatus
Brienomyrus niger
Petrocephalus bane ansorgei
Petrocephalus bovei
Pollimyrus isidori
Pollimyrus lhuysi
Gymnarchidae
Gymnarchus niloticus
Tetraodontidae
Tetraodon fahaka
Hepsetidae
Hepsetus odoe
Characidae
Hydrocynus brevis
Hydrocynus forskali
Hydrocynus lineatus
Alestes dentex sethente
Alestes baremoze
Alestes macrolepidotus
Alestes nurse
Alestes leuciscus
Microalestes acutidens
Citharinidae
Citharinus citharus
Citharinus latus
Citharidium ansorgei
Nannaethiops unitaeniatus
Distichodontidae
Disticodus brevipinnis
Disticodus rostratus
Cyprinidae
Garra waterloti
Barbus occidentalis
Labeo senegalensis
Labeo coubie
Labeo parvus
Barilius niloticus
Barilius senegalensis
Bagridae
Bagrus bayad macropterus
Bagrus docmac niger
Chrysichthys auratus longifilis
Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus
Clarotes laticeps
Auchenoglanis biscutatus
Auchenoglanis occidentalis
Clariidae
Clarias anguillaris
Heterobranchus bidorsalis
Schilbidae
Schilbe mystus
Eutropius niloticus
Siluranodon auritus
Mochocidae
Brachysynodontis batensoda
Hemisynodontis membranaceus
Synodontis budgetti
Synodontis clarias
Synodontis eupterus
Synodontis filamentosus
Synodontis nigrita
Synodontis ocellifer
Synodontis schall
Malapteruridae
Malapterurus electricus
Centropomidae
Lates niloticus
Cichlidae
Hemicromis fasciatus
Hemicromis bimaculatus
Sarotherodon galileus
Sarotherodon niloticus
Tilapia zilli
Tilapia rendalli
Anabantidae
Ctenopoma kingsleyae
Polypteridae
Polypterus senegalus
Polypterus bichir lapraidei
Polypterus endlicheri
Lepidosirenidae
Protopterus annectens
Osteoglossidae
Heterotis niloticus
Mormyridae
Hyperopisus occidentalis
Mormyrus rume
Mormyrops deliciosus
Marcusenius senegalensis
Petrocephalus simus
Gymnarchidae
Gymnarchus niloticus
Tetraodontidae
Tetraodon fahaka strigosus
Characidae
Hepsetus odoe
Hydrocynus forskali
Hydrocynus brevis
Alestes dentex
Alestes baremoze
Alestes macrolepidotus
Alestes nurse
Microalestes acutidens
Citharinidae
Citharinus citharus
Nannocharax ansorgii
Nannocharax fasciatus
Distichodontidae
Distichodus engycephalus
Distichodus brevipinnis
Cyprinidae
Barbus occidentalis
Labeo senegalensis
Labeo coubie
Labeo parvus
Garra waterloti
Barilius senegalensis
Barilius niloticus
Bagridae
Auchenoglanis occidentalis
Chrysichthys auratus longifilis
Bagrus docmac
Claridae
Clarias senegalensis
Heterobranchus longifilis
Schilbeidae
Schilbe mystus
Mochocidae
Synodontis schall
Synodontis ocellifer
Chiloglanis niloticus waterloti
Malapteruridae
Malapterurus electricus
Centropomidae
Lates niloticus
Cichlidae
Hemischromis fasciatus
Hemichromis bimaculatus
Sarotherodon galileus
Tilapia rendalli
Tilapia zilli
Anabantidae
Ctenopoma kingsleyae
The following preliminary catalogue is an updated excerpt from “A Catalogue of Cultivated Aquatic Organisms” by V.G. Jhingran and V. Gopalakrishnan (1974) FAO Fish.Tech.Pap., (130):83 p. | Le catalogue préliminaire ci-après est un extrait mis à jour de “A Catalogue of Cultivated Aquatic Organisms” par V.G. Jhingran et V. Gopalakrishnan (1974) FAO Fish. Tech.Pap., (130):83 p. |
Such a catalogue can hardly be complete, as several more species suitable for culture may be found. | Il est évident qu'un tel catalogue n'est pas complet car l'on peut encore trouver plusieurs espèces appropriées à la pisciculture. |
The purpose of this preliminary paper is to arrive at an up-to-date list of cultivated and cultivable fish species in that area which is basic to the study of fish culture potential under Sahelian conditions. | Le but de ce document préliminaire est de tenir à jour une liste d'espèces de poissons d'élevage, de fait et en potentiel, sur laquelle on puisse se baser pour l'étude du potential de la pisciculture dans les conditions inhérentes au Sahel. |
Fresh waters of Africa. Omnivorous, with some predatory tendency. Sexual maturity reached after its second year. Mixed culture with tilapia. | Eaux douces d'Afrique. Omnivore, à tendance prédatrice. Atteint la maturité sexuelle après la second année. Elevage combiné avec le tilapia. |
Fresh waters of Africa. Cultivated in Ghana. Main food: fish eggs, fry, adult fish, molluscs and insect larvae. Does not breed in ponds; breeds well in large reservoirs. Juveniles are known to live and feed among rocks dispersing to the open waters later. Change from insectivorous to piscivorous habit is observed from 20 cm onward in rivers. In Lake Victoria the fish is reported to feed entirely on Haplochromis after it reaches about 15 cm in length. | Eaux douces d'Afrique. Elevé au Ghana. Nourriture principale: oeufs de poisson, alevins, poissons adultes, mollusques et larves d'insectes. Ne se reproduit pas en étang, se reproduit bien en grands réservoirs. Les juvéniles vivent et se nourrissent parmi les rochers se dispersant par la suite dans les eaux libres. On observe un changement d'habitude insectivore à piscivore en fleuve à partir de 20 cm et au-dessus. On rapporte que dans le lac Victoria, ce poisson se nourrit exclusivement de Haplo chromis dès qu'il atteint 15 cm. |
Fresh waters of Lagos (Nigeria); Ogun River, Upper Niger, etc. Experimental cultivation in Nigeria. Attains length of 8 cm. | Eaux douces de Lagos (Nigeria): fleuve Ogun, Haut Niger, etc. Elevage expérimental en Nigeria. Atteint 8 cm de long. |
Upper Niger, Gold Coast, Cameroon. Cultivated in Ghana. Can live both in lagoons and fresh waters. Bottom feeder, the common food items being molluscs and prawns. Does not generally breed in ponds. | Haut-Niger, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroun. Elevé au Ghana. Vit aussi bien en lagunes qu'en eaux douces. Se nourrit sur le fond, habituellement de mollusques et de crevettes. Ne se reproduit généralement pas en étang. |
Guinea Bissau; Sierra Leone to Ogowe. Cultivated in Ghana. Habits similar to C. nigrodigitatus. | Guinée Bissau; Sierra Leone à Ogowe. Elevé au Ghana. Mêmes habitudes que C. nigrodigitatus. |
Fresh waters of Africa. Cultivated in Nigeria. Detritus feeder. Does not spawn in ponds. | Eaux douces d'Afrique. Elevé en Nigeria. Détritivore. Ne pond pas en étang. |
Fresh waters of tropical central Africa. Cultivated in Congo and Nigeria. Detritus feeder; does not spawn in ponds. Spawns in swamps during August–September. Grows to 10–13 cm within two months and to 20–30 cm within a year. | Eaux douces du centre de l'Afrique tropicale. Elevé au Congo et en Nigeria. Détritivore; ne pond pas en étang. Pond en marais en aoûtseptembre. Atteint 10–13 cm au bout de deux mois et 20–30 cm au bout d'un an. |
Fresh waters of Africa. Mixed culture with tilapia and also in monoculture. Very fast growth. Strongly omnivorous. Sexual maturity is reached in ten months. | Eaux douces d'Afrique. Elevage combiné avec tilapia et en monoculture. Croissance très rapide. Principalement omnivore. Atteint la maturité sexuelle en dix mois. |
Autochtonous in China and U.S.S.R., transplanted in the middle ages to Europe and Asian countries. Cultivated in freshwater impoundments all over the world. Temperature tolerance: generally 20° to 25°C. Omnivorous; mostly bottom feeder. Eggs creamy yellow, 1.5–2 mm in diameter; adhesive. Reaches an average of 1 kg within a year and 2 kg within two years. Several varieties and numerous sub-varieties have been determined. | Autochtone en Chine et en U.R.S.S. transplanté au moyen-âge en Europe et dans les pays asiatiques. Elevé en étangs de barrage d'eau douce dans le monde entier. Tolérance de température: en général 20° à 25°C. Omnivore; se nourrit principalement sur le fond. Oeufs jaune crémeux 1,5–2 mm de diamètre; adhésifs. Atteint un poids moyen de 1 kg en un an et 2 kg en deux ans. Plusieurs variétés et de nombreuses sousvariétés ont été identifiées. |
Fresh waters of Nile Basin and West Africa. Cultivated in Cameroon and Nigeria. Adults feed on fish. Grows to about 2 m. Fecundity: 1 000. Prior to spawning the female constructs a floating nest of water plants, where the eggs are deposited. The male protects the nest during incubation. Larvae have a large yolk sac and external gills. | Eaux douces du bassin du Nil et de l'Afrique de l'ouest. Elevage expérimental au Cameroun et en Nigeria. Les adultes sont piscivores. Croît jusqu'à 2 m environ. Fécondité: 1 000. Avant de pondre, la femelle construit un nid flottant de plantes aquatiques, où sont déposés les oeufs. Le mâle protège le nid durant l'incubation. Les larves ont une vésicule vitelline et des ouïes externes. |
Fresh waters of North and West Africa and estuaries of West Africa. Cultivated in Cameroon, Zaire, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, etc., for tilapia control. Grows up to 25 cm. Breeds when about 15 cm long. Temperature tolerance: 21–30°C. | Eaux douces d'Afrique du nord et de l'ouest et estuaires d'Afrique de l'ouest. Elevé au Cameroun, au Zaïre, en Côte d'Ivoire, en Haute-Volta, etc. pour le contrôle du tilapia. Atteint 25 cm. Se reproduit lorsqu'il attent 15 cm de long. Tolérance de température: 21–30°C. |
Lake Tamba (Congo). Experimental cultivation in Cameroon. | Lac Tamba (Congo). Elevage expérimental au Cameroun. |
Fresh waters of Africa. Cultivated in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, Togo, etc. Nest built from vegetation. Larvae with external gills. | Eaux douces d'Afrique. Elevé au Cameroun, en République Centrafricaine, au Congo, en Côte d'Ivoire, à Madagascar, en Nigeria, au Togo, etc. Nid végétal. Larves à ouïes externes. |
Rivers in Kasai (Congo), Africa. Experimental cultivation in ponds, in Congo and Nigeria. | Rivières de la province de Kasaï (Congo), Afrique. Elevage expérimental en étang au Congo et en Nigeria. |
Fresh waters of North Africa. Cultivated in ponds in Nigeria. Breeds in ponds. In natural waters the fish is reported to migrate to swamps to spawn. | Eaux douces de l'Afrique du nord. Elevage en étang en Nigeria. Fraye en étang. On rapporte que le poisson émigre des eaux naturelles en marais pour frayer. |
Africa. Widely distributed in the Nile system and Ethiopian region. Cultivated in brackishwater ponds. Also cultivated in freshwater impoundments, in Ghana, Egypt, Cameroon, Morocco, Nigeria, Uganda, etc. Carnivorous. Ascends streams for short distances for the purpose of spawning. Young fish find suitable shelter and food in littoral waters and grow rapidly. Well balanced mixed population suggested for culture in Uganda: Sarotherodon niloticus and Tilapia zilli, 40 percent; Cyprinus carpio 40 percent; and Lates niloticus 20 percent. | Afrique. Largement distribué dans le système du Nil et la région éthiopienne. Elevé en étangs d'eau saumâtre. Elevé également en étangs de barrage d'eau douce au Ghana, en Egypte, au Cameroun, au Maroc, en Nigeria, en Ouganda, etc. Carnivore. Remonte les cours d'eau sur de courtes distances pour frayer. Les jeunes poissons trouvent abri et nourriture dans les eaux côtières et croissent rapidement. Suggestion de population combinée bien équilibrée d'élevage en Ouganda: Sarotherodon niloticus et Tilapia 40 pour cent; Cyprinus carpio, 40 pour cent;et Lates niloticus, 20 pour cent. |
Mediterranean and Atlantic from Scandinavia to South Africa. Found in estuaries of West Africa. Cultivated in Greece, Italy and Israel. Able to adapt to fresh waters. Grows to 40 cm length. Induced breeding by hypophysation reported to be successful in Israel. | Méditerranée et Atlantique, de la Scandinavie à l'Afrique du Sud. On le trouve dans les estuaires de l'Afrique de l'ouest. Elevé en Grèce, en Italie et en Israël. Adaptatif aux eaux douces. Atteint jusqu'à 40 cm de longueur. On rapporte que la reproduction induite par hypophysation est effectuée avec succès en Israël. |