IGWG/RTFG 3/REP2

INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP FOR THE ELABORATION OF A SET OF VOLUNTARY GUIDELINES TO SUPPORT THE PROGRESSIVE REALIZATION OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY

Intersessional Meeting of the Open-ended Working Group

Rome, 2 – 5 February 2004

Compilation of text proposals for the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security

This document contains text proposals by Members of the IGWG for each element of the Voluntary Guidelines, submitted during the Intersessional Meeting of the Open-ended Working Group (OEWG) from 2-5 February 2004. The proposals for change are based on the Draft Voluntary Guidelines prepared by the Bureau (IGWG RTFG 2/2). Some proposals were received during the Session of the OEWG, and others – in particular with regard to the Preface, Part I and Part V – were received later, within a set deadline of 9 February 2004. Text in brackets indicates a suggestion for deletion, text underlined for inclusion. The authors of each proposal, as well as other Members supporting or, occasionally, opposing it, are indicated in a footnote. Each proposal is shown separately, with the exact wording provided to the Secretariat.

Comments on Preface

The Preface does not reflect any right to food developments since 1996. It would be good to have a few paragraphs on historical developments -indicating, for example, the WFS and the MDGs in the first para and General Comment No.12 in para three. (Norway).
The sentence stating that the VG do not deal with armed conflict should be removed and replaced by a new text- see proposal (Syria).
The Bureau Draft is quite satisfactory but the right to food and food security should be better defined, especially by taking note of General Comment No.12 (Philippines).
The definition of the obligation to 'provide' is missing and should therefore be added (India supported by Switzerland - see proposal).
Throughout the text, wherever the word 'Guidelines' occurs, the word 'Voluntary' should be added (Ireland - EU and acceding countries).

Preface

The purpose of these Guidelines is to affect the above mandate. The present document is the result of the work of the IGWG.

These Guidelines are a practical tool and are of a voluntary nature. They do not establish legally binding obligations for states or international organizations, nor is any provision in these Guidelines to be interpreted as amending, modifying or otherwise impairing rights and obligations under international law. These Guidelines do not address armed conflict and international humanitarian law. It should be borne in mind, however, that states have assumed important international obligations related to this subject matter under that body of law.

In developing these Guidelines, the IGWG has benefited from the active participation of international organizations, non-governmental organizations and representatives of civil society. Bearing in mind that implementation of these Guidelines will necessitate the participation of all members of society at large, civil society organizations and private business entities, these Guidelines envisage the cooperation of all sectors of society.

Proposal by Switzerland

Preface

In response to the invitation from Heads of State and Government contained in Paragraph 10 of the Declaration adopted at the 2002 World Food Summit: five years later, the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the decision at its 123rd session to establish an Intergovernmental Working Group (IGWG) with the following mandate, “to elaborate, with the participation of stakeholders, in a period of two years, a set of voluntary guidelines to support Member States’ efforts to achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security”.
The purpose of these guidelines is: [to effect the above mandate. The present document is the result of the work of the IGWG.]
1) to provide guidance primarily to States, but also to stakeholders, in their efforts to achieve the realization of the right to adequate food as recognized in international law and in the context of national food security;
2) to assist States in achieving the goals and targets established at the Millennium Summit, the World Food Summit and other major international conferences as consolidated in the Millennium Development Goals and in the Millennium Declaration;
3) to give support in formulating food security strategies or to implement food security elements in overarching economic development strategies, poverty reduction strategies and sustainable development strategies.
These Guidelines are a practical tool and are of a voluntary nature. They do not establish legally binding obligations for states or international organizations, nor is any provision in these Guidelines to be interpreted as amending, modifying or otherwise impairing rights and obligations under international law. These guidelines [do not]address also armed conflict, situations of occupation and the application of international humanitarian law. It should be borne in mind [however], that all parties to an armed conflict, including situations of occupation, [states have assumed] have important international obligations related to this subject matter under that body of law.¹

In developing these Guidelines, the IGWG has benefited from the active participation of international organizations, non-governmental organizations and representatives of civil society. While addressed primarily to States, [Bearing in mind that implementation of]these guidelines will necessitate the participation of all members of civil society at large, including [civil society organizations]NGOs and the private sector [business entities, t]. These Guidelines are therefore also addressed to[envisage the cooperation of] all sectors of society.

Proposal by Norway:

Preface

The eradication of hunger is clearly reflected in the target set at the World Food Summit to reduce the number of undernourished people to halve their present level no later than 2015 and in the first Millennium Development Goal to, by the same year, reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer hunger.
In the Rome Declaration on World Food Security, Heads of State and Government reaffirmed the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger. Objective 7.4 of the World Food Summit Plan of Action called for the clarification of the content of the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, as stated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other relevant international and regional instruments. In this context, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights was invited, in consultation and collaboration with relevant bodies, specialised agencies and programmes, to better define the rights related to food in Article 11 of the Covenant and to propose ways to realize these rights as a means of achieving the commitments and objectives of the World Food Summit, including the possibility of formulating voluntary guidelines.

In response to the invitation [from Heads of State and Government contained in] by the World Food Summit, and following several international consultations, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted General Comment 12, which clarified the content of the Right to adequate food as stated in the Covenant.

In Paragraph 10 of the Declaration adopted at the 2002 World Food Summit: five years later, the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the decision at its 123rd session to establish an Intergovernmental Working Group (IGWG) with the following mandate, “to elaborate, with the participation of stakeholders, in a period of two years, a set of voluntary guidelines to support Member States’ efforts to achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security”.
The purpose of these guidelines is to effect the above mandate. The present document is the result of the work of the IGWG.
These Guidelines are a practical tool and are of a voluntary nature. They do not establish legally binding obligations for states or international organizations, nor is any provision in these Guidelines to be interpreted as amending, modifying or otherwise impairing rights and obligations under international law. These guidelines do not address armed conflict and international humanitarian law. It should be borne in mind, however, that states have assumed important international obligations related to this subject matter under that body of law.
In developing these Guidelines, the IGWG has benefited from the active participation of international organizations, non-governmental organizations and representatives of civil society. Bearing in mind that implementation of these guidelines will necessitate the participation of all members of society at large, civil society organizations and private business entities, these Guidelines envisage the cooperation of all sectors of society.

Proposal by Latin America and the Caribbean

Preface

[In response to the invitation from Heads of State and Government contained] In Paragraph 10 of the Declaration adopted at the 2002 World Food Summit: Five Years Later, Heads of State and Government invited the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [adopted the decision at its 123rd session] to establish at its 123rd session an Intergovernmental Working Group (IGWG), in the context of the World Food Summit follow-up, with the following mandate: “to elaborate, with the participation of stakeholders, in a period of two years, a set of voluntary guidelines to support Member Nations’ efforts to achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security”. The Council of the FAO adopted such decision at its 123^rd session, 2003.

The purpose of these Guidelines is to effect the above mandate. The present document is the result of the work of the IGWG.

[These Guidelines are a practical tool and are of a voluntary nature. They do not establish legally binding obligations for states or international organizations, nor is any provision in these Guidelines to be interpreted as amending, modifying or otherwise impairing rights and obligations under international law. These Guidelines do not address armed conflict and international humanitarian law. It should be borne in mind, however, that states have assumed important international obligations related to this subject matter under that body of law.]

Proposal by Africa

Preface

In the Rome Declaration on World Food Security, Heads of State and Government reaffirmed the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger. Objective 7.4 of the World Food Summit Plan of Action called for the clarification of the content of the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, as stated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other relevant international and regional instruments. In this context, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights was invited, in consultation and collaboration with relevant bodies, specialised agencies and programmes, to better define the rights related to food in Article 11 of the Covenant and to propose ways to realise these rights as a means of achieving the commitments and objectives of the World Food Summit, including the possibility of formulating voluntary guidelines.
In response to the invitation by the World Food Summit, and following several international consultations, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted General Comment 12, which clarified the content of the Right to adequate food as stated in the Covenant.
In [response to the invitation from Heads of State and Government contained in]Paragraph 10 of the Declaration adopted at the 2002 World Food Summit: Five Years Later, the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the decision at its 123rd session to establish an Intergovernmental Working Group (IGWG) with the [following]mandate: “to elaborate, with the participation of stakeholders, in a period of two years, a set of voluntary guidelines to support Member Nations’ efforts to achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security”.
The purpose of these Guidelines is to effect the above mandate. The present document is the result of the work of the IGWG.
These Guidelines are a practical tool and are of a voluntary nature. They do not establish legally binding obligations for states or international organizations, nor is any provision in these Guidelines to be interpreted as amending, modifying or otherwise impairing rights and obligations under international law. These Guidelines do not address armed conflict and international humanitarian law. It should be borne in mind, however, that states have assumed important international obligations related to this subject matter under that body of law.
In developing these Guidelines, the IGWG has benefited from the active participation of international organizations, non-governmental organizations and representatives of civil society. Bearing in mind that implementation of these Guidelines will necessitate the participation of all members of society at large, civil society organizations and private business entities, these Guidelines envisage the cooperation of all sectors of society.

Proposal by EU and acceding countries:

Preface

In response to the invitation from Heads of State and Government contained in Paragraph 10 of the Declaration adopted at the 2002 World Food Summit: Five Years Later, the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the decision at its 123rd session to establish an Intergovernmental Working Group (IGWG) with the following mandate, “to elaborate, with the participation of stakeholders, in a period of two years, a set of voluntary guidelines to support Member Nations’ efforts to achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security”.
The purpose of these voluntary Guidelines is to effect the above mandate. The present document is the result of the work of the IGWG.
These voluntary Guidelines are a practical tool, addressed to all States; they are rights based and [are] of a voluntary nature. They do not establish legally binding obligations for states or international organizations, nor is any provision in these Guidelines to be interpreted as amending, modifying or otherwise impairing rights and obligations under international law. These Guidelines [do not address] may also be relevant to emergency situations, as well as to situations of armed conflict and to which international humanitarian law applies.[ It should be borne in mind, however, that states have assumed important international obligations related to this subject matter under that body of law.]
In developing these voluntary Guidelines, the IGWG has benefited from the active participation of international organizations, non-governmental organizations and representatives of civil society. [Bearing in mind that] The implementation of these Guidelines which is primarily the responsibility of States will benefit from the contribution [necessitate the participation] of all members of society at large, civil society organizations and private business entities.[, these Guidelines envisage the cooperation of all sectors of society.] The IGWG has also noted the work and contribution of various relevant parts of the UN human rights system, including General Comment 12 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Objective

The objective of these guidelines is to provide practical guidance to States in their implementation of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.²

Objectives

The objective of these guidelines is to provide practical guidance to States in their implementation of the right to adequate food. They do not establish new legally binding obligations for states or international organisations, nor is any provision in these Guidelines to be interpreted as amending, modifying or otherwise impairing rights and obligations under international law.³

Principles
Without prejudice to any other relevant principle universally agreed to protect the right to food, the following parameters should be respected in the formulation of the guidelines: universality and inalienability, indivisibility, inter-dependence and inter-relatedness, equality and non-discrimination, participation and inclusion, accountability and rule of law.⁴

Part I: Introduction

BASIC INSTRUMENTS

These Voluntary Guidelines have taken into account relavant international instruments, including:

All human rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. [These Voluntary Guidelines have taken into account relavant international instruments, including:]⁵
These Voluntary Guidelines have taken into account relevant international instruments and international humanitarian law, including:⁶
All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. The progressive realization of the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food, is enshrined in UDHR art 25, ICESCR art 2 and 11:
[These Voluntary Guidelines have taken into account relevant international instruments, including:]⁷

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25:

1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 11:

1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions. The States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of international cooperation based on free consent.

2. The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international cooperation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed:

(a) to improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by making full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and by developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of natural resources;

(b) taking into account the problems of both food-importing and food-exporting countries, to ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation to need.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 2:

1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.

2. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present Covenant will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Political commitments

These Voluntary Guidelines have also taken into account the commitments contained in the Millennium Declaration, including the development goals, as well as the outcomes and commitments of the major UN conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields.⁸

Basic Instruments
The right to adequate food as a human right is reflected in several international instruments, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,⁹ and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In elaborating these Voluntary Guidelines, the IGWG has taken into account the relevant provisions in these instruments and other human rights instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It has also drawn inspiration from the Rome Declaration and Plan of Action of the World Food Summit, the World Food Summit: five years later, as well as the World Declaration on Nutrition (International Conference on Nutrition, Rome, December 1992) and several resolutions from the United Nations General Assembly and Commission on Human Rights and the General Comments adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in particular General Comment No. 12 on the Right to Adequate Food.¹⁰

THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD AND FOOD SECURITY

THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD [AND] IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY¹¹

1. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The four pillars of food security are availability, stability of supply, access and utilization.

1. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. [The four pillars of food security are availability, stability of supply, access and utilization.]¹²

2. Within the context of the obligations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to adequate food is fully realized when every individual, alone or in community with others, has physical and economic access to adequate food or the means of it procurement. In such circumstances, food is available in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, is free from unsafe substances, and is acceptable within a given culture. It is also accessible both economically and physically. Economic accessibility implies that personal or household financial resources associated with the acquisition of food for an adequate diet are sufficient and at a level such that the attainment and satisfaction of other basic needs are not threatened or compromised. Physical accessibility implies that adequate food is accessible to everyone, including physically vulnerable individuals. States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Covenant) are mindful of the need to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food. States should respect existing access to adequate food by not taking any measures that result in preventing such access, and should protect the right of everyone to adequate food by taking steps so that enterprises and individuals do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food. States should also fulfil (facilitate, provide) people’s right to food in the following way. Facilitation means that states proactively engage in activities intended to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security.

2. Within the context of the obligations of State parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to adequate food is fully realized when every individual, alone or in community with others, has physical and economic access to adequate food or the means of it procurement. In such circumstances, food is available in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, is free from unsafe substances, and is acceptable within a given culture. [It is also accessible both economically and physically. Economic accessibility implies that personal or household financial resources associated with the acquisition of food for an adequate diet are sufficient and at a level such that the attainment and satisfaction of other basic needs are not threatened or compromised. Physical accessibility implies that adequate food is accessible to everyone, including physically vulnerable individuals. States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Covenant) are mindful of the need to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food. States should respect existing access to adequate food by not taking any measures that result in preventing such access, and should protect the right of everyone to adequate food by taking steps so that enterprises and individuals do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food. States should also fulfil (facilitate, provide) people’s right to food in the following way. Facilitation means that states proactively engage in activities intended to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security.]¹³
2. Within the context of the obligations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights the right to adequate food is fully realized when every individual, alone or in community with others, has physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or the means of it procurement. In such circumstances, food is available in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, is free from unsafe substances, and is acceptable within a given culture. It is also accessible both economically and physically. Economic accessibility implies that personal or household financial resources associated with the acquisition of food for an adequate diet are sufficient and at a level such that the attainment and satisfaction of other basic needs are not threatened or compromised. Physical accessibility implies that adequate food is accessible to everyone, including physically vulnerable individuals. States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ([Covenant] ICESC) [are mindful of the need]have the obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food. States should respect existing access to adequate food by not taking any measures that result in preventing such access, and should protect the right [of everyone]to adequate food by taking steps so that [enterprises and individuals]stakeholders do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food. States also should fulfil (facilitate, provide) people’s right to adequate food[in the following way]. Facilitation means that states proactively engage in activities intended to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security.¹⁴
2. [Within the context of the obligations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to adequate food is fully realized when every individual, alone or in community with others, has physical and economic access to adequate food or the means of it procurement. In such circumstances, food is available in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, is free from unsafe substances, and is acceptable within a given culture.] The progressive realization of the right to adequate food is achieved when States fulfil relevant obligations under international human rights law. Steps taken to achieve food security at the national level should be framed in the context of these obligations. The Voluntary Guidelines set out measures which can be adopted to this end. [It is also accessible both economically and physically. Economic accessibility implies that personal or household financial resources associated with the acquisition of food for an adequate diet are sufficient and at a level such that the attainment and satisfaction of other basic needs are not threatened or compromised. Physical accessibility implies that adequate food is accessible to everyone, including physically vulnerable individuals.] States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Covenant) shall respect and promote and undertake to take steps to achieve progressively the full realization of [are mindful of the need to respect, protect and fulfil] the right to adequate food. States should respect existing access to adequate food by not taking any measures that result in preventing such access, and should protect the right of everyone to adequate food by taking steps so that enterprises and individuals do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food. States should [also fulfil (facilitate, provide)] promote policies intended to contribute to the progressive realization of people’s right to adequate food [in the following way. Facilitation means that states] by proactively [engage] engageing in activities [intended] to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security.¹⁵
2. Within the context of the obligations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights the right to adequate food is fully realized when every individual, alone or in community with others, has physical and economic access to adequate food or the means of it procurement. Adequate food means food [In such circumstances, food is available] in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, [is]free from unsafe substances, and [is]acceptable within a given culture. It is also accessible both economically and physically. Economic accessibility implies that personal or household financial resources associated with the acquisition of food for an adequate diet are sufficient and at a level such that the attainment and satisfaction of other basic needs are not threatened or compromised. Physical accessibility implies that adequate food is accessible to everyone, including physically vulnerable individuals. States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Covenant) [are mindful of the need]have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food. In turn, the obligation to fulfil incorporates both an obligation to facilitate and an obligation to provide.
• The obligation to [States should] respect existing access to adequate food requires States Parties [by] not to take [taking] any measures that result in preventing such access [, and should].
• The obligation to protect [the right of everyone to adequate food by taking steps so] requires States Parties to ensure that enterprises and individuals do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food.
• The obligation to fulfil (facilitate) requires States Parties to [also should fulfil (facilitate, provide) people’s right to food in the following way. Facilitation means that states]proactively engage in activities intended to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security. Finally, whenever an individual or group is unable for reasons beyond their control, to enjoy the right to food by the means at their disposal, States Parties have an obligation to fulfil (provide) that right directly.
2. In response to the request by the World Food Summit, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has clarified the content of the right to food in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as follows: [Within the context of the obligations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,] the right to adequate food is fully realized when every individual, alone or in community with others, has physical and economic access to adequate food or the means of it procurement. In such circumstances, food is available in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, is free from unsafe substances, and is acceptable within a given culture. It is also accessible both economically and physically. Economic accessibility implies that personal or household financial resources associated with the acquisition of food for an adequate diet are sufficient and at a level such that the attainment and satisfaction of other basic needs are not threatened or compromised. Physical accessibility implies that adequate food is accessible to everyone, including physically vulnerable individuals.¹⁷

3. States that are not Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are invited to consider that instrument in developing their policies and practices.

3. States that are not Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are invited to ratify the ICESC [consider that instrument] and should apply the present Voluntary Guidelines in developing their policies and practices.¹⁸

3. States that are not Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are invited to ratify the ICESCR. All States are invited to apply these guidelines [consider that instrument] in developing their policies and practices.¹⁹
3. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has also clarified States duties [States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Covenant) are mindful of the need] to respect, protect and fulfill the right to adequate food. States should respect existing access to adequate food by not taking any measures that result in preventing such access, and should protect the right of everyone to adequate food should be protected by taking steps [so] that include the responsibility of enterprises and individuals which could [do] not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food. States should also fulfill [facilitate, provide] people’s right to food should be fulfilled [facilitated, provide] in any possible way [in the following way]. The Obligation to facilitate [Facilitation] means that states shall proactively engage in activities intended to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security. Finally, whenever an individual or group is unable, for reasons beyond their control, to enjoy the right to adequate food by the means at their disposal, states have the obligation to fulfil (provide) that right directly.²⁰

3.bis²¹ States will apply these voluntary guidelines without distinction of any kind, such as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.²²

4. At the national level a human rights-based approach to food security emphasizes the satisfaction of people’s basic needs as a matter of right, rather than as one of benevolence, in which the obligations and responsibilities of all actors are spelled out. In this approach, people hold their governments accountable and are participants in the process of human development, rather than being passive recipients. A human rights-based approach is not only concerned with the final outcome of abolishing hunger, but also proposes ways and tools by which that goal can be achieved. Application of human rights principles is integral to the process.²³

4. At the national level a rights-based approach to food security emphasizes the satisfaction of people’s basic needs as a matter of right, rather than as one of benevolence, in which the obligations and responsibilities of all [actors] stakeholders are spelled out. In this approach, people hold their governments accountable and are participants in the process of human development, rather than being passive recipients. A rights-based approach is concerned not only with the final outcome of abolishing hunger, but also proposes ways and tools by which that goal is achieved. Application of human rights principles is integral to the process.²⁴
4. At the national level a rights-based approach to food security emphasizes the [satisfaction of people’s basic needs as a matter of right, rather than as one of benevolence, in which the obligations and responsibilities of all actors are spelled out]. achievement of food security as an outcome of the realization of existing rights, and as a function of the indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights. A rights-based approach includes certain key principles built upon the foundation of State obligations under international law and international human rights law. These principles include the need to enable individuals to realise the right to take part in the conduct of public affairs, right to freedom of expression and right to seek, receive and impart information, including in relation to decision making about policies on realising the right to adequate food.
Such an approach should take into account the need for emphasis on poor and vulnerable people who are often excluded from the processes which determine policies to promote food security and the need for inclusive societies free from discrimination by the State in meeting their obligations to promote and respect human rights. In this approach, people hold their governments accountable and are participants in the process of human development, rather than being passive recipients. A rights-based approach [is] requires not only [concerned with] addressing the final outcome of abolishing hunger, but also [proposes] proposing ways and tools by which that goal [can be] is achieved. Application of human rights principles is integral to the process.²⁵

4. [At the national level a] A rights-based approach to food security emphasizes the satisfaction of people’s basic needs as a matter of right, rather than as one of benevolence, in which the obligations and responsibilities of all actors are spelled out. In this approach, people hold their governments accountable and are participants in the process of human development, rather than being passive recipients. A rights-based approach is not only concerned with the final outcome of abolishing hunger, but also proposes ways and tools by which that goal can be achieved. Application of human rights principles is integral to the process.²⁶

5. The right to adequate food shall be realized without discrimination of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, ethnicity, age, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, disability, property, birth or other status. ²⁷
5.[3. States that are not Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are invited to consider that instrument in developing their policies and practices] The content of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is to be considered in the development of policies and practices as they apply these voluntary guidelines in order to guarantee the individual right and adequate access to food.²⁸

Part II: Enabling Environment

[GUIDELINE 1: ]²⁹ DEMOCRACY, GOOD GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS1.1 States should safeguard a free, democratic and just society in order to provide a peaceful, stable and enabling economic, social, political and cultural environment in which individuals can feed themselves and their families in freedom and dignity.

1.1 States will [should] safeguard a free, democratic and just society in order to provide a peaceful, stable and enabling economic, social, political and cultural environment in which individuals can feed themselves and their families in freedom and dignity.³⁰

1.1 Within the framework of the national heritage, states should promote and safeguard a free, democratic and just society in order to provide a peaceful, stable and enabling economic, social, political and cultural environment [in which individuals can feed themselves and their families in] for all its citizens with freedom and dignity.³¹

1.1 States should safeguard a free, democratic and just society in order to provide a peaceful, stable and enabling economic, social, political and cultural environment [in which individuals can feed themselves and their families in freedom and dignity.]³²
1.1 Within the framework of the national heritage, states should promote and safeguard a free, democratic and just society in order to provide a peaceful, stable and enabling economic, social, political and cultural environment [in which individuals can feed themselves and their families in] for all its citizens with freedom and dignity. This national environment should be supported by an efficient and important international collective action.³³
1.1 Within the framework of the national heritage, states should strive to promote and safeguard a free, democratic and just society in order to provide a peaceful, stable and enabling economic, social, political and cultural environment [in which individuals can feed themselves and their families in] for all its citizens with freedom and dignity. This national environment should be supported by an efficient and important international collective action.³⁴

[1.1 States should safeguard a] A free, democratic and just society provides [in order to provide] a peaceful, stable and enabling economic, social, political and cultural environment in which individuals can feed themselves and their families in freedom and dignity. States:
• [1.2] (Originally 1.3) Should [All human rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. States should] promote good governance, which is an essential factor for sustained economic growth, sustainable development, poverty eradication and the effective implementation of these Guidelines.
• Shall promote democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development.
• Shall, [good governance, and] promote and protect human rights, [and fundamental freedoms in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States should] in particular [promote] freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association, in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments.
• (Original text from 1.2.) Should devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the transparency and accountability of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. [1.3 States should also promote good governance as an essential factor for sustained economic growth, sustainable development, poverty eradication, and the effective implementation of these guidelines].³⁵

1.2 All human rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. States should promote democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development and good governance, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States should in particular promote freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association.

1.2 All human rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. States should promote democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development and good governance, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, participate in developing [devise] policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States should in particular promote freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association.³⁶

1.2 All human rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. States should promote democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development and good governance, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, participate in developing devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. [States should in particular promote freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association.]³⁷

1.2 [All human rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated and interdependent.]³⁸ States will [should] promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, promote democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development and good governance, [and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms] in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States will [should] in particular promote freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association.³⁹

1.2 The right to adequate food is a human right and all human rights, including the right to development, are universal, indivisible, [interrelated and] interdependent and non-discriminatory. States and internationaly community should promote all human rights in a fair and equitable manner [democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development and good governance, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States should in particular promote freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association].⁴⁰

1.2 The right to adequate food is a human right and all human rights, including the right to development, are universal, indivisible, [interrelated and] interdependent and non-discriminatory. States and internationaly community should promote and protect all human rights in a fair and equitable manner [democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development and good governance, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States should in particular promote freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association.]⁴¹

1.2 All human rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. States will [should] promote democracy, the rule of law, [sustainable development and] good governance, [and promote and protect] human rights and fundamental freedoms, [in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States should in particular promote] including freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association as a means to enhance the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. Respect for all of these rights empowers individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments to devise policies that address their specific needs, and ensures the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision making process.⁴²

1.2 All human rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. States will [should] promote democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development, [and] good governance, [and promote and protect] human rights and fundamental freedoms, [in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States should in particular promote] including freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association as a means to enhance the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. Respect for and protection of all of this rights empowers individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments to devise policies that address their specific needs, and ensures the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision making process.⁴³

1.3 States should also promote good governance as an essential factor for sustained economic growth, sustainable development, poverty eradication and the effective implementation of these Guidelines.

1.3 States, with the support of the international community, should also promote good governance as an essential factor for sustained economic growth, sustainable development, poverty eradication and the effective implementation of these Guidelines.⁴⁴

1.3 States should also promote good governance as an essential factor for sustained economic growth, sustainable development, poverty and hunger eradication and the effective implementation of these Guidelines.⁴⁵

1.3 States [should also] will particularly promote good governance as an essential factor for the realisation of all human rights including the right to adequate food and as a crucial element for sustained economic growth, sustainable development[,] and poverty eradication [and the effective implementation of these Guidelines].⁴⁶

1.4 States must also guarantee a complete and fair access to economic resources, specially for women, including their right of inheriting and possessing land and others goods, as well as access to credit, to natural resources and to an adequate technology; measures to respect and protect labor on own account and paid labor, in a manner to ensure workers and their families a dignified life.⁴⁷

GUIDELINE 2+4: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND MARKET SYSTEMS⁴⁸

GUIDELINE 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES⁴⁹

GUIDELINE 2: [ECONOMIC] DEVELOPMENT POLICIES⁵⁰

GUIDELINE 2: [ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT] DEVELOPING POLICIES⁵¹

2.1 In order to achieve the purpose of these Guidelines, states should promote broad-based economic development that is compatible with their food security policies.

[2.1] States should assess, in consultation with key stakeholders, the economic and social situation, including the degree of food insecurity and its causes, the nutrition situation and food safety. States should establish policy goals and benchmarks based on the food security needs of the population, emphasizing the right to adequate food.⁵²

2.1 In order to achieve the purpose of these Guidelines, states should promote broad-based economic development policies that is compatible with their food security requirement [policies].⁵³

2.1 In order to achieve the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security [purpose of these Guidelines,] states [should] will promote broad-based economic development [that is compatible with their food security policies.] including.⁵⁴2.1 In order to realize the right to adequate food [achieve the purpose of these Guidelines a] broad-based [economic] development policies are necessary. This requires the development of appropriate institutions, functioning markets, a conducive legal and regulatory framework, and access by the poor to employment, productive resources and appropriate services.⁵⁵2.1 In order to achieve the [purpose of these Guidelines] the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security, states should promote broad-based economic development [that is compatible with their food security policies].⁵⁶

2.1 In order to achieve the [purpose of these Guidelines] the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security, states should promote broad-based [economic] development policies that [is] are compatible with the progressive realization of the right to adequate food [their food security policies].⁵⁷

2.2 States should promote adequate and stable supplies of food through a combination of domestic production and trade.

2.2 States should promote adequate and stable supplies of food through a combination of domestic production, [and] trade and management.⁵⁸

2.2 States should promote adequate, safe and stable supplies of food through a combination of domestic production and trade.⁵⁹

2.2 [States should promote] promoting adequate and stable supplies of food through a combination of domestic production, [and] trade, and private/government storage as appropriate⁶⁰.

2.3 States are encouraged to consider adopting a twin track approach to hunger and poverty reduction. Such an approach entails, as a first track, direct and immediate measures to ensure access to adequate food as part of a social safety net. The second track entails investment in productive activities to improve the livelihoods of the poor and hungry in a sustainable manner. This requires, in particular, the development of appropriate institutions, functioning markets, a conducive legal and regulatory framework, and access [by the poor] to employment, productive resources and appropriate services.⁶²2.3 States [are encouraged to] should consider adopting a holistic and comprehensive [twin track] approach to hunger and poverty reduction. Such an approach entails, [as a first track,] among others direct and immediate measures to ensure access to adequate food as part of a social safety net, [. The second track entails] investment in productive activities to improve the livelihoods of the poor and hungry in a sustainable manner, [. This requires, in particular,] the development of appropriate institutions, functioning markets, a conducive legal and regulatory framework, and access by the poor to employment, productive resources and appropriate services.⁶³2.3 States are encouraged to consider adopting a [twin track] comprehensive approach to hunger and poverty reduction. Such an approach entails[, as a first track, direct and immediate measures to ensure] ensuring access to adequate food [as part of a social safety net. The second track entails investment] and investing in productive activities to improve the livelihoods of people living in poverty [the poor and hungry in a sustainable manner]. This requires, in particular, the development of appropriate institutions, functioning markets, a conducive legal and regulatory framework, and access by people living in poverty [the poor] to employment, productive resources and appropriate services.⁶⁴

2.3 [States are encouraged to consider adopting a twin track approach to hunger and poverty reduction. Such an approach entails, as a first track,] The poor will have adequate food when their livelihoods improve. Till then, states should, through direct and immediate measures [to] ensure access to adequate food as part of a social safety net and other measures. [The second track entails investment] States should invest in productive activities and projects to improve the livelihoods of the poor and hungry in a sustainable manner. This requires, in particular, the development of appropriate institutions, functioning markets, a conducive legal and regulatory framework, and access by the poor to employment, productive resources and appropriate services.⁶⁵

• [States are encouraged to consider] adopting a [twin track] holistic and comprehensive approach to hunger and poverty reduction. Such an approach entails, [as a first track,] investment in productive activities to improve the livelihoods of the poor and hungry in a sustainable manner. It also entails direct and immediate measures to protect the livelihoods of the poor and to ensure access to adequate food as part of a social safety net. [The second track] This may require[s], in particular, the development of appropriate institutions, functioning markets, a conducive legal and regulatory framework, and access to employment, productive resources and appropriate services.⁶⁶

2.4 States should pursue sound economic, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and land reform and land use policies that will permit farmers, fishers, foresters and other food producers, particularly women, to earn a fair return from their labour, capital and management, and encourage conservation and sustainable management of natural resources including in marginal areas.⁶⁷

2.4 States should pursue an inclusive and non-discriminatory [sound] economic, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and land reform policies that will permit farmers, fishers, foresters and other food producers, particularly women, to earn a fair return from their labour, capital and management, and encourage conservation and sustainable management of natural resources including in marginal areas.⁶⁸

2.4 States should pursue sound economic, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and land reform policies that will permit small land holders, poor farmers, fishers, foresters and other food producers, particularly women, to earn a fair return from their labour, capital and management, and encourage conservation and sustainable management of natural resources including in marginal areas.⁶⁹

2.4 States should pursue sound economic [, agriculture, fisheries, forestry] and land reform policies that will permit [farmers, fishers, foresters and other food] producers, particularly women, to earn a fair return from their labour, capital and management, and encourage conservation and sustainable management of natural resources including in marginal areas.⁷⁰2.4 States should pursue sound economic, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and, as appropriate, land reform and other policies that will permit farmers, fishers, foresters and other food producers, particularly women, to earn a fair return from their labour, capital and management, and encourage conservation and sustainable management of natural resources including in marginal areas.⁷¹

2.4 States should pursue sound economic, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and land reform policies that will permit farmers, fishers, foresters and other food producers, particularly women, to earn a fair return from their labour, capital and management, and encourage conservation and sustainable management of natural resources including in marginal areas. Particularly, it would be necessary to include poor persons in the process of decision making and benefit distribution, so as not to be excluded from economic processes.⁷²

[2.4 States should pursue sound] pursuing economic, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and land reform policies that will permit farmers, fisher, foresters and other food producers, particularly women, to earn a fair return from their labour, capital and management, and encourage conservation and sustainable management of natural resources including in marginal areas.⁷³

2.5 Where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural, states may wish to focus the second track on agricultural and rural development through measures to enhance the productivity of poor rural communities, conserve and protect natural resources, and invest in rural infrastructure, education and research. In particular, states should adopt policies that create conditions which encourage stable employment, especially in rural areas, including off-farm jobs.

2.5 Where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural, states [may wish to] should focus [the second track] on agricultural and rural development through measures to improve distribution of land, water, productive and financial resources to enhance the productivity of poor rural communities promote the participation of the poor in economic policy decision and benefit sharing, conserve and protect natural resources, and invest in rural infrastructure, education and research. In particular, states should adopt policies that create conditions which encourage stable employment, especially in rural areas, including off-farm jobs.⁷⁴

• [2.5 Where] focusing on agriculture and rural development, where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural, [states may wish to focus the second track on agricultural and rural development] through measures to enhance the productivity of poor rural communities, conserve and protect natural resources, and invest in rural infrastructure, education and research. In particular, states will [should] adopt policies that create conditions which encourage stable employment, especially in rural areas, including off-farm jobs.⁷⁵

2.5 Where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural, States [may wish to ] should focus [the second track] on agricultural and rural development through measures to enhance the productivity of poor, rural communities inter alia by facilitating their access to appropriate and affordable technologies, conserve and protect natural resources, promote the creation of markets and [through] investment in rural infrastructure, education and research. In particular, states should adopt policies that create conditions which encourage stable employment, especially in rural areas, including off-farm jobs. ⁷⁶

2.6 In response to the growing problem of urban hunger and poverty, where appropriate, states may wish to focus in the second track on the promotion of investments aimed at enhancing the livelihoods of the urban poor.

2.6 In response to the growing problem of urban hunger and poverty, where appropriate, states may wish to focus [in the second track] on the promotion of investments aimed at enhancing the livelihoods of the urban poor.⁷⁷

2.6 In response to the growing problem of urban hunger and poverty, where appropriate, states could concentrate in the [may wish to focus in the second track on the] promotion of investments aimed at enhancing the livelihoods of the urban poor⁷⁸

2.6 States may in [In] response to the growing problem of urban hunger and poverty[, where appropriate, states may wish to focus in the second track on the promotion] promote [of] investments aimed at enhancing the livelihoods of the urban poor.⁷⁹

• [2.6] promoting investments aimed at enhancing the livelihoods of the urban poor, in [In] response to the growing problem of urban hunger and poverty. [, where appropriate, states may wish to focus in the second track on the promotion of investments aimed at enhancing the livelihoods of the urban poor.]⁸⁰

2.7 Policies to promote food utilization should include the provision of basic services for the poorest and invest in human resources by ensuring access to basic education, basic health care, clean drinking water and adequate sanitation.

[2.7 Policies to promote food utilization should include the provision of basic services for the poorest and invest in human resources by ensuring access to basic education, basic health care, clean drinking water and adequate sanitation.]⁸¹

GUIDELINE 3: STRATEGIES

GUIDELINE 3: DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES⁸²

3.1 Depending on the specific situation of each country, states, in consultation with relevant stakeholders and pursuant to their national laws, may wish to adopt a national human-rights based strategy for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.

3.1. Depending on the specific situation of each country, states, in consultation with relevant stakeholders and pursuant to their national laws, should adopt a national strategy that guarantees food and nurture security for their population, on the base of human rights principles, define the objectives and formulate the corresponding policies and indicators [may wish to adopt a national human-rights based strategy for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.].⁸³

3.1 [Depending on the specific situation of each country, states, in consultation with relevant stakeholders and pursuant to their national laws, may wish to adopt a national human-rights based strategy for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security] States will promote the progressive realization of the right to adequate food and food security objectives into overarching National development Strategies, including Poverty Reduction Strategies, where they exist.⁸⁴

3.1 Depending on the specific food security situation of each country, states, in consultation with relevant stakeholders and pursuant to their national laws, may wish to adopt a national human-rights based strategy for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.⁸⁵

3.1 States should, as appropriate, [Depending on the specific situation of each country, states, in consultation with relevant stakeholders and pursuant to their national laws, may wish to] adopt a national human-rights based strategy for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of [national] food security.⁸⁶

3.2 This strategy could include objectives, targets, benchmarks and time frames, as well as actions to formulate policies, identify and mobilize resources, define institutional mechanisms, allocate responsibilities, coordinate the activities of different actors, and provide for monitoring mechanisms. As appropriate, such a strategy could address all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, marketing and consumption of safe food. It could also address access to resources and to markets as well as parallel measures in other fields. Vulnerable groups and special situations such as disasters could be provided for in the strategy.

3.2 This strategy could include objectives, targets, benchmarks and time frames, as well as actions to formulate policies, identify and mobilize resources, define institutional mechanisms, allocate responsibilities, coordinate the activities of different actors, and provide for monitoring mechanisms. As appropriate, such a strategy could address all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, marketing and consumption of safe food. It could also address access to resources and to markets as well as parallel measures in other fields. [Vulnerable groups and special situations such as disasters could be provided for in the strategy.] This strategy could address the needs of different groups, such as women, children, indigenous people, migrants and disabled persons, as well as special situations like catastrophes.⁸⁷

3.2 This strategy could include objectives, targets, benchmarks and time frames, as well as actions to formulate policies, identify and mobilize resources, define institutional mechanisms, allocate responsibilities, coordinate the activities of different actors, [and provide for monitoring mechanisms]. As appropriate, such a strategy could address all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, marketing and consumption of safe food. It could also address access to resources and to markets as well as parallel measures in other fields. Vulnerable groups and special situations such as disasters could be provided for in the strategy.⁸⁸

3.2 [This strategy could] These strategies should include objectives, targets, benchmarks and time frames, as well as actions to formulate policies, identify and mobilize resources, define institutional mechanisms, allocate responsibilities, coordinate the activities of different actors, and provide for monitoring mechanisms. As appropriate, such a strategy could address all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, marketing and consumption of safe food. It could also address access to resources and to markets as well as parallel measures in other fields. Vulnerable groups and special situations such as disasters could be provided for in the strategy.⁸⁹

3.2 This strategy [could] should include objectives, targets, benchmarks and time frames;[and actions to formulate policies;] identify and mobilize resources; define institutional mechanisms; allocate responsibilities; coordinate the activities of different actors; and provide for monitoring mechanisms. As appropriate, such a strategy could address all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, distribution, marketing and consumption of safe food. It could also address access to resources and to markets as well as parallel measures in other fields. [Vulnerable groups and special situations such as disasters could be provided for in the strategy]. The strategy should include the particular needs of vulnerable groups, as well as special situations such as disasters.⁹⁰

3.2 This strategy [could] should include objectives, targets, benchmarks and time frames; and actions to formulate policies; identify and mobilize resources; define institutional mechanisms; identify and allocate responsibilities of all the relevant stakeholders; coordinate the activities of different [actors] stakeholders; and provide for monitoring mechanisms. As appropriate, such a strategy could address all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, marketing and consumption of safe food. It could also address access to resources and to markets as well as parallel measures in other fields.⁹¹

3.2bis Measures for vulnerable and disadvantaged groups and special situations such as natural disasters and complex emergencies could be provided for in the strategy.⁹²

3.2 This strategy [could] should, depending on the specific situation of each country states, and in consultation with relevant stakeholders, include objectives, targets, benchmarks and time frames, as well as actions to formulate policies, identify and mobilize resources, [define] re-define and improve institutional mechanisms, allocate responsibilities, coordinate the activities of different actors, and provide for monitoring mechanisms. [As appropriate, such] Such a strategy [could] should address all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, marketing [and consumption of safe food] of food and food safety. It [could] should also address access to resources and to markets [as well as parallel measures in other fields]. Vulnerable groups and special situations such as disasters [could] should in particular be provided for in the strategy.⁹³

3.3 The elaboration of such a strategy could begin with a careful assessment of existing national legislation, policy and administrative measures and current programmes, and a systematic identification of existing constraints and the measures necessary to accomplish these ends. It could be followed by the definition and adoption of an agenda for change.

3.3. The elaboration of such strategy should begin with a careful assessment of existing national legislation, policy and administrative measures, and current programmes and a systematic identification of existing constraints [and the measures necessary to accomplish these ends. It could be followed by the definition and adoption of an agenda for change.]⁹⁴

3.3 [The elaboration of such a strategy could begin with a careful assessment of] States should assess existing national legislation, policy and administrative measures and current programmes, and a systematically identify [identification of] existing constraints and formulate the measures necessary to remedy any weakness [to accomplish these ends]. It could be followed by the definition and adoption of an agenda for change.]⁹⁵

3.3 The elaboration of such a strategy [could] should begin with a careful assessment of existing national legislation, policy and administrative measures and current programmes, and a systematic identification of existing constraints and the measures necessary to accomplish these ends. The strategy should be specific and were necessary based on national poverty reduction strategy. It should propose an agenda for change an the means for its implementation. [It could be followed by the definition and adoption of an agenda for change.] ⁹⁶

3.3 The elaboration of such a strategy [could] should begin with a careful assessment of existing national legislation, policy and administrative measures and current programmes, and a systematic identification of existing constraints and the measures necessary to accomplish these ends. The strategy should be specific and were necessary based on national poverty reduction strategy. It should propose an agenda for change and the means for its implementation and evaluation. [It could be followed by the definition and adoption of an agenda for change.] ⁹⁷

3.3 The elaboration of such a strategy [could] should begin with a careful assessment of existing national legislation, policy and administrative measures and current programmes, and a systematic identification of existing constraints and the measures necessary to accomplish these ends. It [could] should be followed by the definition and adoption of an agenda for change, with priority for coordination and convergence of solutions for the different component of the problem of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition.⁹⁸

3.4 Where necessary, states that have not yet done so may consider adopting a national poverty reduction strategy that specifically addresses access to adequate food.

3.4 [Where necessary,] states should adopt [that have not yet done so may consider adopting a] national poverty reduction strategy that [specifically] addresses access to adequate food.⁹⁹

3.4 Where necessary, states should adopt and review, [that have not yet done so may consider adopting] as appropriate, a national poverty reduction strategy that specifically addresses access to adequate food.¹⁰⁰

3.4 [Where necessary, states that have not yet done so may consider adopting] States should adopt a national poverty reduction strategy that specifically addresses access to adequate food.¹⁰¹

3.4 (Combine 3.4. and 3.5) [Where necessary, s] States that have not yet done so should develop [may consider adopting] a national poverty reduction strategy that specifically addresses access to adequate food. In this process, states should, as appropriate, [3.5 States, individually or in cooperation with relevant international organizations, may] consider integrating a human rights perspective with a particular focus on the right to adequate food.[into their poverty reduction strategy]. Due regard [could] should be given [to the need] to ensure equality [in practice] between women and men and among [other] different groups as a necessary requirement to raise the level of those who are traditionally disadvantaged above the poverty line.¹⁰²

3.5 States, individually or in cooperation with relevant international organizations, may consider integrating a human rights perspective into their poverty reduction strategy. Due regard could be given to the need to ensure equality in practice between women and men and among other groups as a necessary requirement to raise the level of those who are traditionally disadvantaged above the poverty line.

3.5 [States, individually or in cooperation with relevant international organizations, may consider integrating a human rights perspective into their poverty reduction strategy. Due regard could be given to the need to ensure equality in practice between women and men and among other groups as a necessary requirement to raise the level of those who are traditionally disadvantaged above the poverty line.] When developing a national development strategy including poverty reduction strategy, states should incorporate a human rights perspective, based on the principle of non-discrimination which, inter alia, is aimed at ensuring [ensure] equality in practice between men and women, and seeking to raise the level of those who are traditionally disadvantaged above the poverty line.¹⁰³

3.6 States may consider in such strategies giving priority to providing basic services for the poorest, and investing in human resources by ensuring access to primary education for all, basic health care, clean drinking water and adequate sanitation, supporting basic literacy and numeracy programmes and ensuring access to justice.

3.6 States [may] should [consider in such strategies giving] give priority to providing basic services for the poorest, and investing in human resources by ensuring access to primary education for all, basic health care, clean drinking water and adequate sanitation, supporting basic literacy and numeracy programmes and ensuring access to justice. They also should promote capacity building in good practices for feeding, nutrition, and sanitation, in the poorest populations.¹⁰⁵

3.6 [States may consider in] In such strategies [giving] states should give priority to providing basic services for the poorest, and investing in human resources by ensuring access to primary education for all, basic health care, clean drinking water and adequate sanitation, supporting basic literacy and numeracy programmes and ensuring access to justice.¹⁰⁶

3.7 States are encouraged to increase productivity of and to revitalize the agricultural sector including livestock, forestry and fisheries through special policies and strategies targeted at small-scale and traditional farmers in rural areas, and the creation of enabling conditions for private sector participation, with emphasis on human capacity development and the removal of constraints to agricultural production and marketing.

3.7 States [are encouraged to] should increase productivity of and to revitalize the agricultural sector including livestock, forestry and fisheries through special policies and strategies targeted at small-scale and traditional farmers in rural areas, and the creation of enabling conditions for private sector participation, with emphasis on human capacity development and the removal of constraints to agricultural production and marketing.¹⁰⁷

3.7 States are encouraged to increase productivity of and to revitalize the agricultural sector, in keeping with their international trade obligations, including livestock, forestry and fisheries through special policies and strategies targeted at small-scale and traditional farmers in rural areas, and the creation of enabling conditions for private sector participation, with emphasis on human capacity development and the removal of constraints to agricultural production and marketing.¹⁰⁸

3.7 States are encouraged to increase productivity of and to revitalize the [agricultural] food producing sector including livestock, forestry and fisheries through special policies and strategies targeted at small scale and traditional farmers and fishermen in rural areas and the creation of enabling conditions for private sector participation, with emphasis on human capacity development and the removal of constraints to agricultural production, processing and marketing.¹⁰⁹

3.7 States are encouraged inter alia to increase productivity [of] in a sustainable manner and to revitalize the agricultural sector in a sustainable manner including livestock, forestry and fisheries through special policies and strategies targeted at small-scale and traditional farmers in rural areas, and the creation of enabling conditions for private sector participation, with emphasis on human capacity development and the removal of constraints to agricultural production and marketing.¹¹¹

3.7bis [former 7.3] States will promote agricultural research and development, in particular to promote basic food production with its positive effects and basic incomes to benefit small and women farmers, as well as poor consumers.¹¹²

3.7bis The States should promote the generation of employment to vulnerable populations in order to guarantee them an income that allows an integral food security, with access, not only to food.¹¹³

3.8 States are encouraged to take steps to engage in consultations at national and regional levels with civil society organizations and other key stakeholders, including small-scale and traditional farmers, the private sector, women and youth associations, aimed at promoting their active participation in all aspects of agriculture and food production.

3.8 States should [are encouraged to take steps to] engage in consultations at national and regional levels with civil society organizations and other key stakeholders, including small-scale and traditional farmers, the private sector, vulnerable groups [women and youth associations], aimed at promoting their active participation in the formulation of policies relating to [in all aspects of ] agriculture and food production.¹¹⁴

3.8 States are encouraged to take steps to engage in consultations at national and regional levels with civil society organizations and other key stakeholders, including [small-scale and traditional] farmers and farmer associations, the private sector, women and youth associations, aimed at promoting their active participation in all aspects of agriculture and food production¹¹⁵

3.8 States are encouraged to take steps to engage in consultations at national and regional levels with civil society organizations and other key stakeholders, including small-scale and traditional farmers, the private sector, women [and] youth and children’s associations, aimed at promoting their active participation in all aspects of agriculture and food production.¹¹⁶

3.8 States are encouraged to consult [ take steps to engage in consultations at national and regional levels] with civil society organizations and other key stakeholders in developing these strategies. [, including the small-scale and traditional farmers, private sector, women and youth associations, aimed at promoting their active participation in all aspects of agricultural and food production. ]¹¹⁷

3.8 States are encouraged [to take steps] to engage in consultations at national and regional levels with civil society organizations and other key stakeholders, including small-scale and traditional farmers, the private sector, women and youth associations, aimed at promoting their active participation in all aspects of agriculture and food production. ¹¹⁸

3.9 These strategies should be transparent, inclusive and comprehensive, cut across national policies and programmes, combine short term and long term objectives, and be prepared and implemented in a participatory and accountable manner.

3.9 These strategies should be transparent, inclusive and comprehensive, cut across national policies and programmes, take into account the special needs of girls and women, combine short term and long term objectives, and be prepared and implemented in a participatory and accountable manner.¹¹⁹

3.9 These strategies should be transparent, inclusive and comprehensive, cut across national policies, [and] programmes and projects, take into account the special needs of girls and women, combine short term and long term objectives, and be prepared and implemented in a participatory and accountable manner.¹²⁰

3.10 States should support, through international cooperation, the implementation of national strategies for development, in particular for the reduction of poverty and hunger as well as for the realization of the right to adequate food.¹²¹

GUIDELINE 4: MARKET SYSTEMS

GUIDELINE 2+4: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND MARKET SYSTEMS¹²²

4.1 States are encouraged to seek, in accordance with their national law and priorities, to improve the functioning of their markets in order to promote both growth and sustainable development by stimulating the necessary conditions for mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, by generating sustainable adequate levels of productive investment and by increasing human capacity.

4.1 States are encouraged [to seek, in accordance with their national law and priorities,] to improve the functioning of their markets in order to promote both growth and sustainable development by stimulating the necessary conditions for mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, by generating sustainable adequate levels of productive investment and by increasing human capacity.¹²³

4.1 States are encouraged to seek, in accordance with their national law and priorities, as well as their international commitments, to improve the functioning of their markets in order to promote both growth and sustainable development by stimulating the necessary conditions for mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, by generating sustainable adequate levels of productive investment and by increasing human capacity.¹²⁴

4.1 States [are encouraged to] should seek, [in accordance with their national law and priorities,] to improve the functioning of their markets in order to promote both growth and sustainable development by stimulating the necessary conditions for mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, by generating sustainable adequate levels of productive investment and by increasing human capacity.¹²⁵

4.1 States are encouraged to seek, in accordance with their national law and priorities, to improve the functioning of their agriculture and food markets in order to promote both growth and sustainable development [by stimulating the necessary conditions for mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, by generating sustainable adequate levels of productive investment and by increasing human capacity.]¹²⁶

4.1 States, [are encouraged to seek,] in accordance with their national law and priorities, as well as with their international commitments, should [to] improve the functioning of their markets in order to promote both growth and sustainable development by [stimulating the necessary conditions for] mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, by generating sustainable adequate levels of productive investment [and] through national and international credit concessions and by increasing human capacity.¹²⁷

4.1 States [are encouraged to] should, [seek,] in accordance with their national law and priorities, as well as their international commitments, [to] improve the functioning of their agricultural and food markets in order to promote both growth and sustainable development by stimulating the necessary conditions for mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, by generating sustainable adequate levels of productive investment and by increasing human capacity.¹²⁸

4.1 States will [are encouraged to seek, in accordance with their national law and priorities], to improve the functioning of their markets in order to promote both economic growth and sustainable development including
• [by] stimulating the necessary conditions for mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, [by] generating sustainable adequate levels of productive investment and [by] increasing human capacity; ¹²⁹

4.2 States may wish to put legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory institutions in place to prevent uncompetitive practices in markets.

4.2 States [may wish to put] should establish legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory institutions in place to prevent uncompetitive and unfair practices in markets, particularly monopolistic practice of transnational enterprises.¹³⁰

4.2 States [may wish to put] should establish legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory institutions in place to prevent uncompetitive practices in markets, and protect consumers against fraudulent market practices.¹³¹

4.2 States [may wish to] put legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory and other institutions in place to prevent uncompetitive practices in markets and distress sale produce especially at the time of harvest.¹³²

4.2 States may wish to put legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory institutions in place to prevent uncompetitive and unfair practices in markets.¹³³

4.2 States may wish to put legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory institutions in place to prevent uncompetitive practices in markets and to ensure farmer’s right on price.¹³⁴

4.2 States may wish to put legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory institutions in place to ensure fair access to and to prevent uncompetitive practices in markets.¹³⁵
• [4.2 States may wish to put] putting legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory institutions in place to prevent uncompetitive practices in markets;¹³⁶
4.3 States may encourage the development of corporate social responsibility and the commitment of all market players to respect the progressive realization of the right of individuals to adequate food in the context of national food security

4.3 States [may] should encourage the development of corporate social responsibility and the commitment of all market players to respect and protect the progressive realization of the right of individuals to adequate food in the context of national food security.¹³⁷

4.3 States may encourage the development of corporate social responsibility and the commitment of all market players and civil society to respect the progressive realization of the right of individuals to adequate food in the context of national food security.¹³⁸

• [4.3 States may encourage] encouraging the development of corporate social responsibility and [the commitment of all market players to] in the respect of the progressive realization of the right of individuals to adequate food in the context of national food security;¹³⁹

4.3bis States should, in previous discussions with the private sector, establish measures to promote the participation of the private sector in a way to realize the right to food.¹⁴⁰

4.4 Consumers should enjoy adequate protection against fraudulent market practices, misinformation or unsafe food.

4.4 [Consumers should enjoy adequate protection] States should provide adequate protection to consumers against fraudulent market practices, misinformation or unsafe food. The measures toward this objective should not constitute unjustified barriers to international trade.¹⁴¹

• [4.4] ensuring consumers [should enjoy] adequate protection against fraudulent market practices, misinformation [or] and unsafe food.¹⁴²

4.5 States may promote the existence of small-scale local markets as these are instrumental to achieving poverty reduction and food security, particularly in rural areas.

4.5 States should [may] promote the development [existence] of small-scale local and regional markets as [these are] necessary instruments [instrumental] to reduce [achieving] poverty [reduction] and increase food security, particularly in rural and poor urban areas.¹⁴³

4.5 States should [may] promote the development [existence] of small-scale local and regional markets and border trade as [these are] necessary instruments [instrumental] to reduce [achieving] poverty [reduction] and increase food security, particularly in rural and poor urban areas.¹⁴⁴

• [4.5 States may promote] promoting the existence of regional and small-scale local markets as these are instrumental to achieving poverty reduction and food security, particularly in rural areas;¹⁴⁵

4.6 States may wish to adopt measures to ensure that the widest number of individuals and communities, especially disadvantaged groups, can benefit from opportunities created by international agricultural trade, and take measures to minimise negative effects on food security by making substantial improvements in market access, reducing, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and making substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support, in accordance with the WTO Agreement.

4.6 States may wish to adopt measures to ensure that the widest number of individuals and communities, especially disadvantaged groups, can benefit from opportunities created by international agricultural trade, and take measures to minimise possible negative effects on food security by making substantial improvements in market access, reducing, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and making substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support, in accordance with the WTO Agreement.¹⁴⁶

4.6 States should [may wish to] adopt measures to enable [ensure that] the widest number of individuals and communities, especially disadvantaged groups, [can] to benefit from opportunities created by fair and competitive national and international agricultural trade, and take measures to minimise negative effects on food security by making substantial improvements in market access, reducing, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and making substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support, in accordance with the Doha declaration [WTO Agreement].¹⁴⁸

[4.6] 4.1 States may wish to adopt measures to ensure that the widest number of individuals and communities, especially disadvantaged groups, can benefit from opportunities created by international agricultural trade, and take measures to minimise negative effects on food security by making substantial improvements in market access and the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers, reducing, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and making substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support, in accordance with the WTO Agreement.¹⁴⁹

4.6 States may wish to adopt measures to ensure that the widest number of individuals and communities, especially disadvantaged groups, can benefit from opportunities created by international agricultural trade, and take measures to minimise negative effects on food security. [by making substantial improvements in market access, reducing, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and making substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support, in accordance with the WTO Agreement].¹⁵⁰

• [4.6 States may wish to adopt] adopting measures to ensure that the widest number of individuals and communities, especially disadvantaged groups, can benefit from opportunities created by international [agricultural] trade. [and take measures to minimise negative effects on food security by making substantial improvements in market access, reducing, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and making substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support, in accordance with the WTO Agreement] Concerning international trade, States should continue, in the context of WTO negotiations, making efforts to reach agreement so that all countries can benefit from market development possibilities

4.7 States should strive to ensure that food, agricultural trade and overall trade policies are conducive to fostering food security for all through a fair and market-oriented world trade system.

4.7 States should strive to ensure that food, agricultural trade and overall trade policies are conducive to fostering food security for all through a fair [and] market-oriented and just world trade system.¹⁵²

4.7 States should strive to ensure that food, agricultural trade and overall trade policies are conducive to fostering food security for all through a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading [world trade] system.¹⁵³

4.7 States should [strive to] ensure that food, agricultural trade and overall trade policies are conducive to fostering food security for all through a fair and market-oriented agriculture world trade system and to take effective measures to ensure that “no harm” is caused to their agriculture markets.¹⁵⁴

4.7 States should strive to ensure that food, agricultural trade and overall trade policies are conducive to fostering food security for all through a fair, competitive and market-oriented local, regional, and world agricultural trade system.¹⁵⁵

• [4.7 States should strive to ensure that] making food, agricultural trade and overall trade policies are conducive to fostering food security for all through a fair regional and national trade systems as well as [and] a market-oriented world trade system;¹⁵⁶

4.8 States should endeavour to establish, especially in developing countries, well-functioning internal marketing and transportation systems to facilitate better links within and between domestic, regional and world markets, and diversified trade.

4.8 States should [endeavour to] establish, especially in developing countries with the support of the international community, well-functioning internal marketing and storage as well as [and] transportation and communication systems to facilitate better links within and between domestic, regional and world markets, and diversified trade.¹⁵⁷

4.8 States should endeavour to establish, [especially in developing countries,] well functioning internal marketing and transportation systems to facilitate better links within and between domestic, regional and world markets, and diversified trade. ¹⁵⁸
• [4.8 States should endeavour to establish, especially in developing countries,] developing well functioning internal marketing and transportation systems to facilitate better links within and between domestic, regional and world markets, and diversified trade.¹⁵⁹

4.9 States should promote technical assistance and encourage technology transfer consistent with international trade rules in particular to those developing countries needing it, to meet international standards, so that they are in a position to take advantage of new market opportunities.

4.9 Developed states [States] should promote technical assistance and encourage technology transfer similarly, the international institutions and UN bodies may help extent such technical assistance consistent with international trade rules [in particular] to those developing countries needing it, to meet international standards, so that they are in a position to take advantage of new market opportunities.¹⁶⁰

4.9 States should promote technical assistance and encourage technology transfer [consistent with international trade] rules in particular to [those] developing countries [needing it, to meet international standards,] so that they are in a position to take advantage of new market opportunities.¹⁶¹

4.9 States should develop capacity [promote technical assistance and encourage technology transfer consistent with international trade rules in particular to those developing countries needing it,] to meet international food standards, [so that they are in a position] in order to take advantage of new market opportunities.¹⁶²

[4.9 States should promote technical assistance and encourage technology transfer consistent with international trade rules in particular to those developing countries needing it, to meet international standards, so that they are in a position to take advantage of new market opportunities.]¹⁶³

4.2 States will take into account that markets do not automatically result in everybody achieving a sufficient income at any time to meet basic needs and should therefore seek to provide adequate social security systems.¹⁶⁴

4.9 States should promote technical assistance and encourage technology transfer, as mutually agreed, consistent with international trade rules in particular to those developing countries needing it, to meet international standards, so that they are in a position to take advantage of new market opportunities.¹⁶⁵

[MOVE TO PART V 4.9 States should promote technical assistance and encourage technology transfer consistent with international trade rules in particular to those developing countries needing it, to meet international standards, so that [they] developing countries are in a position to take advantage of new market opportunities].¹⁶⁶
4.10 States should take account of deficits of market mechanisms in protecting the environment and public goods.¹⁶⁷

GUIDELINE 5: INSTITUTIONS

GUIDELINE 5 INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE¹⁶⁸

5.1 States may wish may wish to put appropriate institutions and organizational structures into place to achieve the purpose of these Guidelines.

5.1 States should assess the appropriateness, function and performance of relevant public institutions. Where necessary, States should establish or improve [may wish to put] appropriate institutions and organizational structures for the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food. [into place to achieve the purpose of these guidelines. ] ¹⁶⁹

5.1. + 5.2. States may wish may wish to put in place appropriate institutions and organizational structures [into place to achieve the purpose] for the implementation of these Guidelines. These would require coordinative efforts of relevant government ministries, agencies and offices. States should establish a national plan on human rights as agreed in the 1993 Vienna Conference on Human Rights for intersectoral coordination to ensure the concerted implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes. States are encouraged to create local level planning systems and to involve local communities in the planning and execution of development activities arising from the implementation of these guidelines. The mechanism to be put in place should take into account existing agriculture-related conventions and protocols.¹⁷⁰
5.1. + 5.2. States may wish may wish to put in place appropriate institutions and organizational structures [into place to achieve the purpose] for the implementation of these Guidelines. These would require coordinative efforts of relevant government ministries, agencies and offices. States should establish a national plan on human rights [as agreed in the 1993 Vienna Conference on Human Rights for intersectoral coordination] to ensure the concerted implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes. States are encouraged to create local level planning systems and to involve local communities in the planning and execution of development activities arising from the implementation of these guidelines. The mechanism to be put in place should take into account existing agriculture-related conventions and protocols.¹⁷¹
5.1 States may wish to put appropriate institutions and organizational structures into place [to achieve the purpose of these guidelines] for the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. ¹⁷²

5.1 Where appropriate States will [may wish may wish to put appropriate] ensure that adequate institutions and organizational structures exist [into place] to achieve the objectives contained in the voluntary [the purpose of these] Guidelines. States will:

• regularly review and strengthen those institutional arrangements which are designed to ensure that the recommendations from these guidelines are taken into account at an early stage, in the government’s formulation of national legislation and policy;
• provide proper training to the appropriate officials responsible for the implementation of the right to adequate food to ensure that this right is recognised;
• raise their citizens ‘awareness of these guidelines and provide and continously improve access to them and to relevant human rights laws and regulations particularly in rural and remote areas.¹⁷³

5.2 To this end, states may wish to ensure the coordinated efforts of relevant government ministries, agencies and offices. They could establish national intersectoral coordination mechanisms to ensure the concerted implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes. States are encouraged to involve relevant communities in all aspects of planning and execution of activities in these areas.

5.2 [To this end, states] States may [wish to] ensure the coordinated efforts of relevant government ministries, agencies, [and] offices and by involving relevant communities and stakeholders in the matters of planning and execution of activities to ensure progressive realization of right to adequate food within their national food security programmes. [They could establish national intersectoral coordination mechanisms to ensure the concerted implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes. States are encouraged to involve relevant communities in all aspects of planning and execution of activities in these areas.]¹⁷⁴

5.2 (Merge 5.2. and 5.3) [To this end,] States [may wish to] should ensure the coordinated efforts of relevant government ministries, agencies and offices. [They could establish national intersectoral coordination mechanisms to ensure the concerted implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes. States are encouraged to involve relevant communities in all aspects of planning and execution of activities in these areas.]
[5.3 States may also wish to] Furthermore, States may entrust a specific institution with overall responsibility for overseeing the implementation of the right to adequate food. [application of these guidelines. Such an institution could also ensure coordination among all other actors at the national, regional and local levels, and delegate authority to carry out these roles. In order to ensure transparency and accountability, the functions and tasks of this institution would need to be clearly defined and provision made for adequate monitoring mechanisms.]¹⁷⁵• [5.2 To this end, states may wish to ensure the coordinated] coordinate efforts of relevant government ministries, agencies and offices. They could establish national intersectoral coordination mechanisms to ensure the concerted implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes. States are encouraged to involve relevant communities in all aspects of planning and execution of activities in these areas.¹⁷⁶

5.3 States may also wish to entrust a specific institution with overall responsibility for overseeing the application of these Guidelines. Such an institution could also ensure coordination among all other actors at the national, regional and local levels, and delegate authority to carry out these roles. In order to ensure transparency and accountability, the functions and tasks of this institution would need to be clearly defined and provision made for adequate monitoring mechanisms.

5.3 States may also wish to entrust a specific institution with overall responsibility for overseeing the [application of these guidelines] progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. Such an institution could also ensure coordination among all other [actors] stakeholders at the national, [regional] sub-national and local levels, and delegate authority to carry out these roles. In order to ensure transparency and accountability, the functions and tasks of this institution would need to be clearly defined and provision made for adequate monitoring mechanisms.¹⁷⁷

5.3 States [may] should [also wish to] entrust a specific institution with overall responsibility for overseeing the [application] implementation of these Guidelines. Such an institution could also ensure coordination among all other [actors] stakeholders at the national, [regional] provincial and local levels, and delegate authority to carry out these roles. In order to ensure transparency and accountability, the functions and tasks of this institution would need to be clearly defined and provision made for adequate monitoring mechanisms.¹⁷⁸

• [5.3 States may also wish to] entrust a specific institution with overall responsibility for overseeing the application of these Guidelines. Such an institution could also ensure coordination among all other actors at the national, regional and local levels, and delegate authority to carry out these roles. In order to ensure transparency and accountability, the functions and tasks of this institution would need to be clearly defined and provision made for adequate monitoring mechanisms.¹⁷⁹

5.4 States should ensure that relevant institutions provide for full and transparent participation of the commercial sector and of civil society, in particular representatives of groups most affected by food insecurity.

5.4 States should ensure that relevant institutions provide for the full and transparent [participation] participative representation of the private [commercial] sector and of civil society, in particular representatives of groups most affected by food insecurity.¹⁸⁰

5.4 States should ensure that relevant institutions provide for full and transparent participation of [the commercial sector and of] civil society, private sector and [, in particular] representatives of groups most affected by food insecurity, who should be empowered by capacity building wherever necessary.¹⁸¹

• [5.4 States should ensure that relevant institutions] provide for the full and transparent participation of the private [commercial] sector and of civil society, in particular representatives of groups most affected by food insecurity in the relevant institutions.¹⁸²
5.5 States should take measures, in accordance with their laws, to develop, strengthen, implement and maintain effective anticorruption policies, including in the food sector and in the management of emergency food aid.¹⁸³
5.5 States should take measures to develop, strengthen, implement and maintain effective anticorruption policies, including in the food sector and in the management of emergency food aid.¹⁸⁴

Guideline 5bis Stakeholders

Recognizing the primary responsibility of states for the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security, states should apply a multi-stakeholder approach to identify the roles of and involve all relevant stakeholders (see annex), encompassing civil society including the private sector, drawing together their know-how with a view to facilitate the efficient use of resources.¹⁸⁵

GUIDELINE 6: LEGAL FRAMEWORK

With respect to state parties to the ICESCR¹⁸⁶

6.1 States are invited to establish necessary domestic law possibly including constitutional or legislative review that facilitates implementation of these Guidelines, by way of either a right-to-food or other approaches.

6.1 States are invited to establish in their national legislation necessary domestic law related to the justiciability of the right to adequate food in order to [possibly including constitutional or legislative review that] facilitates the implementation of these Guidelines.[, by way of either a right-to-food or other approaches]¹⁸⁷
6.1 States should assess whether their legislation provides an adequate framework for the realisation of the right to adequate food, and adopt domestic law, possibly including constitutional law or bill of rights, or fill legislative gaps as may be appropriate, and where necessary including framework legislation. [are invited to establish necessary domestic law possibly including constitutional or legislative review that facilitates implementation of these guidelines, either by way of a right-to-food or other approaches].¹⁸⁸
[6.1States are invited to establish necessary domestic law possibly including constitutional or legislative review that facilitates implementation of these Guidelines, by way of either a right-to-food or other approaches].¹⁸⁹

6.1 States are invited to establish necessary domestic law that facilitates to recognize right to food and implement the voluntary guidelines in the context of the right to adequate food and national food security. [possibly including constitutional or legislative review that facilitates implementation of these Guidelines, by way of either a right-to-food or other approaches.]¹⁹⁰

6.1 States should [are invited to] establish legislative and other related measures to respect and protect the right to adequate food in order to [necessary domestic law possibly including constitutional or legislative review that] facilitates implementation of these Guidelines [, by way of either a right-to-food or other approaches].¹⁹¹

6.2 States are invited to consider whether to include provisions in their domestic law, which may include their constitutions, bills of rights or legislation, to directly adopt a domestic legal right to adequate food or other food related rights. Administrative, quasi-judicial and judicial mechanisms to provide adequate, effective and prompt remedies may be envisaged.

6.2 [States are invited to consider whether to include provisions in their domestic law, which may include their constitutions, bills of rights or legislation, to directly adopt a domestic legal right to adequate food or other food related rights.] States should establish [A] administrative, quasi-judicial and judicial mechanisms to provide adequate, effective and prompt remedies, Special attention should be paid to ensuring vulnerable groups access to these judicial mechanisms [may be envisaged].¹⁹²
6.2 States are invited to consider, in accordance with their domestic legal and policy frameworks, whether to include provisions in their domestic law, which may include their constitutions, bills of rights or legislation, to directly [adopt] implement [a domestic legal] the progressive realization of the right to adequate food [or other food related rights]. Administrative, quasi-judicial and judicial mechanisms to provide adequate, effective and prompt remedies may be envisaged.¹⁹³
6.2 States are invited [to consider whether] to include provisions regarding the right to adequate food in their domestic law, which may include their constitutions, bills of rights or legislation, to directly adopt a domestic legal right to adequate food or other food related rights and envisage administrative, quasi-judicial and judicial mechanisms to provide adequate, effective and prompt remedies [may be envisaged].¹⁹⁴

6.2 States should [are invited to consider whether to] include provisions regarding the right to adequate food in their domestic law, which may include their constitutions, bills of rights or legislation, to directly adopt a domestic legal right to adequate food or other food related rights and envisage administrative, quasi-judicial and judicial mechanisms to provide adequate, effective and prompt remedies [may be envisaged]¹⁹⁵.

6.3 States that have established a food related right as a justiciable right under their domestic law should consider developing means of informing the general public – and in particular victims of violations – of such right, of all available rights and remedies, and of available legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and all other services to which they may have a right of access.

6.3 States that have established the progressive realization of the right to adequate food [a food related right] as a justiciable right under their domestic legal systems [law] should consider developing means of informing the general public – and in particular victims of violations – of such right, of all available rights and remedies, and of available legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and all other services to which they may have a right of access.¹⁹⁶
6.3 States should [that have established a food related right as a justiciable right under their domestic law should consider developing] develop means of informing the general public – and in particular victims of violations –[ of such right,] of all available rights and remedies, and of available legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and all other services to which they may have a right of access.¹⁹⁷

6.3 States that have established [a] the right to adequate under their legal system should inform [food related right as a justiciable right under their domestic law should consider developing means of informing] the general public of all available rights and remedies [– and in particular victims of violations – of such right, of all available rights and remedies, and of available legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and all other services] to which they [may] have a right of access.¹⁹⁸

6.4 States should consider the possibility of promoting a legal frame that allows women head of household the access to all the projects and programs directed to the diminution of the poverty and the nutritional food insecurity.¹⁹⁹

GUIDELINE 7: ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND ASSETSGUIDELINE 7: ACCESS TO AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES AND ASSETS²⁰⁰

7.1 States should facilitate sustainable, non-discriminatory and secure access and utilization of resources consistent with national law and protect the assets that are important for people’s livelihoods. States should respect and protect the rights of individuals and groups with respect to access to and existing rights related to resources such as land, water, forests, fisheries and livestock without any discrimination. However, bearing in mind applicable international law, this should not be construed as a limitation on the rights of states to carry out land reforms in order to facilitate more equitable access to productive assets. Attention may be given to the special relationship of some groups such as pastoralists and indigenous people with natural resources.

7.1 States [should] will facilitate sustainable, non-discriminatory and secure access and utilization of resources consistent with their national law and with international law and protect the assets that are important for people’s livelihoods. States [should] will respect and protect the rights of individuals [and groups] with respect to [access to and existing rights related] resources such as land, water, forests, fisheries, and livestock without any discrimination. Where necessary and appropriate States will carry out land reforms and other policy reforms in order to secure efficient and equitable access to land and to strengthen pro-poor growth consistent with their human rights obligations and in accordance with the rule of law. [However, bearing in mind applicable international law, this should not be construed as a limitation on the rights of states to carry out land reforms in order to facilitate more equitable access to productive assets.] Special attention may be given to [the special relationship of some ] groups such as pastoralists and indigenous people and their relation to [with] natural resources.²⁰¹

7.1 States should facilitate sustainable, non-discriminatory and secure access and utilization of resources consistent with national law and protect the assets that are important for people’s livelihoods. States should respect and protect the rights of individuals and groups with respect to access to and existing rights related to resources such as land, water, forests, fisheries and livestock without any discrimination. However, bearing in mind applicable international law, this should not be construed as a limitation on the rights of states to carry out land reforms in order to facilitate more equitable access to productive assets. [Attention may be given to the] The special relationship of [some groups such as] pastoralists and indigenous people with natural resources should be recognized.²⁰²

7.2 States may wish to pay particular attention to the specific access problems of women and of vulnerable, marginalized and traditionally disadvantaged groups.

7.2 States will [may wish to] pay particular attention to the specific access problems [of women and] of vulnerable, marginalized and traditionally disadvantaged groups.²⁰³

7.2 States should [may wish to] pay particular attention to the specific access problems of women and of vulnerable, marginalized and other [traditionally] disadvantaged groups.²⁰⁴

7.2 States should [may wish to] pay particular attention to the specific access problems of gender [women] specially women head of household and of vulnerable, marginalized and traditionally disadvantaged groups.²⁰⁵

7.2 States should [may wish to] pay particular attention to the specific access and ownership of assets related problems of women and of vulnerable, marginalized and traditionally disadvantaged groups.²⁰⁶

7.2 States may wish to pay particular attention to the specific access problems of women and of vulnerable, marginalized and [traditionally] disadvantaged groups. States should take measures to protect orphans, widow(er)s, people living with HIV/AIDS and other affected by the AIDS epidemic from losing their access to resources and assets.²⁰⁷

7.2bis Under no circumstances should individuals be deprived of their own means of subsistence.²⁰⁸

7.3 States [may wish to] should promote agricultural research and development, in particular to promote basic food production with its positive effects and basic incomes to benefit small and women farmers, as well as poor consumers.²⁰⁹

7.3 States may wish to promote agricultural research and development, in particular to promote basic food production with its positive effects and basic incomes to benefit small and women farmers, as well as poor consumers. States should, as appropriate, ensure general access to research results promoting food security.²¹⁰

[7.3 move to 3.7bis States may wish to promote agricultural research and development, in particular to promote basic food production with its positive effects and basic incomes to benefit small and women farmers, as well as poor consumers.]²¹¹

7.4 States should promote women’s full and equal participation in the economy and for this purpose introduce and enforce gender-sensitive legislation providing women with secure and equal access to and control over productive resources including credit, land and water.

7.4 States should promote women’s full and equal participation in the economy and for this purpose introduce and enforce gender-responsive [gender-sensitive] legislation providing women with secure and equal access to and control over productive resources including credit, land and water and to receive benefits there from.²¹²

7.4 States should promote women’s full and equal participation in the economy and for this purpose introduce and enforce in a gender-sensitive manner, legislation providing women with secure and equal access to and control over productive resources including credit, land and water, where such legislation does not exist.²¹³

7.4bis States should design and implement programs that include different mechanism of access and appropriate use of agricultural land, directed to the poorest populations.²¹⁴

Guideline 7a: Labour

7.5 States should take measures to encourage sustainable growth in order to provide opportunities for work that provides remuneration allowing for an adequate standard of living for rural and urban wage earners and their families, and to protect self-employment. States should ensure primary education for all children, regardless of race, ethnicity or gender, facilitate access to financial services including micro credit, and promote additional training to facilitate access to labour markets. For states that have ratified the relevant instruments, working conditions should be consistent with the obligations they have assumed under the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and ILO Conventions.

7.5 States [should] will take measures to encourage sustainable growth in order to provide opportunities for work that provides remuneration allowing for an adequate standard of living for rural and urban wage earners and their families, and to promote [protect] self-employment. States should will ensure primary education for all children [regardless of race, ethnicity or gender,] facilitate access to financial services including micro credit, and promote additional training to facilitate access to labour markets. For States that have ratified the relevant instruments, working conditions should be consistent with the obligations they have assumed under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and relevant ILO-Conventions.²¹⁵

7.5 States should take measures to encourage sustainable growth in order to provide opportunities for work that provides remuneration allowing for an adequate standard of living for rural and urban wage earners and their families, and to protect self-employment. States should ensure free and compulsory primary education for all children, regardless of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, natural or social origin, birth or other status, [ethnicity or gender,] facilitate access to financial services including micro credit, and promote additional training to facilitate access to labour markets. For states that have ratified the relevant instruments, working conditions should be consistent with the obligations they have assumed under the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and ILO Conventions.²¹⁶

7.5 States should take measures to encourage sustainable growth development in order to provide opportunities for work that provides remuneration allowing through application of the legislation on basic salary and the social security nets that allows to enjoy an adequate standard of living for rural and urban wage earners and their families, and to protect self-employment. States should ensure primary education for all children, regardless of race, ethnicity or gender, facilitate access to financial services including micro credit, and promote additional training to facilitate access to labour markets. For states that have ratified the relevant instruments, working conditions should be consistent with the obligations they have assumed under the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and ILO Conventions, and other International Conventions on Human Rights.²¹⁷

Guideline 7b: Land

7.6 Bearing in mind that access to land is central to ensuring adequate access to food, states may consider taking action to enhance and defend the security of land tenure, especially with respect to poor and disadvantaged segments of society. As appropriate, states should consider establishing legal and other mechanisms that advance land reform to enhance access for the poor and women. Such mechanisms should also promote conservation and sustainable use of land.

7.6 States should consider adopting a comprehensive land policy, as well as legislative and/or administrative measures, promoting a non-discriminatory and widest possible access to land and natural resources. In particular, states should consider taking measures to enhance the security of land tenure, especially with respect to poor and vulnerable groups, and to ensure that the inheritance and property rights of women and disadvantaged groups are strengthened and protected. Special consideration should be given to the traditional rights of indigenous peoples, pastoralists and other communities with traditional claims to land. Any measure should also promote conservation and sustainable use of land. ²¹⁸

7.6bis Land and/or agrarian reforms should be consistent with the principles of good governance, including the rule of law. They need to be planned, implemented and evaluated in a participatory manner and include programs that support the productive use of land, such as infrastructure development, extension, credit and other support services.²¹⁹
7.6 Bearing in mind that for rural populations access to land is often central to ensuring adequate access to food, States will take [may consider taking] appropriate action consistent with their international human rights obligations and in accordance with the rule of law to enhance and defend the security of land tenure, especially with respect to poor and disadvantaged segments of society. As appropriate, States will [should consider establishing] establish legal and other policy mechanisms consistent with their obligations under international human rights law that advance land reform to enhance access for the poor and women. Such mechanisms should also promote conservation and sustainable use of land.²²⁰

7.6 [Bearing in mind that access to land is central to ensuring adequate access to food, states may consider] States should take measures to promote and protect [taking action to enhance and defend] the security of land tenure, especially with respect to women, [to] poor and disadvantaged segments of society, through legislation that protects land property right including the right to inherit. [As appropriate, states should consider establishing legal and other mechanisms that advance land reform to enhance access for the poor and women. Such mechanisms should also promote conservation and sustainable use of land].²²²

7.6 Bearing in mind that access to land is central to ensuring adequate access to food, states may consider taking action to enhance and defend the security of land tenure, especially with respect to poor and disadvantaged segments of society. As appropriate and in accordance with their international legal obligations, states should consider establishing legal and other mechanisms that advance access, management and administration of land [reform] to enhance access for the poor and women. Such mechanisms should also promote conservation and sustainable use of land.²²³

Guideline 7c: Water

7.7 Governments should strive to improve the efficient use of water resources and promote their allocation among competing users in a way that gives due priority to the satisfaction of basic human needs and balances the requirement of preserving or restoring ecosystems and their functioning with domestic, industrial and agricultural needs, including safeguarding drinking water quality.

7.7 Access to water is fundamental for life and health and is essential to realize the right to adequate food. Water is necessary to produce food and is often a limited resource. Therefore Governments [should] will strive to improve the efficient use of water resources and promote their allocation among competing users in a way that is efficient and that gives due priority to the satisfaction of basic human needs and balances the requirement of preserving or restoring ecosystems and their functioning with domestic, industrial and agricultural needs, including safe guarding drinking water quality.²²⁴

7.7 [Governments] States should recognize the central role of water for life and strive to improve the efficient use of water resources and to ensure the access of all people without discrimination [promote their allocation among competing users] in a way that gives due priority to the satisfaction of basic human needs and balances the requirement of preserving or restoring ecosystems and their functioning with domestic, industrial and agricultural needs, including safeguarding drinking water quality.²²⁵

7.7 [Governments should] States will strive to improve the efficient use of water resources and promote their allocation among competing users in a way that gives due priority to the satisfaction of basic human needs and balances the requirement of preserving or restoring ecosystems and their functioning with domestic, industrial and agricultural needs, including safe guarding drinking water quality. The right to water is part of the right to adequate food, and water should be made available and accessible in sufficient quantity and quality to all.²²⁶
7.7 Bearing in mind that access to water in sufficient quantity and quality for all is fundamental for life and health and a prerequisite to realise the right to adequate food, and that the primary responsibility of States to the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food should be emphasized also in the context of privatisation and public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the water sector, [Governments]States should strive to improve [the]access to, and efficient and sustainable use of, water resources and promote their allocation among competing users in a way that gives due priority to the satisfaction of basic human needs and balances the requirement of preserving or restoring ecosystems and their functioning with domestic, industrial and agricultural needs, including safe guarding drinking water quality.²²⁷

7.7 States [Governments] should strive to improve the efficient use of common water resources and ensure [promote] their allocation among [competing] regional users in a way that gives due priority to the satisfaction of basic human needs and balances the requirement of preserving or restoring ecosystems and their functioning with domestic, industrial and agricultural needs, including safeguarding drinking water quality.²²⁸

Guideline 7d: Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

7.8 States should consider specific national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to prevent the erosion of genetic resources for food and agriculture, including, as appropriate, for the protection of relevant traditional knowledge and equitable participation in sharing benefits arising from the use of these resources, and by encouraging, as appropriate, the participation of local and indigenous communities and farmers in making national decisions on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources.

7.8 States [should] will, in accordance with relevant international agreements, implement [consider] specific national policies, consider legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to prevent the erosion of genetic resources for food and agriculture, including, as appropriate, for the protection of relevant traditional knowledge and equitable participation in sharing benefits arising from the use of these resources, and by encouraging, as appropriate, the participation of local and indigenous communities and farmers in making national decisions on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources.²²⁹
7.8 States [should] will, in accordance with relevant international agreements, implement[consider] specific national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to prevent the erosion and to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture, including, as appropriate, for the conservation and sustainable use of the resources, the protection of relevant traditional knowledge and the equitable participation in sharing benefits arising from the use of these resources, and by encouraging, as appropriate, the participation of local and indigenous communities and farmers in making national decisions on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture.²³⁰

7.8 States, taking into account the importance of biodiversity, should undertake [consider] specific national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to prevent the erosion of genetic resources for food and agriculture, including [, as appropriate, for] the protection of relevant traditional knowledge and equitable participation in sharing benefits arising from the use of these resources, and by encouraging [, as appropriate,] the participation of local and indigenous communities and farmers in making national decisions on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources.²³¹

7.8 Bearing in mind that the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources as a part of biological diversity are an indispensable basis for food security, states should, in accordance with the relevant international agreements, implement [consider] specific national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to prevent the erosion and to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture, including [, as appropriate,] for the protection of relevant traditional knowledge and equitable participation in sharing benefits arising from the use of these resources, and by encouraging, as appropriate, the participation of local and indigenous communities and farmers in making national decisions on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture. ²³²
7.8 States should consider national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms that take into account the specific nature of genetic resources for food and agriculture, promote their sustainable use for the benefit both of farmers and consumers, and prevent their erosion. Such measures may address, as appropriate, the participation of local and indigenous communities and farmers in making national decisions on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources.²³³

Guideline 7e Sustainability

7.9 States should consider specific national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to protect ecological sustainability and the carrying capacity of ecosystems to ensure the possibility for food production for present and future generations, prevent water pollution, protect the fertility of the soil, and promote sustainable fisheries, and use of forests and forest products.²³⁴
7.9 States should consider specific national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to protect ecological sustainability and the carrying capacity of ecosystems to ensure the possibility for increased food production for present and future generations, prevent water pollution, protect the fertility of the soil, and promote sustainable fisheries, and use of forests and forest products.²³⁵

Guideline 7e: Services

7.9 States should create an enabling environment and strategies to facilitate and support the development of private and public sector initiatives to promote appropriate tools, technologies and mechanization in the provision of relevant services, including research, extension, marketing and rural finance, to enable more efficient food production by all farmers, in particular poor farmers, and to address local constraints such as shortage of land, water and farm power.²³⁶

GUIDELINE 8: FOOD SAFETY AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

GUIDELINE 8: FOOD SAFETY [AND CONSUMER PROTECTION]²³⁷

8.1 States should have procedures in place so that all food, whether freely available or sold on markets, is safe and consistent with national regulatory capacity.

8.1 States [should] will have procedures in place so that all food, whether freely available or sold on markets, is safe [and consistent with national regulatory capacity] including.²³⁸

8.1 States should have procedures in place so that all food, whether freely available or sold on markets, is safe [and consistent with national regulatory capacity].²³⁹

8.1 States should take measures to ensure [have procedures in place so] that all food, whether, locally produced or imported, freely available or sold on markets, is safe and consistent with national and international regulatory [capacity] requirements.²⁴⁰

8.1 Subject to international commitments and export related requirements, states [States] should put in place [have] procedures [in place] so that all food, whether freely available or sold on markets, is safe and consistent with the national food safety standards [regulatory capacity].²⁴¹

8.2 States are encouraged to establish comprehensive and rational food-control systems that include risk analysis to ensure safety in the entire food chain.

8.2 States [are encouraged to ] should establish comprehensive and rational food-control systems that include risk analysis and supervisory mechanism to ensure safety in the entire food chain.²⁴²

8.2 States [are encouraged to ] should establish a comprehensive and coherent [rational] food[-control] regulatory systems that include risk analysis to ensure safety in the entire food chain.²⁴³

• [8.2 States are encouraged to] establishing comprehensive and rational food-control systems that reduce risks of food borne disease using [include] risk analysis to ensure safety in the entire food chain including animal feed.²⁴⁴

8.3 States are encouraged to take action to streamline institutional procedures for food control and food safety at national level and eliminate gaps and overlaps in inspection systems and in the legislative and regulatory framework for food. States are encouraged to adopt scientifically based food safety standards, including standards for additives, contaminants, residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides, and microbiological hazards, and establish standards for packaging, labelling and advertising of food. They should base their food safety standards on international standards where these exist, except as otherwise provided for in the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement. States should take action to prevent contamination from industrial and other pollutants in the production, processing, storage, transport, distribution, handling and sale of food.

8.3 States should [are encouraged to take action to streamline institutional procedures for food control and food safety at national level and eliminate gaps and overlaps in inspection systems and in the legislative and regulatory framework for food. States are encouraged to] adopt scientifically based food safety standards, including standards for additives, contaminants, residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides, and microbiological hazards, and establish standards for packaging, labelling and advertising of food in accordance with. [They should base their food safety standards on international standards where these exist, except as otherwise provided for in] internationally accepted [the WTO] Sanitary and Phytosanitary requirements and food safety standards. [Agreement. States should take action to prevent contamination from industrial and other pollutants in the production, processing, storage, transport, distribution, handling and sale of food].²⁴⁵

• [8.3 States are encouraged to take] taking action to streamline institutional procedures for food control and food safety at national level and eliminate gaps and overlaps in inspection systems and in the legislative and regulatory framework for food. States are encouraged to adopt scientifically based food safety standards, including standards for additives, contaminants, residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides and microbiological hazards, and establish standards for packaging, labelling and advertising of food. [They should base their food safety standards on international standards where these exist,] Where international standards exist or their completion is imminent, they shall be taken into consideration in the development or adaptation of national food law except as otherwise provided for in the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement. States [should] will take action, including where appropriate legal action, to prevent contamination from industrial and other pollutants in the production, processing, storage, transport, distribution, handling and sale of food.²⁴⁶

8.4 States may wish to establish a national coordinating committee for food to bring together both governmental and non-governmental actors involved in the food system and to act as liaison with the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. States should consider collaborating with private actors in the food system, both by assisting them in exercising controls on their own production and handling practices, and by auditing those controls.

[8.4 States may wish to establish a national coordinating committee for food to bring together both governmental and non-governmental actors involved in the food system and to act as liaison with the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. States should consider collaborating with private actors in the food system, both by assisting them in exercising controls on their own production and handling practices, and by auditing those controls.]²⁴⁷

8.4 States may wish to establish a national coordinating committee for food to bring together both governmental and non-governmental actors involved in the food system and to act as liaison with the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. States should consider collaborating with private [actors] stakeholders in the food system, both by assisting them in exercising controls on their own production and handling practices, and by auditing those controls.²⁴⁸

8.5 Where necessary, states should assist farmers and other primary producers to follow good agricultural practices, food processors to follow good manufacturing practices, and food handlers to follow good hygiene practices. States are encouraged to consider establishing food safety systems to ensure the provision of safe food to consumers.

8.5 Where necessary, states should assist farmers and other primary producers to follow good agricultural practices, food processors to follow good manufacturing practices, and food handlers to follow good hygiene practices. States are encouraged to consider establishing food safety systems, as supervising mechanisms to ensure the provision of safe food to consumers.²⁴⁹

[8.5 Where necessary, states should assist farmers and other primary producers to follow good agricultural practices, food processors to follow good manufacturing practices, and food handlers to follow good hygiene practices. States are encouraged to consider establishing food safety systems to ensure the provision of safe food to consumers.]²⁵⁰

8.6 States should ensure that education regarding safe practices is available for farmers, fishers and veterinarians in order that their activities neither lead to harmful residues in food nor cause harm to the environment. States should also take measures to educate consumers about the safe storage, handling and utilization of food within the household. States should collect and disseminate information to the public regarding food-borne diseases and food safety matters, and should cooperate with regional and international organizations addressing food safety issues.

8.6 States should ensure that education regarding safe practices is available for farmers, fishers and veterinarians in order that their activities neither lead to harmful residues in food nor cause harm to the environment or to public health. States should also take measures to educate consumers about the safe storage, handling and utilization of food within the household. States should collect and disseminate information to the public regarding food-borne diseases and food safety matters, and should cooperate with regional and international organizations addressing food safety issues.²⁵¹

8.6 States, civil society and stakeholders should ensure that education regarding safe practices is available for farmers, fishers and veterinarians in order that their activities neither lead to harmful residues in food nor cause harm to the environment. States should also take measures to educate consumers about the safe storage, handling and utilization of food within the household. States should collect and disseminate information to the public regarding food-borne diseases and food safety matters, and should cooperate with regional and international organizations addressing food safety issues.²⁵²

[8.6 States should ensure that education regarding safe practices is available for farmers, fishers and veterinarians in order that their activities neither lead to harmful residues in food nor cause harm to the environment. States should also take measures to educate consumers about the safe storage, handling and utilization of food within the household. States should collect and disseminate information to the public regarding food-borne diseases and food safety matters, and should cooperate with regional and international organizations addressing food safety issues.]²⁵³

8.6 States should ensure that education regarding safe practices is available for farmers, fishers and veterinarians in order that their activities neither lead to harmful residues in food nor cause harm to the environment. States should also take measures to educate consumers about the safe storage, handling and equal distribution [utilization] of food within the household. States should collect and disseminate information to the public regarding food-borne diseases and food safety matters, and should cooperate with regional and international organizations addressing food safety issues.²⁵⁴

• [8.6 States should] ensuringe that education [regarding safe practices] is available for all food business operators [farmers, fishers and veterinarians] in order that their activities neither lead to harmful residues in food nor cause harm to the environment. States will [should] also take measures to educate consumers about the safe storage, handling and utilization of food within the household. [States should collect and disseminate information to the public regarding food-borne diseases and food safety matters, and should cooperate with regional and international organizations addressing food safety issues.]²⁵⁵

8.7 States should adopt measures to protect consumers from deception and misrepresentation in the packaging, labelling, advertising and sale of food, and provide recourse for any harm caused by unsafe or adulterated food, including food offered by street sellers.

[8.7 States should adopt measures to protect consumers from deception and misrepresentation in the packaging, labelling, advertising and sale of food, and provide recourse for any harm caused by unsafe or adulterated food, including food offered by street sellers].²⁵⁶

8.7 States should adopt measures to protect consumers from deception and misrepresentation in the packaging, labelling, advertising and sale of food, and provide appeal recourses for any harm caused by unsafe or adulterated food, including food offered by street sellers. Such measures must not constitute unjustified barriers to trade.²⁵⁷

8.8 Developed states are encouraged to provide technical assistance to developing states for capacity building and training in food safety. When possible and appropriate, developing countries with more advanced capabilities in food security-related areas are encouraged to lend assistance to less advanced developing countries.

8.8 Developed states are encouraged to provide technical assistance to developing states for capacity building and training in food safety, and therefore allocate the pledged financial resources related to ODA. When possible and appropriate, developing countries with more advanced capabilities in food security-related areas are encouraged to lend assistance to less advanced developing countries.²⁵⁸

8.8 Developed countries [states] are encouraged to provide technical and financial assistance to developing countries [states] for capacity building and training in food safety. When possible and appropriate, developing countries with more advanced capabilities in food security-related areas are encouraged to lend assistance to less advanced developing countries.²⁵⁹

[8.8 Developed states are encouraged to provide technical assistance to developing states for capacity building and training in food safety. When possible and appropriate, developing countries with more advanced capabilities in food security-related areas are encouraged to lend assistance to less advanced developing countries.]²⁶⁰

8.8 Developed states should [are encouraged to] provide technical assistance to developing states for capacity building and training in food safety. When possible and appropriate, developing countries with more advanced capabilities in food security-related areas are encouraged to lend assistance to less advanced developing countries.²⁶¹

8.8 Developed states are encouraged to provide technical [assistance to] cooperation with developing states for capacity building and training in food safety. When possible and appropriate, developing countries with more advanced capabilities in food security-related areas are encouraged to lend assistance to less advanced developing countries.²⁶²

GUIDELINE 8BIS CONSUMER PROTECTION AND INVOLVEMENT

[Partly text from 9.8] States should in their food security policies consider the individuals as active partners in safeguarding their right to adequate food and respect everyone’s right to choose food which is culturally acceptable, including recognition of different practices, customs and traditions on matters related to food.
[Partly text from 8.7] States should adopt measures to protect consumers from deception and misrepresentation in the packaging, labelling, advertising and sale of food, and facilitate consumers’ choice by ensuring adequate information on marketed food.
[Partly text from 8.6] States should cooperate with regional and international consumer organisations addressing food safety issues, and facilitate for consumer participation in national and international fora where policies with impact on food production, processing, distribution, storage and marketing are discussed. ²⁶³

GUIDELINE 9: NUTRITION

9.1 States may wish to take measures to maintain, adapt or strengthen dietary diversity and healthy eating habits and food preparation, as well as feeding patterns, including breastfeeding, while ensuring that changes in availability and access to food supply do not negatively affect dietary composition and intake.

9.1 If necessary, States will [may wish to] take measures to maintain, adapt or strengthen dietary diversity and healthy eating habits and food preparation, as well as feeding patterns, including breastfeeding, while ensuring that changes in availability and access to food supply do not negatively affect dietary composition and intake including.²⁶⁴

9.2 States may also consider taking steps, in particular through education, information and labelling regulations, to prevent over-consumption and unbalanced diets which may lead to ill nutrition, malnutrition and obesity.

[9.2 States may also consider taking steps, in particular through education, information and labelling regulations, to prevent over-consumption and unbalanced diets which may lead to ill nutrition, malnutrition and obesity.]²⁶⁵

9.2 States may also consider taking steps, in particular through education, information and labelling regulations, to prevent [over-consumption and] unbalanced diets which may lead to ill nutrition, malnutrition and obesity. States should consider measures to support and encourage mothers to breastfeed. Special care will be taken for small children and breastfeeding mothers within societies where woman illiteracy occurs.²⁶⁶

9.2 States are encouraged to take [may also consider taking] steps, in particular through education, information and labelling regulations, to prevent over-consumption and unbalanced diets which may lead to ill nutrition, malnutrition and obesity.²⁶⁷

9.2 States should take [may also consider taking] steps [, in particular] through education, information, dissemination and labelling regulations, to prevent over-consumption and unbalanced diets which may lead to ill nutrition, malnutrition and obesity.²⁶⁹

9.3 States may wish to involve communities and local government in the design, implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation of flexible programmes to increase the production and consumption of healthy and nutritious foods, especially those that are rich in micronutrients. States may wish to promote gardens at both home and school as a key element in combating micronutrient deficiencies. States may also consider adopting regulations for fortifying foods to prevent and cure micronutrient deficiencies such as iodine, iron and Vitamin A deficiencies.

9.3 States are encouraged to [may wish to] involve communities and local government in the design, implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation of flexible programmes to increase the production and consumption of healthy and nutritious foods, especially those that are rich in micronutrients. States may wish to promote gardens at both home and school as a key element in combating micronutrient deficiencies and promoting healthy eating. States may also consider adopting regulations for fortifying foods to prevent and cure micronutrient deficiencies such as iodine, iron and Vitamin A deficiencies.²⁷⁰

[9.3 States may wish to involve communities and local government in the design, implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation of flexible programmes to increase the production and consumption of healthy and nutritious foods, especially those that are rich in micronutrients. States may wish to promote gardens at both home and school as a key element in combating micronutrient deficiencies. States may also consider adopting regulations for fortifying foods to prevent and cure micronutrient deficiencies such as iodine, iron and Vitamin A deficiencies.]²⁷¹

9.3 States should [may wish to] involve communities and local government in the design, implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation of [flexible] programmes adapted to local circumstances to increase the production and consumption of healthy and nutritious foods, especially those that are rich in micronutrients. States may wish to promote gardens at both home and school as a key element in combating micronutrient deficiencies. States may also consider adopting regulations for fortifying foods to prevent and cure micronutrient deficiencies such as iodine, iron and Vitamin A deficiencies.²⁷²

9.3 States should [may wish to] involve communities and local government in the design, implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation of appropriate [flexible] programmes, including promoting home and school gardens and community nutrition centres for vulnerable groups to increase the production and consumption of healthy and nutritious foods, especially those that are rich in micronutrients. States may wish to promote gardens at both home and school as a key element in combating micronutrient deficiencies. [States may also consider adopting regulations for fortifying foods to prevent and cure micronutrient deficiencies such as iodine, iron and Vitamin A deficiencies].²⁷³

9.3bis States should consider the particular food and nutritional needs of people living with HIV/AIDS, or suffering from other epidemics.²⁷⁴

9.4 States may consider measures to support and encourage mothers to breastfeed. States may wish to disseminate information on the feeding of infants and young children which is consistent and in line with current scientific knowledge and take steps to counteract misinformation on infant feeding. States should consider with utmost care issues regarding breastfeeding and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the basis of the most up-to-date, authoritative scientific advice and referring to the latest WHO/UNICEF guidelines.

[9.4 States may consider measures to support and encourage mothers to breastfeed. States may wish to disseminate information on the feeding of infants and young children which is consistent and in line with current scientific knowledge and take steps to counteract misinformation on infant feeding. States should consider with utmost care issues regarding breastfeeding and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the basis of the most up-to-date, authoritative scientific advice and referring to the latest WHO/UNICEF guidelines.]²⁷⁵

9.4. States should [may consider measures to] support and encourage mothers to breastfeed, in line with WHO recommendations and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. [States may wish to disseminate information on the feeding of infants and young children which is consistent and in line with current scientific knowledge and take steps to counteract misinformation on infant feeding. ]States should consider with utmost care issues regarding breastfeeding and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the basis of the most up-to-date, authoritative scientific advice and referring to the latest WHO/UNICEF guidelines.²⁷⁶

9.4 States should [may consider measures to support and] encourage mothers to breastfeed and should [States may wish to] disseminate information on the feeding of infants and young children which is consistent and in line with current scientific knowledge and internationally accepted practices take steps to counteract misinformation on infant feeding. States should consider with utmost care issues regarding breastfeeding and provide advice accordingly on and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. [ on the basis of the most up-to-date, authoritative scientific advice and referring to the latest WHO/UNICEF guidelines.]²⁷⁷

9.5 States may wish to consider establishing mechanisms to assess nutritional impact and take account of coping strategies in the event of natural disasters and complex emergencies as part of their efforts to target, design and implement appropriate nutrition strategies throughout relief and rehabilitation programmes.

[9.5 move to VG15 States may wish to consider establishing mechanisms to assess nutritional impact and take account of coping strategies in the event of natural disasters and complex emergencies as part of their efforts to target, design and implement appropriate nutrition strategies throughout relief and rehabilitation programmes.]²⁷⁸

9.5 States should [may wish to] consider establishing mechanisms to assess nutritional impact and take account of coping strategies in the event of natural disasters and complex emergencies as part of their efforts to target, design and implement appropriate nutrition strategies throughout relief and rehabilitation programmes.²⁷⁹

• [9.5 States may wish to consider] establishing mechanisms to assess nutritional impact and take account of coping strategies in the event of natural disasters and complex emergencies as part of their efforts to target, design and implement appropriate nutrition strategies throughout relief and rehabilitation [programmes] responses;²⁸⁰

9.6 States may wish to take parallel action in the areas of health, education and sanitary infrastructure, so that necessary services and goods become available to people to enable them to make full use of the dietary value in the food they eat and thus achieve nutritional well-being.

9.6 States [may wish to] should take parallel action in the areas of health, education and sanitary infrastructure, so that necessary services and goods become available to people to enable them to make full use of the dietary value in the food they eat and thus achieve nutritional well-being.²⁸¹

9.6 States should [may wish to take parallel action in the areas] provide adequate public [of] health [, education] and sanitary infrastructure, in order [so that necessary services and goods become available to people] to enable people [them] to make full use of the dietary value in the food they eat and thus achieve nutritional well-being.²⁸²

9.6 States should encourage and create enabling environment for the private sector [may wish] and to take necessary parallel action in the areas of health, education and sanitary infrastructure, so that necessary services and goods become available to people to enable them to make full use of the dietary value in the food they eat and thus achieve nutritional well-being.²⁸³

9.6 States [may wish to take parallel action] are encouraged to promote intersectoral collaboration in the areas of health, education and sanitary infrastructure, so that necessary services and goods become available to people to enable them to make healthy choices [to make full use of the dietary value in the food they eat and thus achieve nutritional well-being]²⁸⁴.

• [9.6 States may wish to take] taking parallel action in the areas of health, education and sanitary infrastructure, so that necessary services and goods become available to people to enable them to make full use of the dietary value in the food they eat and thus achieve nutritional well-being;²⁸⁵

9.7 Taking into account that discrimination – whether based on gender or on any other grounds – is one of the most important obstacles in the achievement of adequate levels of nutrition at the household level, states may wish to adopt measures to eradicate sources of discriminatory practices.

9.7 Taking into account that discrimination – whether based on gender or on any other grounds – is one of the most important obstacles in the achievement of adequate levels of nutrition at the household level, states may wish to should adopt measures to eradicate sources of discriminatory practices.²⁸⁶

9.7 Taking into account that discrimination [– whether based on gender or on any other grounds –] is one of the most important obstacles in the achievement of adequate levels of nutrition at the household level, states have obliged themselves to prohibit discrimination based on race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status [may wish to adopt measures to eradicate sources of discriminatory practices].²⁸⁷

9.7 States should adopt measures to eradicate sources of discriminatory practices, particularly gender, [Taking into account that discrimination – whether based on gender or on any other grounds – is one of the most important obstacles] in the achievement of adequate levels of nutrition at the household level. [, states may wish to adopt measures to eradicate sources of discriminatory practices.]²⁸⁸

• [9.7 adopte] adopting measures to eradicate discriminatory practices²⁸⁹, [Taking into account] considering that discrimination – whether based on gender or on any other grounds – is one of the most important obstacles in the achievement of adequate levels of nutrition at the household level. [states may wish to adopt measures to eradicate sources of discriminatory practices.]²⁹⁰

9.8 States are invited to recognize that food is a vital part of an individual’s culture and are encouraged to support individuals’ practices, customs and traditions on matters related to food.

9.8 States [are invited to] should recognize that food is a vital part of an individual’s culture and [are] should [encouraged to] encourage and support individuals’ practices, customs and traditions on matters related to food.²⁹¹

[9.8 move to 8bis States are invited to recognize that food is a vital part of an individual’s culture and are encouraged to support individuals’ practices, customs, and traditions on matters related to food.]²⁹²
9.2[8] States are reminded of the cultural values of dietary and eating habits in different cultures and should establish methods for promoting food safety, positive nutritional intake including fair distribution of food within communities and households with special emphasis on the needs and rights of both girls and boys and pregnant women and lactating mothers, in all cultures. [invited to recognize that food is a vital part of an individual’s culture and are encouraged to support individuals’ practices, customs, and traditions on matters related to food].²⁹³

9.8 States should [are invited to] recognize that food is a vital part of an individual’s culture. [and are encouraged to support individuals’ practices, customs and traditions on matters related to food].²⁹⁴

GUIDELINE 10: EDUCATION AND AWARENESS RAISING

10.1 States are encouraged to support investment in human resource development such as health, education, literacy and other skills training, which are essential to sustainable development, including agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development.

10.1 States will [are encouraged to] support investment in human resource development such as health, education, literacy and other skills training, which are essential to sustainable development, including agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development.²⁹⁵

10.1 States should [are encouraged to] support investment in human resource development such as health, education, literacy and other skills training, which are essential to sustainable development, including agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development.²⁹⁶

10.2 States are encouraged to strengthen and broaden basic education, especially for girls, women and other under-served populations.

10.2 States are encouraged to strengthen and broaden basic education, especially for girls, women, and other under-served populations, because education positively effects the access to adequate food.²⁹⁷

10.2 States should [are encouraged to] strengthen and broaden basic education, especially for girls, women and other under-served vulnerable populations.²⁹⁸

10.2 States should [are encouraged to] strengthen and broaden basic education, especially for girls, women and other vulnerable sections of the [under-served] population [s].²⁹⁹

10.2 States should [are encouraged to] strengthen educational opportunity [and broaden basic education], especially for girls, women and other under-served populations.³⁰⁰

10.2 States should [are encouraged to] strengthen educational opportunity [and broaden basic education], especially for girls, women and other under-served and vulnerable populations to create awareness about their right to adequate food.³⁰¹
10.2 States will [are encouraged to] strengthen and broaden primary [basic] education, especially for girls, women, and other under-served members of the populations.³⁰²

10.2bis States should link in rural areas, basic and secondary education with food production process, with the scope of generating a better awareness in new generations about the importance of conserving and making a sustainable use of national resources.³⁰³

10.3 States are encouraged to support higher education through strengthening developing country university and technical faculties of agriculture related disciplines and business to carry out both education and research functions, and engaging universities throughout the world in training developing country agriculturalists, scientists and businessmen at the graduate and post-graduate levels.

10.3 States will [are encouraged to] support higher education through strengthening developing country university and technical faculties of agriculture related disciplines and business to carry out both education and research functions, and engaging universities throughout the world in training developing country agriculturalists, scientists and businessmen at the graduate and post-graduate levels.³⁰⁴

10.4 States should provide information to individuals to strengthen their ability to participate in policy-making decisions that may affect them, and to challenge decisions that threaten their rights.

10.4 States [should] will provide information to individuals to strengthen their ability to participate in policy-making decisions that may affect them, and to challenge decisions that threaten their rights.³⁰⁵

[10.4 States should provide information to individuals to strengthen their ability to participate in policy-making decisions that may affect them, and to challenge decisions that threaten their rights.] States should ensure that all individuals know about their rights and responsibilities regarding the right to adequate food, including information about the right to participate in policy-making decisions that may affect them, and the right to challenge decisions that threaten the right to adequate food for individuals and communities.306

10.4bis States should implement measures to make people improve their housing conditions and the means for food elaboration, because they are related to food safety. Such measures should be made in the educative and infrastructure fields, specially in rural households.³⁰⁷

10.5 Human rights education should be integrated into school curricula.

10.5 States are encouraged to focus on the importance of human rights education in achieving the objectives of the guidelines. For example, States could focus on implementation of the Programme of the United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education through the development of National Plans of Action for human rights education, the introduction or strengthening of national human rights curricula in their formal education systems, the conducting of national information campaigns on human rights and the opening of public access to human rights resources information and training centres.³⁰⁸
10.5 [Human rights education should be] Knowledge of human rights will be promoted in schools, including where appropriate through integration [integrated] into school curricula.³⁰⁹

10.5 [Human rights education] Economic, social, cultural rights, and specifically the right to food should be integrated into school curricula.³¹⁰

10.6 The media, religious leaders and civil society in general should be encouraged to promote knowledge about all aspects regarding the enjoyment of individuals’ human rights. A wide range of methods, including the use of print media as well as rural radio, could be used to reach all members of society.

10.6 All parties of society [The media, religious leaders and civil society in general should] will be encouraged to promote knowledge about all aspects regarding the enjoyment of individuals’ human rights. A wide range of methods, including the use of print media as well as rural radio, could be used to reach all members of society.³¹¹

10.6 The media [, religious leaders] and civil society in general should be encouraged to promote knowledge [about all aspects] and awareness regarding the enjoyment of the right to adequate food [individuals’ human rights]. A wide range of methods, including the use of print media as well as rural radio, could be used to reach all members of society.³¹²

GUIDELINE 11: NATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES

11.1 Consistent with the programme of action of the World Summit for Social Development 1995, interested developed and developing country partners are invited to allocate, on average, 20 percent of official development assistance and 20 percent of the national budget, respectively, to basic social programmes, including in areas relating to food security for vulnerable groups and to monitor these levels.

11.1 State may raise and up-scale the level allocation to the basic social programmes including in areas related food security for vulnerable groups and to improve on such allocation so as to achieve [Consistent with the programme of action of the ] World Summit for Social Development 1995 desired goals. [, interested developed and developing country partners are invited to allocate, on average, 20 percent of official development assistance and 20 percent of the national budget, respectively, to basic social programmes, including in areas relating to food security for vulnerable groups and to monitor these levels.]³¹³

11.1 Consistent with the Millennium Declaration and international conferences on Finance and Development (Monterrey) and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg) as well the program of action of the World Summit for Social Development 1995, interested developed and developing country partners are invited to allocate, on average, 20 percent of official development assistance and 20 percent of the national budget, respectively, to basic social programmes, including in areas relating to food security for vulnerable groups and to monitor these levels.³¹⁴

11.1 Consistent with [the programme of action of the World Summit for Social Development 1995,] the Millennium Development Goals and in line with recent Major International Conferences, [interested] developed and developing country partners are invited to allocate increased budgetary resources to the elimination of poverty, improve social conditions and raise living standards, [on average, 20 percent of official development assistance and 20 percent of the national budget, respectively, to basic social programmes, including in areas relating to food security for vulnerable groups and to monitor these levels.]³¹⁵
11.1 States should, consistent with the programme of action of the World Summit for Social Development 1995, [interested developed and developing country partners are invited to] allocate, on average, 20 percent of official development assistance and 20 percent of the national budget, respectively, to basic social programmes, including in areas relating to food security for vulnerable groups and to monitor these levels.³¹⁶

11.1 Consistent with the Millennium Declaration and international conferences on Finance and Development (Monterrey) and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg) as well the programme of action of the World Summit for Social Development 1995, interested developed and developing country partners are invited to allocate, on average, 20 percent of official development assistance and 20 percent of the national budget, respectively, to [basic] agricultural development [social] programmes, including in areas relating to food security for vulnerable groups and [to monitor] these levels should be monitored.³¹⁷

11.1 Consistent with the Millennium Declaration, including the development goals, as well as the outcomes of major UN conferences and summits, [programme of action of the World Summit for Social Development 1995, interested developed and developing country partners] states are invited to allocate, on average, 20 percent of official development assistance and 20 percent of the national budget, respectively, to basic social programmes, including in areas relating to food security for vulnerable and disadvantaged groups [and to monitor these levels].³¹⁸

11.2 Regional and local authorities should be encouraged to include expenditure items for anti-hunger and food security purposes in their respective budgets.

11.2 States will [should] ensure transparency and accountability in the use of public resources. States are encouraged to establish, within an appropriate regulatory framework, sound fiscal policies, including well performing tax systems.³¹⁹

11.2 Regional and local authorities should be encouraged to establish safety nets for vulnerable groups and allocate expenditure [to include expenditure items for] anti-hunger and food security purposes in their respective budgets.³²⁰

11.2 Regional and local authorities should be encouraged to include expenditure items for anti-hunger and food security purposes in their respective budgets and ensure that budget cuts do not negatively affect access to adequate food among the poorest section of society.³²¹

11.3 States should ensure transparency and accountability in the use of public resources.

11.3 States should ensure transparency and accountability in the use of public resources, allocated to food security.³²²

11.3 States should ensure transparency and accountability in the use of public resources and food management.³²³

11.3 Where possible Public authorities, in particular regional and local [authorities should] seek to [be encouraged to] allocate resources [including expenditure items] for [anti hunger and] food security purposes in their respective budgets.³²⁴

11.4 States are encouraged to promote basic social programmes and expenditures, in particular those affecting the poor and the vulnerable segments of society, and protect them from budget reductions, while increasing the quality and effectiveness of social expenditures. States should strive to ensure that budget cuts do not negatively affect access to adequate food among the poorest sections of society.

11.4 States [are encouraged to] will promote basic social programmes and expenditures, in particular those affecting the poor and the vulnerable segments of society, and protect them from budget reductions, while increasing the quality and effectiveness of social expenditures. States [should] will [strive to ensure] avoid [that] budget cuts [do not] that negatively affect access to adequate food among the poorest sections of society.³²⁵
11.4 States are encouraged to promote basic social programmes and expenditures, in particular those affecting the poor and the vulnerable segments of society, and protect them from budget reductions, while increasing the quality and effectiveness of social expenditures. States should strive to ensure that budget cuts do not negatively affect [access] the right to adequate food [among] of the poorest sections of society.³²⁶

11.4 States are encouraged to promote basic social programmes and expenditures, in particular those affecting the poor and the vulnerable segments of society, and protect them from budget reductions, while increasing the quality and effectiveness of social expenditures. States should take into account the effect of [strive to ensure that] budget cuts on the [do not negatively affect] access to [adequate] food among the poorest sections of society.³²⁷

11.5 States are encouraged to establish an enabling legal and economic environment to promote and mobilize domestic savings and attract external resources for productive investment, and seek innovative sources of funding, both public and private, for social programmes.

11.5 States will [are encouraged to] establish an enabling legal and economic environment to promote and mobilize domestic savings and attract external resources for productive investment, and seek innovative sources of funding, both public and private, for social programmes.³²⁸

11.5 States [are encouraged to] should establish an enabling legal and economic environment to promote and mobilize domestic savings, both public and private, and attract external resources for productive investment, and seek innovative sources of funding, both public and private at national and international levels, for social programmes.³²⁹

11.6 States are encouraged to assume a role of promoting mechanisms and instruments to facilitate a better use of foreign currency received by the families of migrant workers, with the scope that these families may, with the resources received by them, overcome their poverty situation and achieve a productive capitalization that guarantees them a better future.³³⁰

Part III: Assistance

GUIDELINE 12: TARGETING VULNERABLE GROUPS

GUIDELINE 12: SUPPORTING [TARGETING] VULNERABLE GROUPS³³¹

12.1 States are encouraged to identify groups particularly vulnerable to food insecurity along with the reasons for their food insecurity, in order to develop and identify measures to be implemented both immediately and progressively. States may wish to systematically undertake disaggregated analysis on the food insecurity, vulnerability and nutritional status of different groups in society, with particular attention to measuring social, religious, racial, cultural, political and any other form of discrimination that may manifest itself in greater food insecurity and vulnerability to food insecurity, or in a higher prevalence of malnutrition among specific population groups, or both.

12.1 Where appropriate States will [are encouraged to] identify groups particularly vulnerable to food insecurity along with the reasons for their food insecurity, in order to develop and identify measures to be implemented both immediately and progressively. If necessary, States will, where appropriate, [may wish to] systematically undertake disaggregated analysis on the food insecurity, vulnerability and nutritional status of different groups in society, with particular attention to [measuring social, religious, racial, cultural, political and any other form of discrimination that may manifest itself in greater food insecurity and vulnerability to food insecurity, or in a higher prevalence of malnutrition among specific population groups, or both.] vulnerable groups.³³²
12.1 States should [are encouraged to] identify vulnerable groups and household [particularly vulnerable] to food insecurity [along with the reasons for their food insecurity,] in order to develop and identify corrective measures to be implemented both immediately and progressively to provide access to adequate food. In order remove causes of discrimination in the matter of food security of the basis of gender, religion, race, culture, political opinion, HIV/AIDS, sickness; States [may wish to] should systematically undertake disaggregated analysis on the food insecurity, vulnerability and mal-nutritional status of different groups in the society to remove and prevent such causes of food insecurity or prevalence of mal-nutrition. [, with particular attention to measuring social, religious, racial, cultural, political and any other form of discrimination that may manifest itself in greater food insecurity and vulnerability to food insecurity, or in a higher prevalence of malnutrition among specific population groups, or both.]³³³
12.1 Consistent with the World Food Summit commitment, States should establish Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems (FIVIMS), [are encouraged to identify vulnerable groups and household [particularly vulnerable] to food insecurity [along with the reasons for their food insecurity,] in order to develop and identify corrective measures to be implemented both immediately and progressively to provide access to adequate food. In order remove causes of discrimination in the matter of food security of the basis of gender, religion, race, culture, political opinion, HIV/AIDS, sickness; States [may wish to] should systematically undertake disaggregated analysis on the food insecurity, vulnerability and mal-nutritional status of different groups in the society to remove and prevent such causes of food insecurity or prevalence of mal-nutrition. [, with particular attention to measuring social, religious, racial, cultural, political and any other form of discrimination that may manifest itself in greater food insecurity and vulnerability to food insecurity, or in a higher prevalence of malnutrition among specific population groups, or both.]³³⁴

12.2 In order to ensure effective targeting of assistance, so that no one who is eligible is excluded, or that those not in need of assistance are included, it is important that States establish eligibility criteria. Effective accountability and administrative systems are essential to prevent leakages and corruption. Factors to take into account include household and individual assets and income, as well as existing coping mechanisms. States may wish to give priority to channelling food through women as a means of enhancing their decision-making role and ensuring that the food is used to meet the household’s food requirements.

12.2 In order to ensure effective targeting of assistance, so that no one who is eligible is excluded, or that those not in need of assistance are included, it is important that States establish transparent, non-discriminatory eligibility criteria. Effective accountability and administrative systems are essential to prevent leakages and corruption. Factors to take into account include household and individual assets and income, as well as existing coping mechanisms. States may wish to give priority to channelling food through women as a means of enhancing their decision-making role and ensuring that the food is used to meet the household’s food requirements.³³⁵

12.2 In order to ensure effective targeting of assistance, [so that no one who is eligible is excluded, or that those not in need of assistance are included,] it is important that States establish eligibility criteria and involve local communities in the identification of the vulnerable, which should be reviewed periodically to continuously update the list. Effective accountability and administrative systems are essential to prevent leakages and corruption. Factors to take into account include household and individual assets [and] income, consumption patters, as well as existing coping mechanisms. States may wish to give priority to channelling food through women as a means of enhancing their decision-making role and ensuring that the food is used to meet the household’s food requirements.³³⁶

12.2 In order to ensure effective targeting of assistance, in the matter of food security, the [so that no one who is eligible is excluded, or that those not in need of assistance are included, it is important that] States should establish transparent eligibility criteria based, inter alia, on the [Effective accountability and administrative systems are essential to prevent leakages and corruption. Factors to take into account include] household and individual assets and income, calorie intake, consumption pattern and [as well as] existing coping mechanisms. States may wish to give priority to channelling food through women as a means of enhancing their decision-making role and ensuring that the food is used to meet the household’s food requirements.³³⁷

GUIDELINE 13: SAFETY NETS

GUIDELINE 13: SOCIAL AND FOOD SAFETY NETS³³⁸

13.1 States should consider, to the extent that resources permit, establishing and maintaining social safety and food safety nets to protect those who are unable to provide for themselves. As far as possible, and with due regard to effectiveness and coverage, states should consider building on existing capacities within communities at risk to provide the necessary resources for social safety and food safety nets to fulfil the progressive realization of the right to adequate food states may wish to consider the benefits of procuring locally.

13.1 Where necessary and appropriate States [should] will [consider, to the extent that resources permit,] establish[ing] and maintain[ing] social safety and food safety nets to protect those who are unable to provide for themselves. As far as possible, and with due regard to effectiveness and coverage, States will [should consider building] build on existing capacities within communities at risk to provide the necessary resources for social safety and food safety nets to fulfil the progressive realization of the right to adequate food [states may wish to consider the benefits of procuring locally]. Food Safety nets should to the extent possible build upon local procurement.³³⁹

13.1 States should [consider, to the extent that ] resources permitting, establish[ing] and maintain[ing] social [safety] and food safety nets to protect those who are unable to provide for themselves. As far as possible, and with due regard to effectiveness and coverage, states should [consider] build[ing] on existing capacities within communities at risk to provide the necessary resources for social safety and food safety nets to fulfil the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. [states may wish to consider the benefits of procuring locally.]³⁴⁰

13.1 States should consider, to the extent that resources and development capacities permit, establishing and maintaining social safety and food safety nets to protect those who are unable to provide for themselves under the circumstances beyond their control. As far as possible, and with due regard to effectiveness and coverage, states should consider building on existing capacities within communities at risk to provide the necessary resources for social safety and food safety nets to fulfil the progressive realization of the right to adequate food states may wish to consider the benefits of procuring locally.³⁴¹

13.1bis States and international organizations should consider the benefits of procuring locally and implement reasonable policies of local procurement for food assistance, that could integrate the nutritional needs of the beneficiary population and the commercial interests of local producers. ³⁴²

[13.2 The design of social and food safety nets will depend on objectives, budget, existing administrative capacity and local circumstances such as levels of food supply and local food markets. States should are encouraged to nonetheless ensure that they adequately target those in need and ensure universal access by those who meet the established eligibility criteria.]³⁴³

13.2 The design of social and food safety nets will depend on objectives, budget, existing administrative capacity and local circumstances such as levels of food supply and local food markets. States should [are encouraged to nonetheless ensure that they adequately] target those in need and ensure universal access by those who meet the established eligibility criteria.³⁴⁴
13.2 The design of social and food safety nets will depend on objectives, budget, existing administrative capacity and local circumstances such as levels of food supply and local food markets. The type of safety nets used will also depend on the nature of food insecurity (i.e. acute, transitory or chronic) and the need for different responses in different situations. States [should] will [are encouraged to nonetheless] respect the principle of non-discrimination in the establishment of [ensure that they adequately target those in need and ensure universal access by those who meet the established] eligibility criteria.³⁴⁵

13.3 States are encouraged to take steps, to the extent that resources permit, so that any measure of an economic or financial nature, likely to have a negative impact on existing levels of food consumption, be complemented with provision for effective food safety nets.

13.3 States will [are encouraged to] take steps, to the extent that resources permit, so that any measure of an economic or financial nature, likely to have a negative impact on existing levels of food consumption, be complemented with provision for effective food safety nets. Safety nets need to be linked with other complementary interventions that promote food security in the longer term.³⁴⁶

13.3 States should [are encouraged to] take steps, to the extent that resources permit, to complement the efforts of vulnerable groups to their right to adequate food [so that any measure of an economic or financial nature, likely to have a negative impact on existing levels of food consumption, be complemented] with provision for effective food safety nets.³⁴⁷

13.3 States should [are encouraged to] take steps, to the extent that resources permit, so that any measure of an economic or financial nature, likely to have a negative impact on existing levels of food consumption, be complemented with provision for effective food safety nets.³⁴⁸

13.4 In situations where it has been determined that food plays an appropriate role in safety nets, food assistance should bridge the gap between the nutritional needs of the affected population and their ability to meet those needs themselves. [Any food] Food assistance should [be provided with the fullest possible participation of beneficiaries, and] be adequate in terms of quality, energy and protein content [and micronutrient levels to] for satisfying the nutritional requirements of individuals.³⁵⁰
13.4 In situations where it has been determined that food plays an appropriate role in safety nets, food assistance should bridge the gap between the nutritional needs of the affected population and their ability to meet those needs themselves. Any food should be provided with the fullest possible participation of beneficiaries, and be adequate in terms of quality, energy, protein content and micronutrient levels for satisfying the nutritional requirements of individuals. It should be culturally and consumer acceptable.³⁵¹
13.4 In situations where it has been determined that food plays an appropriate role in safety nets, food assistance should reduce [bridge] the gap between the nutritional needs of the affected population and their ability to meet those needs themselves. Any food should be provided with the [fullest possible] participation of beneficiaries, and be adequate in terms of quality, energy, protein content and micronutrient levels [to satisfy the nutritional requirements of individuals].³⁵²

13.5 Governments should consider accompanying food assistance used in safety net schemes to maximize benefits towards ensuring people’s adequate access to and utilization of food. Essential complementary activities include access to clean water and sanitation, health care interventions such as de-worming and nutrition education activities.

13.5 [Governments] States should consider accompanying food assistance used in safety net schemes with complementary activities to maximize benefits towards ensuring people’s adequate access to and utilization of food. Essential complementary activities include access to clean water and sanitation, health care interventions [such as de-worming ]and nutrition education activities.³⁵³

13.5 [Governments should] States will consider accompanying food assistance used in safety net schemes with complementary activities to maximize benefits towards ensuring people’s adequate access to and utilization of food. Essential complementary activities include access to clean water and sanitation, health care interventions [such as de-worming] and nutritional education activities.³⁵⁴

13.5 [Governments] States should consider accompanying food assistance used in safety net schemes to maximize benefits towards ensuring people’s adequate access to and utilization of food. [Essential complementary activities] An integral part of safety nets includes access to clean water and sanitation, health care interventions [such as de-worming] and nutrition education activities.³⁵⁵

13.5 [Governments] States should consider accompanying food assistance used in safety net schemes to maximize benefits towards ensuring people’s [adequate] access to and utilization of adequate food. Essential complementary activities include access to clean water and sanitation, health care interventions such as de-worming and nutrition education activities.³⁵⁶
13.5 [Governments should] States should consider accompanying food assistance used in safety net schemes with complementary activities to maximize benefits towards ensuring people’s adequate access to and utilization of food, combined with the activities including access to education, health, clean drinking water and sanitation facilities. [Essential complementary activities include access to clean water and sanitation, health care interventions such as de-worming and nutrition education activities].³⁵⁷

13.6 In the constitution of safety nets it must be taken into consideration the important role of international organizations such as FAO, IFAD, and WFP, who have the mission of fighting extreme rural poverty, the promotion of world food safety, development, and others.³⁵⁸

GUIDELINE 14: INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID

[GUIDELINE 14: INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID MOVE TO PART V]³⁵⁹

14.1 States should review their food aid policies to support national efforts by recipient states to implement these Guidelines. In the broader context of food security policy, states are also encouraged to intensify their efforts to base their food aid policies on sound needs assessment that involve both recipient and donors and that target specially needy and vulnerable groups. In this context, states are encouraged to provide such assistance in a manner that takes into account the importance of food safety, local food production capacity, and the nutritional needs and culture of recipient populations.

14.1 Donor States [should] will ensure that [review] their food aid policies [to] support national efforts by recipient States to implement food security policies [these guidelines. In the broader context of food security policy, states are also encouraged to intensify their efforts to] and base their food aid provisions [policies] on sound needs assessment [that involve both recipient and donors and that] targeting specially needy and vulnerable groups. In this context, States [are encouraged to] will provide such assistance in a manner that does not disrupt local food production and takes into account [the importance of] food safety concerns [, local food production capacity,] and the nutritional needs and culture of recipient populations. Food aid should be if possible untied with a clear exit strategy and avoid the creation of dependency.³⁶⁰
14.1 States which provide assistance in form of food aid should regularly examine their relevant policies and [should] review [their food aid policies] them to support national efforts by recipient states to [implement] achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security [these guidelines]. In the broader context of food security policy, states [are also encouraged to intensify their efforts to] should base their food aid policies on sound needs assessment that involve both recipient and donors and that target specially needy and vulnerable groups. In this context, states [are encouraged to] should provide such assistance in a manner that takes into account the importance of food safety, local and regional food production capacity, and the nutritional needs and culture of recipient populations.³⁶¹
14.1 [States] Donor states should ensure that [review] their food aid policies [to] support national efforts by recipient states to achieve food security [implement these guidelines]. In the broader context of food security policy, states are also encouraged to intensify their efforts to base their food aid policies on sound needs assessment that involve both recipient and donors and [that] targeting specially needy and vulnerable groups. In this context, states are encouraged to provide such assistance in a manner that takes into account the importance of food safety, local food production capacity, and the nutritional and dietary needs within the food[and] culture of recipient populations.³⁶²

14.2 International food-aid transactions, including bilateral food aid which is monetized, should be carried out in a manner consistent with the FAO Principles of Surplus Disposal and Consultative Obligations, the 1999 Food Aid Convention and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and should meet the food safety standards of the donor and recipient countries.

14.2 International food-aid transactions, including bilateral food aid which is monetized, should be carried out in a manner consistent with the FAO Principles of Surplus Disposal and Consultative Obligations, the [1999] Food Aid Convention and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. [and should meet the food safety standards of the donor and recipient countries.]³⁶³

14.2 International food-aid transactions, including bilateral food aid which is monetized, should be carried out in a manner consistent with the FAO Principles of Surplus Disposal and Consultative Obligations, the [1999] Food Aid Convention and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and should meet the food safety standards, cultural values of the donor and recipient countries and may not have negative impacts on the local market.³⁶⁴

14.2 International food-aid transactions, including bilateral food aid which is monetized, will not have to be used like instrument to place food surplus, nor like means of political and economic pressure, [should be carried out] in a manner consistent with the FAO Principles of Surplus Disposal and Consultative Obligations, the Declaration of the World Food Summit: five years later (2002), the 1999 Food Aid Convention and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and should meet the food safety standards of the donor and recipient countries. Food aid should be administrated efficiently and effectively and be able to check the quality of the food provided.³⁶⁵

14.3 Developed States are encouraged to increase their ODA to the UN standards and allocate 20% of country related aid to food security and agriculture-related projects.³⁶⁶

14.7[2] International food-aid transactions, including bilateral food aid which is monetized, should be carried out in a manner consistent with the FAO Principles of Surplus Disposal and Consultative Obligations, the [1999 ] Food Aid Convention and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and should meet the food safety standards of the donor and recipient countries.³⁶⁷
14.2. States and non-state actors should ensure safe and unimpeded access to the populations in need, as well as for international needs assessments and humanitarian agencies involved in the distribution of international food assistance.³⁶⁸
14.3. The provision of international food aid in emergency situations should take particular account of longer term rehabilitation and development objectives in the recipient countries and should respect basic humanitarian principles.³⁶⁹
14.4. The planning, monitoring and evaluation of the provision of food aid should, as far as possible, be made in a participatory manner. It should be based on an evaluation of needs under the responsibility of the recipient country and aimed at enhancing food security in the recipient country.³⁷⁰
14.5. The potential effects of international food aid upon local food production and upon the markets for agricultural products produced in the country should be fully considered and steps taken to minimize any negative effects. Efforts should be made to avoid dependency on food aid by designing food-assistance programmes that promote self reliance and sustainable solutions.³⁷¹
14.6. The provision of international food aid should not be tied to commercial exports of agricultural products or other goods and services to recipient countries.³⁷²

GUIDELINE 15: EMERGENCIES

GUIDELINE 15: NATURAL DISASTERS AND COMPLEX EMERGENCIES, INCLUDING ARMED CONFLICTS AND SITUATIONS OF OCCUPATION ³⁷³

GUIDELINE 15: HUMANITARIAN CRISIS AND EMERGENCIES³⁷⁴

15.1 In the case of natural or human-made emergencies states should provide food assistance to those in their territory in need and on request international community should come forward in case of devastating situations [assistance if their own resources do not suffice].³⁷⁵

15.1 In the case of natural or human-made emergencies states should provide food assistance to those in their territory in need and request international assistance if their own resources do not suffice. The developed states are encouraged to provide assistance voluntary depending on the emergency assistance requirements for such individuals and household for their food security complemented by health, education and access to potable water and sanitation facilities.³⁷⁶

15.1 In the case of natural or human-made emergencies states should provide food assistance to those in need and request international assistance, in accordance with relevant international conventions [in their territory in need and request international assistance if their own resources do not suffice].³⁷⁷

15.1 In the case of natural or human-made emergencies states should provide food assistance to those they [in their territory in] need it, including refugees and request international assistance if their own resources do not suffice. Assistance in emergencies should be adapted to local circunstances, tradition and culture.³⁷⁸

15.1 [In the case of natural or human-made emergencies] States should provide food assistance to those in their territory in need and request international assistance if their own resources do not suffice.³⁷⁹

15.1 In the case of natural or human-made emergencies states should provide food assistance to those in their territory in need and request international assistance if their own resources do not suffice. In such circumstances, states should facilitate the work of humanitarian agencies seeking to assist populations in need.³⁸⁰

15.1 In the case of natural disasters or [human-made] complex emergencies, affected states should provide assistance, when appropriate food assistance, to those [in their territory]in need in their territory and, if needed, request international assistance [if their own resources do not suffice] according to existing internationally accepted procedures. Assistance should be guided by the universally recognised humanitarian principles and be adapted, as far as possible, to local circumstances, traditions and cultures.³⁸¹
15.1 In the case of natural or man-made [human-made] emergencies States [should] will provide food assistance to those [in their territory] in need and facilitate safe and unhindered [request] international assistance. [if their own resources do not suffice.] ³⁸²
15.1bis Food should never be used as a means of political and economic pressure. Parties to the armed conflict should respect the right to food and refrain from destroying food producing centres. Occupation powers should not use the destruction of food related goods and services, as well as other essential facilities for livelihoods, as means of punishment. The access of the occupied population to adequate and safe food should be governed by the prevailing international law and monitored by an impartial body. Occupying powers should refrain from obstructing the distribution of food commodities in occupied territories.³⁸³
15.1bis States whose population ae in need of humanitarian asssitance should ensure safe and unimpeded access for internationally recognized needs assessment and food aid distribution.³⁸⁴

15.2 States should put in place adequate and functioning mechanisms of early warning to prevent or mitigate the effects of natural disasters. Early warning systems should be based on international standards and cooperation, and on constant monitoring and reliable data. States should take appropriate emergency preparedness measures, such as keeping food stocks or funds for the acquisition of food available for quick distribution.

15.2 States [should] will put in place adequate and functioning mechanisms of early warning to prevent or mitigate the effects of natural disasters. Early warning systems should be based on international standards and cooperation, and on constant monitoring and reliable data. States [should] will take appropriate emergency preparedness measures, such as keeping food stocks or funds for the acquisition of food available for quick distribution.³⁸⁵
15.2 States should put in place adequate and functioning mechanisms of early warning to prevent or mitigate the effects of natural disasters. Early warning systems should be based on international standards and cooperation and be based on constant monitoring and on reliable, disaggregated data. States should take appropriate emergency preparedness measures, such as keeping food stocks or funds for the acquisition of food, and ensure that adequate systems for distribution are in place. [available for quick distribution.]

15.2 States should take [put in place] adequate and functioning measures [mechanisms] of early warning to prevent or mitigate the effects of natural disasters. Early warning systems should be based on international standards and cooperation, and on constant monitoring and reliable data. States should make aware the people, particularly those who are living in the coastal areas and take appropriate emergency preparedness measures, such as keeping food stocks or funds for the acquisition of food available for quick distribution and post-disaster deceases.³⁸⁶

15.2 States should put in place adequate and functioning mechanisms of early warning to prevent or mitigate the effects of natural disasters or complex emergencies. Early warning systems should be based on international standards [and cooperation and be based on constant monitoring ] and reliable data and should be constantly monitored. States should take appropriate emergency preparedness measures, such as keeping food stocks or funds for the acquisition of food available for quick distribution.³⁸⁷

15.2 States should put in place adequate and functioning mechanisms of early warning and contingent plan to prevent or mitigate the effects of natural disasters. Early warning systems should be based on international standards and cooperation, and on constant monitoring and reliable data. States should take appropriate emergency preparedness measures, such as keeping food stocks [or funds for the acquisition of food] to meet the emergency requirement [available for quick distribution].³⁸⁸

15.3 States and other parties to armed conflicts shall abide by / comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law, in particular the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, and human rights law, in particular regarding norms and standards specifically aimed at ensuring food, or access to food in situations of armed conflict and occupation.³⁸⁹

15.4 States should make every effort to ensure that ongoing conflicts do not interfere with the availability and accessibility of food to all people within their territories, and to ensure that refugees and internally displaced persons have access, at all times, to adequate food. In this respect, states and other relevant stakeholders should make use of the principles and rules contained in the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement to guide their activities.³⁹⁰

15.5 All parties to an armed conflict shall abide by the rules governing humanitarian assistance and the protection / safety and security of humanitarian personnel. States and all parties should accept humanitarian assistance, in particular food assistance, that is non-discriminatory and impartial, neutral and independent, when reasonable and necessary, to ensure the availability of food and other supplies to the civilian population during armed conflict and situations of occupation.³⁹¹

Moved from 9.5:15.3 States [may wish to] should [consider] establish [establishing] mechanisms to assess nutritional impact and take account of coping strategies in the event of natural disasters and complex emergencies as part of their efforts to target, design and implement appropriate nutrition strategies throughout relief and rehabilitation responses.³⁹²

Part IV: Accountability and Rule of Law

GUIDELINE 16: MONITORING, INDICATORS AND BENCHMARKS

16.1 States that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach may wish to establish mechanisms to monitor the implementation of these Guidelines, in accordance with their capacity and by building on existing information systems and addressing information gaps.

16.1 States will [that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach may wish to] establish mechanisms to monitor the implementation of these Guidelines, in accordance with their capacity and by building on existing information systems and addressing information gaps including, where necessary and appropriate,³⁹³
16.1 States [that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach may wish to] should establish mechanisms to monitor the progressive realization of the right to adequate food and the use of [implementation of] these guidelines towards this achievement, in accordance with national [their] capacity and by building on existing information systems and addressing information gaps.³⁹⁴

16.1 States [that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach may wish to] should establish mechanisms to [monitor the implementation] implement the progressive realization of the right to adequate food [of these Guidelines], in accordance with their national capacity and by building on existing information systems and addressing information gaps.³⁹⁵

16.1 States that have[as a matter of national law or policy] adopted a rights-based approach may wish to establish mechanisms to monitor the implementation of that approach [these Guidelines], in accordance with their capacity and by building on existing information systems and addressing information gaps.³⁹⁶

16.1 States [that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach] may wish to establish mechanisms to monitor the [implementation of these guidelines] progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security , in accordance with their capacity and by building on existing information systems and addressing information gaps.³⁹⁷
16bis States should establish food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems and other appropriate mechanisms with the participation of civil society to monitor and evaluate the progressive realization of the right to adequate food and the implementation of these guidelines.³⁹⁸

16.2 Such states may wish to consider adopting a requirement for “Right to Food Impact Assessments”, both ex ante and ex post, in order to identify the impact of domestic policies, programmes and projects on such food related rights of the population at large and vulnerable groups in particular, and as a basis for the adoption of the necessary corrective measures.

16.2 [Such s] States should [may wish to] consider adopting a requirement for “Right to Food Impact Assessments”, both ex ante and ex post, in order to identify the impact of domestic policies, programmes and projects on [such food related rights] the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food of the population at large and vulnerable groups in particular, and as a basis for the adoption of the necessary corrective measures.³⁹⁹

16.2 Such states should [may wish to consider adopting] adopt a requirement for “Right to Food Impact Assessments”, both ex ante and ex post, in order to identify the impact of domestic policies, programmes and projects on such food related rights of the population at large and vulnerable groups in particular, and as a basis for the adoption of the necessary corrective measures.⁴⁰⁰

• [16.2 Such states may wish to consider adopting a requirement for “Right to Food Impact Assessments”, both ex ante and ex post, in order to identify] assessing the impact of domestic policies, programmes and projects on [such food related rights of] the population at large and vulnerable groups in particular, and as a basis for the adoption of the necessary corrective measures;⁴⁰¹

16.3 Such states may also wish to develop a set of process, impact and outcome indicators, relying in the first instance on indicators already in use, so as to assess implementation of food related rights. They may wish to establish appropriate benchmarks to be achieved in the short, medium and long term, which relate directly to meeting poverty and hunger reduction targets as a minimum, as well as other national and international goals including those adopted at the World Food Summit and the Millennium Summit.

16.3 [Such states] States may also wish to develop a set of process, [impact and]outcome and impact indicators, relying in the first instance on indicators already in use, including those found in international monitoring systems such as FIVIMS, so as to assess implementation of the right to adequate food[food related rights]. They may wish to establish appropriate benchmarks to be achieved in the short, medium and long term, which relate directly to meeting poverty and hunger reduction targets as a minimum, as well as other national and international goals including those adopted at the World Food Summit and the Millennium Summit.⁴⁰²
16.3 Such states may also wish to develop a set of process, impact and outcome indicators, relying in the first instance on indicators already in use, so as to assess [implementation of food related rights] the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. They may wish to establish appropriate benchmarks to be achieved in the short, medium and long term, which relate directly to meeting poverty and hunger reduction targets as a minimum, as well as other national and international goals including those adopted at the World Food Summit and the Millennium Summit.⁴⁰³

16.3 [Such states] States [may also wish to] should develop a set of process, impact and outcome indicators, relying in the first instance on indicators already in use, so as to assess implementation of food related rights. [They may wish to] States should establish appropriate benchmarks to be achieved in the short, medium and long term, which relate directly to meeting poverty and hunger reduction targets as a minimum, as well as other national and international goals including those adopted at the World Food Summit and the Millennium Summit.⁴⁰⁴

• [16.3 Such states may also wish to] developing a set of [process,] impact and outcome indicators, [relying in the first instance on indicators already in use,] so as to assess implementation of the right to adequate food [related rights];
• [They may wish to] establishing appropriate benchmarks to be achieved in the short, medium and long term, which relate directly to meeting poverty and hunger reduction targets as a minimum, as well as other national and international goals including those adopted at the World Food Summit and the Millennium Summit;⁴⁰⁵

16.4 In such case, process indicators could be so identified or designed that they explicitly relate and reflect the use of specific policy instruments and interventions with outcomes consistent with the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national security. Such indicators could adequately capture the adoption and implementation of legal, policy and administrative measures, any discriminatory practices and outcomes, and the extent of political and social participation in the process of realizing the right.

16.4 In such case, process indicators could be so identified or designed that they explicitly relate and reflect the use of specific policy instruments and interventions with outcomes consistent with the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. Such indicators could adequately capture the adoption and implementation of legal, policy and administrative measures, any discriminatory practices and outcomes, and the extent of political and social participation in the process of realizing the right.⁴⁰⁶

16.4 [In such case,] Process indicators could be so identified or designed that they explicitly relate and reflect the goals and use of specific policy instruments such as the national food and nutrition policies, and interventions with outcomes consistent with the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national security. Such indicators could adequately capture the adoption and implementation of legal, policy and administrative measures, any discriminatory practices and outcomes, and the extent of political and social participation in the process of realizing the right.⁴⁰⁷

16.4 In such case, process indicators could be so identified or designed that they explicitly relate and reflect the use of specific policy instruments and interventions with outcomes consistent with the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national security. Such indicators should effectively lead to the [could adequately capture the adoption and] implementation of legal, policy and administrative measures, any discriminatory practices and outcomes, and the extent of political and social participation in the process of realizing that [the] right.⁴⁰⁸

16.4 In such case, process indicators [could] should be so identified or designed that they explicitly relate and reflect the use of specific policy instruments and interventions with outcomes consistent with the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national security. Such indicators [could] should adequately capture the adoption and implementation of legal, policy and administrative measures, any discriminatory practices and outcomes, and the extent of political and social participation in the process of realizing the right.⁴⁰⁹

• [16.4, In such case], identifying process indicators to [could be so identified or designed that they] explicitly relate and reflect the use of specific policy instruments and interventions with outcomes consistent with the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. Such indicators could adequately capture the adoption and implementation of legal, policy and administrative measures, any discriminatory practices and outcomes, and the extent of political and social participation in the process of realizing the right.⁴¹⁰

16.5 States may wish, in particular, to monitor the food-security status of women and children and vulnerable groups and their nutritional status, including the prevalence of micro-nutrient deficiencies.

16.5 States should [may wish to], in particular, monitor the food-security and nutritional status of women, [and] children, and vulnerable groups [and their nutritional status, including the prevalence of micro-nutrient deficiencies].⁴¹¹

16.5 States should [may wish, in particular, to] monitor the food-security status of vulnerable groups, especially women, old people and children, as well as [and vulnerable groups and] their nutritional status, including the prevalence of micro-nutrient deficiencies.⁴¹²

• [16.5 States should may wish, in particular, to] monitoring the food-security status of women and children and vulnerable groups and their nutritional status, including the prevalence of micro-nutrient deficiencies.⁴¹³

16.6 To the extent possible, the process of information gathering, management, analysis and interpretation, and dissemination should be highly participatory.

16.2[6 To the extent possible,] The process of information gathering, management, analysis and interpretation, and dissemination should be highly participatory.⁴¹⁴
16.6 States should, [to the extent possible], ensure a participatory [the] process of information gathering, management, analysis and interpretation, and dissemination[should be highly participatory].⁴¹⁵

Guideline 16bis: The rule of law⁴¹⁶
"16bis.1 States are urged to ensure, in accordance with their international human rights obligations, that all individuals, including human rights defenders, are accorded due protection under the law and that due process is guaranteed in all legal proceedings. ⁴¹⁷

16bis.2 Where appropriate, States could ensure that individuals are able to access necessary legal assistance in bringing legal claims to better assert their human rights. ⁴¹⁸

GUIDELINE 17: NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS

GUIDELINE 17: NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS AND RULE OF LAW⁴¹⁹

17.1 States that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach and which have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons, may wish to include the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security in their mandates. States which do not have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons may wish to establish them. Human rights institutions should be independent and autonomous from the government.

17.1 States that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach and which have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons, should [may wish to]include the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security in their mandates. States which do not have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons are encouraged [may wish] to establish them. Human rights institutions should be independent and autonomous[from the government].⁴²⁰

17.1 States that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach and which have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons, should [may wish to] include the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security in their mandates. States which do not have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons should [may wish to] establish them. Human rights institutions should be independent and autonomous and established in accordance with the Paris Principles [from the government].⁴²¹

17.1 States that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach and which have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons, [may wish] will, where appropriate and necessary, [to] include the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security in their mandates. States which do not have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons are encouraged [may wish] to establish them. Such human [Human] rights institutions should be independent and autonomous from the government in accordance with the Paris Principles.⁴²²

17.1 [States that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach and which have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons, may wish to include the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security in their mandates.] States which do not have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons should [may wish to] establish them. National law should be enacted in order to establish and guarantee that the Human rights institutions are [should be] independent and autonomous from the government. States that have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons should consider the inclusion of the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in their mandates. Giving the institution or ombudsperson the power to receive petitions (complains) from individuals or groups concerning the progressive realization of the right to adequate food, and to issue recommendations with respect to them without prejudice to any right to bring a case for judicial adjudication. States should encourage civil society organizations and individuals at large to participate in monitoring activities undertaken by national human rights institutions with respect to the right to adequate food.⁴²³

17.1 States that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach and which have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons, may wish to include the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security in their mandates. States which do not have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons may wish to establish them. Human rights institutions may [should] be independent and autonomous from the government.⁴²⁴

17.2 States may wish to encourage stakeholders at large to participate in the monitoring of measures and policies.

17.2 States should [may wish to] encourage and ensure the participation of civil society organisations and all other stakeholders [stakeholders at large to participate] in the monitoring and evaluation of measures and policies⁴²⁵

[17.2 States may wish to encourage stakeholders at large to participate in the monitoring of measures and policies.]⁴²⁶

17.2 States should [may wish to] encourage stakeholders at large to participate in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of measures and policies.⁴²⁷

Comments on Part V

Every para should be a guideline (Syria).
The international community - developed countries and international organizations -needs to support developing countries in their efforts. International cooperation is of great importance. The whole section should be reworded and strengthened. (Venezuela - GRULAC, Near East, Developing countries of Asia and Africa).
It is important to have an 'International Dimension' section. The section should have 3 guidelines: one on International Cooperation, one on International Food Aid, and one on International Monitoring (Switzerland).
The international and the national dimensions cannot be separated - human rights are also a concern of the international community (Afghanistan, GRULAC).

EU-Speaking points on International References⁴²⁸

• The EU has declared itself open to discuss and consider other partners positions concerning international references. However, bearing in mind the clear mandate of the IGWG the EU questions the need for and the value of international references. The EU reservations are based on, inter alia, the following considerations:

The EU considers that national governments retain primary responsibility for creating the economic and political environment that will ensure food security for their citizens.
The EU thinks that the mandate of the IGWG is explicit on this question, refering clearly to the elaboration of guidelines in the context of national food security.
The voluntary guidelines, which are intended as a practical tool for States, are rights based. The body of the draft Voluntary Guidelines contains explicit references to legally binding human rights obligations and the EU considers it important to avoid confusion between legally binding human rights obligations and non-legally binding commitments.

• International trade, overseas development assistance and technical support and co-operation are mentioned in the bureau text as having a role to play. The EU notes that other spokespersons have referred to these aspects already. The international community including the EU has made commitments, regarding these issues, in other fora. It is clear that the mandate of the IGWG is to explicitly focus on national food security strategies and the EU believes that the voluntary guidelines must avoid considering matters that are more appropriate to other fora, and should avoid specific detailed references to these issues in the Guidelines sections of the text.

• Bearing in mind the mandate of the IGWG any references to international aspects could only be done in support of the purpose of the voluntary guidelines, which is to support States in achieving the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.

• This EU position does not prejudice its commitment to support national governments in their efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition and to cooperate actively within a global partership for development.The EU has already stated such commitments in the context of major recent International Conferences including the Millenium Declaration, the World Food Summit: Five Years Later and the Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey.

• The implementation of these Voluntary Guidelines is the sovereign right and responsibility of each State through national laws and the formulation of strategies, policies, programmes and development priorities. The EU considers that the role of national development strategies is paramount and cannot be overemphasised.

• The European Union reiterates the call in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, where the World Conference on Human Rights called upon States to refrain from any unilateral measure not in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations that creates obstacles to trade relations among States and impedes the full realisation of the human rights set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights instruments, including, inter alia, the right of everyone to adequate food.
• The Union further reiterates the affirmation in the World Conference on Human Rights that food should not be used as a tool for political pressure.

[Part V: International Framework

PART V: INTERNATIONAL ENABLING ENVIRONMENT [FRAMEWORK]⁴²⁹

1. The international communities' commitment to the eradication of extreme hunger is clearly reflected in the target set at the World Food Summit to reduce the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015, and in the first Millennium Development Goal to, by the same year, reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

2. States have the primary responsibility for creating an economic and political environment that assures the food security of their citizens, involving for this purpose all elements of civil society. The international community and the UN system, including FAO and all other stakeholders, as well as other institution and bodies according to their mandates, have important contributions to offer for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.

3. Under article 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, “All Members [of the United Nations] pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55”, which states that the United Nations shall promote, inter alia “higher standards of living”, “condition of economic and social progress and development”, “solutions to international economic, social, health and related problems” and “universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all”.

4. In accordance with Millennium Development Goal Number 8, technical cooperation, financial cooperation, including debt relief, and international trade are of particular importance to support the national effort to carry out the purpose of these guidelines.

4. In accordance with Millennium Development Goal Number 8, technical cooperation, financial cooperation [, including debt relief,] and international trade are of particular importance to support the national effort to carry out the purpose of these guidelines.⁴³⁰

4. Taking into account relevant internationally agreed development goals, including those adopted at the [In accordance with] Millennium Development Summit [Goal Number 8], technical cooperation, financial cooperation, including debt relief, and international trade are of particular importance to support the national effort to carry out the purpose of these guidelines.⁴³¹

5. Developed countries that have not done so should be encouraged to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNP) as official development assistance (ODA) to developing countries and, as reconfirmed in the Third United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries, 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of GNP of developed countries to least developed countries. Developing countries should be encouraged to build on progress achieved in ensuring that ODA is used effectively to help achieve development goals and targets, including the enhancement of national food security.

[5. Developed countries that have not done so should be encouraged to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNP) as official development assistance (ODA) to developing countries and, as reconfirmed in the Third United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries, 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of GNP of developed countries to least developed countries. Developing countries should be encouraged to build on progress achieved in ensuring that ODA is used effectively to help achieve development goals and targets, including the enhancement of national food security.]⁴³²

6. States should be encouraged to pursue external debt relief vigorously and expeditiously, in order to liberate resources that can then be directed towards national activities for combating hunger, consistent with attaining sustainable growth and development.

6. States should be encouraged to pursue external debt relief [vigorously and expeditiously], in order to liberate resources that can then be directed towards national activities for combating hunger, consistent with attaining sustainable growth and development.⁴³³

[6. States should be encouraged to pursue external debt relief vigorously and expeditiously, in order to liberate resources that can then be directed towards national activities for combating hunger, consistent with attaining sustainable growth and development].⁴³⁴

7. International trade creates possibilities for reducing hunger and poverty. States should strive to ensure that the poor and hungry have access to sufficient resources to seize these opportunities and that institutions and policies work in their favour.

8. States should take steps with a view to avoiding and refraining from any unilateral measure not in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations that would impede the full achievement of economic and social development by the population of the potentially affected countries.

9. Food should not be used as a tool for political pressure.

10. International organizations are encouraged to cooperate with states in the implementation of these guidelines at the national level.

10. International organizations are encouraged to cooperate with states [in the implementation] utilization and application of these guidelines at the national level.⁴³⁵

11. States and international organizations, including civil society organizations, are encouraged to respond to appeals for emergency assistance in a timely manner.]⁴³⁶

PART V INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION⁴³⁷

1.- International cooperation is a sine qua non requirement for the eradication of hunger, poverty and extreme poverty in developing countries in general, and the least developing countries in particular. It is also crucial for the implementacion of these Guidelines.
2.- The need and urgency for international assistance is embedded in the target set at the World Food Summit, namely to reduce the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015, and in the Millenium Development Goal 1 which, stipulates a similar reduction by the same year of people who suffer from hunger.
3.- Economic and Social development is the framework in which these Guidelines are to be implemented. States have the primary responsibility for creating an economic and political environment that assures the food security of their citizens, involving for this purpose all elements of civil society. The international community and the UN system, including FAO, WFP and IFAD [as well as other agencies and bodies according to their mandates], have important contributions to offer for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. International co-operation should be strengthened as hunger and malnutrition are basically due to lack of access to food and basic services– some of the causes of which are poverty and under-development.
3bis .- International assistance for economic and social development is enshrined in the declarations of many international forums. It is embodied in article 56 of United Nations Charter as a pledge by all Member Nations in the realizations of economic, social and human rights goals set forth in article 55.
4 .- The Millenium Development Goal 8 spells out the commitments undertaken by Member Nations with respect to the level of ODA, trade promotion and access, debt relief and sharing the benefits of new technologies with the developing countries. It calls on rich countries to provide more generous development assistance, without which poor countries will be unable to achieve the Millennium Development Goals 1 to 7.
5.- The Millenium commitments have been subsequently reaffirmed in several other agreements. The Monterrey Consensus urged donor countries to reach the aid target of 0,7% of GNI as set in 1970, with 0,15% to 0,20% of the GNI directed to the LDCs, and to offer debt relief to countries that are willing to introduce good governance. The Doha Declaration affirmed that commitment to market access and poverty reduction goals are central to the work of WTO. The World Summit on Sustainable Development reaffirmed the Monterrey Consensus and the Doha Declaration.
6.- Within the scope of these Guidelines, State and aid partners should make joint efforts by directing development assistance to areas of greater relevance to the realization of the right to adequate food in developing countries, and particularly to rural infrastructure. With mutually agreed arrangement the partners should ensure transparency and accountability in the utilization of aid and improving its coordination. Recipients and donors should also direct an increasing share of techical cooperation towards capacity building, institutional development and support to policy formulation, implementation and its impact assessment.
7.- Other crucial factors in the realization of these Guidelines are raising the need of agriculture and rural development in total ODA, improving the geographical spread of development assistance within recipient countries, better targeting of aid utilization, making development assistance less untied and the realignment of IFI's lending criteria in support of poverty eradication, promoting food security and supporting the progresive realization of the right to adequate food.
8.- States should pursue external debt relief vigourously and expeditiously in order to release resources for combating hunger, alleviating rural and urban poverty and promoting sustainable development. Donors should expedite and deepen debt releif under the HIPC initiative and in linking debt-service charges to paying capacity of the heavily indebted poor countries.
9.- Expanded international trade opens opportunities for hunger and poverty reduction in the developing countries. States should strive to ensure that the poor and hungry have access to sufficient resources to seize these opportunities. On their part, rich countries should expand market access, allow more imports from developing countries through tariff reduction, lowering import quotas, reducing domestic subsidies, assisting developing countries in export diversification and the eventual elimination of agricultural export subsidies as contained in Doha Declaration.
10.- As part of their commitments for international cooperation, States should favour the transfer of technology to developing countries and share with them their knowledge and the result of their research in food and agricultural production and also for solving the problems of poverty such as combating HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, developing drought and pest-resistance varieties for food crops and developing new sources of low cost energy.
11.- States should refrain from any unilateral measure not in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations that would hamper access to food and impede the full achievement of economic and social development by the population of the potentially affected countries. Food should not be used as a tool for political and economic pressure.
12.- States should, in consultation with the private sector that maintains close relations with other countries, promote free and fair markets and establish ethical norms to regulate bussiness practices in order to promote local production of food and other agricultural products and activities.
13.- International organizations should assist states in the implementation of these Guidelines.
14.- States and international organizations, including civil society organizations, should respond to appeals for emergency assistance in a timely manner.

Part V International [framework] dimension⁴³⁸

Guideline X1 International Cooperation

1. The international community, at the World Food Summit in 1996, committed itself to [ies' commitment to the] eradicate [eradication of] extreme hunger [is clearly reflected in the target set at the World Food Summit to reduce] and the number of undernourished people to half their [present] level at that time no later than by 2015. It confirmed this commitment , [and] in the first Millennium Development Goal and in the Declaration of the World Food Summit: five years later on the International Alliance Against Hunger to[by the same year,] reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015.
2. States have the primary responsibility for creating an economic and political environment that assures the food security of their citizens, involving for this purpose all elements of civil society. The international community, and the UN system, including FAO, as well as other agencies and bodies according to their mandates, have important contributions to offer for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.
3. Under article 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, “All Members [of the United Nations] pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55”, which states that the United Nations shall promote, inter alia a “higher standards of living”, “condition of economic and social progress and development”, “solutions to international economic, social, health, and related problems” and “universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all”.
4. In accordance with Millennium Development Goal Number 8, technical cooperation, financial cooperation, including debt relief, and international trade are of particular importance to support the national effort to carry out the purpose of these guidelines.
5. Developed countries that have not done so should be encouraged to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNP) as official development assistance (ODA) to developing countries and, as reconfirmed by the Third UN Conference on Least Developed Countries, and, as reconfirmed in the 3^rd United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries, 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of GNP of developed countries to least developed countries. Developing countries should be encouraged to build on progress achieved in ensuring that ODA is used effectively to help achieve development goals and targets, including the enhancement of national food security.
6. States should be encouraged to pursue external debt relief vigorously and expeditiously, in order to liberate resources that can then be directed towards national activities for combating hunger, consistent with attaining sustainable growth and development.
7. International trade creates possibilities for reducing hunger and poverty. States should strive to ensure that the poor and hungry have fair access to these opportunities, sufficient resources to seize them [these opportunities] and that institutions and policies work in their favour.
8. States should take steps with a view to avoiding and refraining from any unilateral measure not in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations that would impede the full achievement of economic and social development by the population of the potentially affected countries.
9. Food should not be used as a tool for economic and political pressure.
10. International organizations are encouraged to cooperate with states in the implementation of these guidelines at the national level.
11. States and international organizations, including civil society organizations, are encouraged to co-ordinate their policies and capacity development efforts with a view to strengthening the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food at the national level. They are furthermore encouraged to respond to appeals for emergency assistance in a timely manner.

Guideline X2 International Food Aid

[14.1] 1. States which provide assistance in form of food aid should regularly examine their relevant policies and, if necessary, [should] review [their food aid policies] them to support national efforts by recipient states to implement these guidelines. In the broader context of food security policy, states should [are also encouraged to intensify their efforts to]base their food aid policies on sound needs assessment that involve both recipient and donors and that target specially needy and vulnerable groups. In this context, states [are encouraged to] should provide such assistance in a manner that takes into account the importance of food safety, local and regional food production capacity and benefits, and the nutritional needs, as well as [and] culture of recipient populations.
2. States and non-state actors should ensure safe and unimpeded access to the populations in need, as well as for international needs assessments and humanitarian agencies involved in the distribution of international food assistance.
3. The provision of international food aid in emergency situations should take particular account of longer term rehabilitation and development objectives in the recipient countries and should respect basic humanitarian principles.
4. The planning, monitoring and evaluation of the provision of food aid should, as far as possible, be made in a participatory manner. It should be based on an evaluation of needs under the responsibility of the recipient country and aimed at enhancing food security in the recipient country.
5. The potential effects of international food aid upon local food production and upon the markets for agricultural products produced in the country should be fully considered and steps taken to minimize any negative effects. Efforts should be made to avoid dependency on food aid by designing food-assistance programmes that promote self reliance and sustainable solutions.
6. The provision of international food aid should not be tied to commercial exports of agricultural products or other goods and services to recipient countries.
[14.2] 7. International food-aid transactions, including bilateral food aid which is monetized, should be carried out in a manner consistent with the FAO Principles of Surplus Disposal and Consultative Obligations, the [1999] Food Aid Convention and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and should meet the food safety standards of the donor and recipient countries.

Guideline X3 International Monitoring and Reporting

1. States should report within existing reporting procedures to relevant international organisations, such as within the CFS and the CESCR, on the progress achieved in implementing the Voluntary Guidelines.

2. Where appropriate, international organisations and stakeholders are called upon to use and adapt existing mechanisms, such as the Global Reporting Initiative, to monitor and report on the implementation of the Guidelines within their respective fields of competence.

Annex: Non-Exhaustive List of Examples⁴³⁹

In order to meet the Guidelines’ objective to support the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food, the Guidelines should be operational, addressed to and directly implementable by States and by all relevant stakeholders.

The annex follows a multi-stakeholder approach and addresses the roles and responsibilities of States, international organisations and non-state actors. Furthermore, the roles and responsibilities of States are categorised according to the different levels of the right to adequate food.

This annex is a non-exhaustive list. However, nothing in this annex should be used or interpreted in a way that undermines international obligations related to the right to adequate food.

1. States

1.1 Measures at the national level

1.1.1 National strategy

The most essential measure is the development of a national strategy for the progressive and sustainable realisation of the right to adequate food. It should include the integration of relevant elements of the right to adequate food in other national strategies, such as poverty reduction strategies. The national strategy should ensure the effective and equal participation of all people, at all levels, in decisions and actions that affect food security. Thus, it should be developed in a participatory and transparent way. The national strategy should be an instrument to strengthen the role of women as key actors in the area of the right to adequate food.

The process of developing such a strategy could include:

- Identification of the groups who do not benefit from adequate food and the causes accounting for this fact, in times of peace, crisis and conflicts, as well as in post-conflict situations;
- Comprehensive assessment of existing legislative and administrative programmes relevant for the protection of the right to adequate food;
- Development of a framework legislation and establishment of innovative programmes and measures based on a comprehensive assessment of existing legislative and administrative programmes;
- Incorporation of a rights-based approach and of the principle of non-discrimination in the framework legislation (e.g. with regard to the right of inheritance or ownership of land);
- Introduction and incorporation of accountability mechanisms, such as benchmarks, indicators, monitoring and remedies.

1.1.2 National measures

National measures should be based on the national strategy. They should be adapted to local circumstances. States ought to observe the principle of non-discrimination when developing and implementing national measures. This principle is especially relevant in cases of a lack of adequate food and water, in particular with regard to women, children, elderly people and indigenous communities.

The following measures are categorised according to the levels of the right to adequate food, namely the obligations of States to respect, to protect and to fulfil (i.e. to facilitate and to provide) the right of individuals to adequate food.

In order to respect the right to adequate food, States should, inter alia:

- Promote peace and reduce conflicts;
- Ensure and safeguard existing access to adequate food, water, agricultural resources and other means of production, as well as access to food aid;
- Respect sustainable traditional patterns of food production and consumption;

- Prohibit the utilisation of anti-personal land mines, in particular in agricultural areas.

In order to protect the right to adequate food, States should, inter alia:

- Adopt legislative and administrative measures in order to avoid the improper deprivation of access to adequate food for individuals by private entities under their jurisdiction;
- Develop sustainable environmental measures, such as policies against deforestation, desertification, climate change and pollution, and policies for the protection and sustainable utilisation of natural resources;
- Adopt legislative and administrative measures to ensure the quality, nutritive value and safety of food products, as well as the quality of drinking and irrigation water;
- Foster the fair and equal access to adequate food and water at national and household levels.

States should take measures that facilitate the realisation of the right to adequate food, such as:

- Develop sustainable agricultural, fishing, consumer, health, nutrition, and sanitary policies, in particular:
- promote the development and the utilisation of appropriate and sustainable input technologies,

- promote the conservation and sustainable utilisation of biological diversity and its components in terrestrial and marine ecosystems,

- improve the methods of production, conservation and transfer of food products,
- promote the expanded use of local and locally adapted crops, varieties and under-utilised species,
- promote good sanitary practices;
- Develop water efficiency measures in order to avoid wasting available water, in particular:
- develop and maintain infrastructures to reduce losses of water,
- improve sustainable irrigation systems,
- enhance water recycling with due care to health and ecosystems;

- Develop a sound economic environment, in particular:
- apply the rule of law,
- promote national agricultural research and the diffusion of relevant results to farmers,
- promote local and regional markets,
- promote cleaner production systems and environmental technology,
- adopt legislative and fiscal measures promoting sustainable production;
- Promote capacity building in the fields of agriculture, nutrition, and sanitation.

Finally and as a last resort, whenever an individual or a group is unable, for reasons beyond its control, to enjoy the right to adequate food by the means at its disposal, States should provide adequate food and water.

1.2. Measures at the international level

- Take in account the right to adequate food in the work within international organisations;
- Co-operate with other States and/or international organisations in issues related to the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food;
- Promote international trade pursuant to existing international frame conditions with a view to developing domestic markets and enhancing food safety;
- Consider the effects of national policies on and avoid impeding the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food in other countries.

2. International Organisations

International organisations should co-ordinate their policies and capacity building efforts with a view to strengthening the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food at the international, national and sub-national levels. They should consider the following measures, inter alia:

- Assist States, upon request:
- in developing national strategies,
- in reviewing and revising national sectoral legislation,
- in drafting national framework legislation;
- Refrain from enacting embargoes which affect the right to adequate food;
- Refrain from introducing provisions concerning trade and investment policies which impair the right to adequate food;
- Promote peace and reduce conflicts;
- Develop compliance and enforcement mechanisms;
- Improve the efficiency, the effectiveness and the impact of food aid;
- Develop international early warning systems.

3. Non-State Actors

Non-State actors play a crucial role in the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food. In particular, they should:

- Use water sparingly and promote and implement sustainable water management;
- Promote and implement sustainable patterns of consumption and management;
- Co-operate with other stakeholders to render the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food more effective and to avoid duplication of efforts;
- Co-operate in the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of relevant public policies.

Furthermore, non-state actors should take specific measures according to their respective political, social or economic functions, such as:

NGOs should take into account and promote the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food and raise public awareness about possible links between their field of activity and food security. They should, in particular:
- Inform the international community about the global state of food security at all levels;
- Involve, where and when appropriate, in the provision of adequate food and water for individuals in times of crises, conflicts, and post-conflicts situations;
- Develop and implement sustainable and appropriate agricultural, fishing, consumer, health, nutrition and sanitary projects;
- Endorse education programmes with respect to the right to adequate food.

The private sector, such as multinational companies, should, inter alia:
- Respect the access of others to adequate food and promote the human rights, especially the right to adequate food;
- Adopt sustainable and fair commercial as well as cleaner production practices;
- Co-operate with States and other stakeholders in capacity building in the countries where they are active.

The academic and research community should, inter alia:
- Improve or develop sustainable input technologies and agricultural production methods;
- Develop appropriate methods of government and public management;
- Publicise the results of their activities;
- Endorse education programmes with respect to the right to adequate food.

¹ Near East supports amendments made to this paragraph

² Norway

³ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

⁴ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

⁵ Norway

⁶ Switzerland

⁷ EU and acceding countries

⁸ Switzerland

⁹ References in the Voluntary Guidelines to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other international treaties do not prejudice the position of any State with respect to signature, ratification or accession to those instruments

¹⁰ Latin America and the Caribbean, supported by Africa. The proposal by GRULAC replaces the current language on Basic Instruments

¹¹ EU and acceding countries

¹² Norway

¹³ North America

¹⁴ Switzerland

¹⁵ EU and acceding countries

Norway

¹⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean

¹⁸ Switzerland

¹⁹ EU and acceding countries

²⁰ Latin America and the Caribbean

²¹ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 2 on non-discrimination

²² EU and acceding countries

²³ North America

²⁴ Switzerland

²⁵ EU and acceding countries

²⁶ Latin America and the Caribbean

²⁷ Norway

²⁸ Latin America and the Caribbean

²⁹ Norway

³⁰ EU and acceding countries

³¹ Near East, Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean

³² Switzerland

³³ Africa, opposed by EU and acceding countries

³⁴ Pakistan

³⁵ Norway

³⁶ North America

³⁷ Pakistan

³⁸ Norway, phrase should be moved to introduction

³⁹ Norway, opposed by North America

⁴⁰ Near East, Africa, opposed by North America

⁴¹ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁴² EU and acceding countries

⁴³ Switzerland

⁴⁴ Africa, opposed by Kuwait and North America

⁴⁵ Peru, opposed by Kuwait

⁴⁶ EU and acceding countries, Switzerland, Norway

⁴⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁴⁸ Switzerland

⁴⁹ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁵⁰ Africa opposed by Norway

⁵¹ Norway, opposed by North America and Afghanistan

⁵² Norway

⁵³ Pakistan

⁵⁴ EU and acceding countries

⁵⁵ Norway, supported by Afghanistan (but stop after “policies are necessary”)

⁵⁶ Switzerland

⁵⁷ Africa

⁵⁸ Pakistan

⁵⁹ Bangladesh

⁶⁰ EU and acceding countries

⁶¹ Norway: move to 2.1

⁶² Africa

⁶³ Switzerland, supported by EU and acceding countries, Africa (but delete “by the poor” in the last sentence), Norway (but move last sentence to 2.1)

⁶⁴ Canada, supported by EU and acceding countries

⁶⁵ Pakistan, supported by India

⁶⁶ EU and acceding countries

⁶⁷ Asia

⁶⁸ Norway

⁶⁹ Pakistan

⁷⁰ Africa

⁷¹ North America

⁷² Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

⁷³ EU and acceding countries

⁷⁴ Near East and Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia

⁷⁵ EU and acceding countries

⁷⁶ Switzerland

⁷⁷ Switzerland, Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East, Africa

⁷⁸ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁷⁹ Norway

⁸⁰ EU and acceding countries

⁸¹ EU and acceding countries

⁸² Norway

⁸³ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁸⁴ EU and acceding countries, opposed by North America

⁸⁵ Switzerland, opposed by North America

⁸⁶ Norway, Africa

⁸⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁸⁸ North America

⁸⁹ EU and acceding countries

⁹⁰ Norway

⁹¹ Switzerland

⁹² Switzerland

⁹³ India

⁹⁴ Norway

⁹⁵ Africa

⁹⁶ Near East

⁹⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁹⁸ India

⁹⁹ Africa

¹⁰⁰ Switzerland

¹⁰¹ India

¹⁰² Norway

¹⁰³ EU and acceding countries, Switzerland

¹⁰⁴ Canada

¹⁰⁵ Latin America and the Caribbean

¹⁰⁶ EU and acceding countries

¹⁰⁷ India, Latin America and the Caribbean

¹⁰⁸ Canada

¹⁰⁹ Norway, Japan, Africa

¹¹⁰ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

¹¹¹ EU and acceding countries, Switzerland

¹¹² EU and acceding countries

¹¹³ Latin America and the Caribbean

¹¹⁴ Africa

¹¹⁵ Pakistan

¹¹⁶ North America

¹¹⁷ Norway

¹¹⁸ EU and acceding countries

¹¹⁹ North America, Pakistan

¹²⁰ Pakistan

¹²¹ Latin America and the Caribbean

¹²² Switzerland

¹²³ Norway, India

¹²⁴ Asia, Near East, Japan

¹²⁵ India

¹²⁶ Pakistan

¹²⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean

¹²⁸ Africa

¹²⁹ EU and acceding countries

¹³⁰ Latin America and the Caribbean

¹³¹ Norway, Japan, Switzerland

¹³² India, Bangladesh

¹³³ Pakistan, Latin America and the Caribbean

¹³⁴ Bangladesh

¹³⁵ Switzerland

¹³⁶ EU and acceding countries

¹³⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Pakistan

¹³⁸ Pakistan

¹³⁹ EU and acceding countries

¹⁴⁰ Latin America and the Caribbean

¹⁴¹ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia

¹⁴² EU acceding countries

¹⁴³ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Pakistan

¹⁴⁴ India

¹⁴⁵ EU and acceding countries

¹⁴⁶ North America

¹⁴⁷ Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

¹⁴⁸ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

¹⁴⁹ Near East

¹⁵⁰ Japan, Korea

EU and acceding countries

¹⁵² Near East

¹⁵³ Canada

¹⁵⁴ Pakistan

¹⁵⁵ Africa

¹⁵⁶ EU and acceding countries

¹⁵⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Africa, Near East

¹⁵⁸ Norway

¹⁵⁹ EU and acceding countries

¹⁶⁰ Pakistan

¹⁶¹ Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East, Africa

¹⁶² Norway

¹⁶³ EU and acceding countries, North America

¹⁶⁴ EU and acceding countries, Switzerland

¹⁶⁵ North America

¹⁶⁶ Switzerland, Japan

¹⁶⁷ Switzerland, Japan

¹⁶⁸ Norway

¹⁶⁹ Norway

¹⁷⁰ Near East, Latin America and the Caribbean

¹⁷¹ Africa

¹⁷² Switzerland

¹⁷³ EU and acceding countries

¹⁷⁴ Pakistan

¹⁷⁵ Norway

¹⁷⁶ EU and acceding countries

¹⁷⁷ Switzerland

¹⁷⁸ Africa

¹⁷⁹ EU and acceding countries

¹⁸⁰ Pakistan

¹⁸¹ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

¹⁸² EU and acceding countries

¹⁸³ North America, Asia, Near East, Africa

¹⁸⁴ Near East

¹⁸⁵ Switzerland

¹⁸⁶ USA

¹⁸⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East

¹⁸⁸ Norway

¹⁸⁹ EU and acceding countries, Korea

¹⁹⁰ Pakistan

¹⁹¹ Africa

¹⁹² Norway

¹⁹³ EU and acceding countries, Korea

¹⁹⁴ Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East,

¹⁹⁵ Africa

¹⁹⁶ EU and acceding countries, Switzerland

¹⁹⁷ Norway

¹⁹⁸ Africa, Near East, Latin America and the Caribbean

¹⁹⁹ Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East, Africa, Asia

²⁰⁰ Switzerland

²⁰¹ EU and acceding States

²⁰² Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

²⁰³ EU and acceding countries, Switzerland

²⁰⁴ Bangladesh

²⁰⁵ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Near East

²⁰⁶ ?

²⁰⁷ Africa

²⁰⁸ Switzerland

²⁰⁹ Near East, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia

²¹⁰ Norway

²¹¹ EU and acceding countries

²¹² Asia, Near East, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

²¹³ EU and acceding countries

²¹⁴ Latin America and the Caribbean

²¹⁵ EU and acceding countries

²¹⁶ North America

²¹⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean

²¹⁸ Switzerland

²¹⁹ Switzerland

²²⁰ EU and acceding countries

²²¹ India

²²² Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

²²³ North America, Japan

²²⁴ EU and acceding countries

²²⁵ Near East, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

²²⁶ Norway, opposed by North America

²²⁷ Switzerland

²²⁸ Bangladesh, Near East

²²⁹ Norway

²³⁰ EU and acceding countries

²³¹ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

²³² Switzerland

²³³ Japan

²³⁴ Norway, Latin America and the Caribbean, Pakistan, Near East

²³⁵ Pakistan, Near East

²³⁶ Pakistan, Near East, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

²³⁷ Norway

²³⁸ EU and acceding countries

²³⁹ Norway

²⁴⁰ Africa

²⁴¹ Pakistan, Near East

²⁴² Latin America and the Caribbean

²⁴³ Africa

²⁴⁴ EU and acceding countries

²⁴⁵ Africa

²⁴⁶ EU and acceding countries

²⁴⁷ EU and acceding countries, North America

²⁴⁸ Switzerland

²⁴⁹ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Near East

²⁵⁰ EU and acceding countries, supported by North America

²⁵¹ India

²⁵² Pakistan

²⁵³ Switzerland

²⁵⁴ Bangladesh

²⁵⁵ EU and acceding countries

²⁵⁶ EU and acceding countries

²⁵⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

²⁵⁸ Latin America and the Caribbean

²⁵⁹ Bangladesh, Pakistan

²⁶⁰ EU and acceding countries, Japan

²⁶¹ Africa, Pakistan

²⁶² North America, Latin America and the Caribbean

²⁶³ Norway

²⁶⁴ EU and acceding countries

²⁶⁵ EU and acceding countries

²⁶⁶ Switzerland

²⁶⁷ Canada

²⁶⁸ Japan, Pakistan

²⁶⁹ Africa

²⁷⁰ Canada

²⁷¹ EU and acceding countries

²⁷² India

²⁷³ Africa

²⁷⁴ Norway, North America, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia

²⁷⁵ EU and acceding countries, Switzerland

²⁷⁶ Norway Pakistan, Bangladesh

²⁷⁷ Africa

²⁷⁸ Norway

²⁷⁹ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

²⁸⁰ EU and acceding countries

²⁸¹ Latin America and the Caribbean

²⁸² Africa

²⁸³ Pakistan

²⁸⁴ Canada

²⁸⁵ EU and acceding countries

²⁸⁶ Latin America and the Caribbean

²⁸⁷ North America

²⁸⁸ Asia, India, Africa

²⁸⁹ Order of text reversed

²⁹⁰ EU and acceding countries

²⁹¹ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Near East

²⁹² Norway

²⁹³ EU and acceding countries

²⁹⁴ North America

²⁹⁵ EU and acceding countries

²⁹⁶ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, Pakistan, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

²⁹⁷ Norway

²⁹⁸ Latin America and the Caribbean

²⁹⁹ Africa

³⁰⁰ North America

³⁰¹ Pakistan

³⁰² EU and acceding countries

³⁰³ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

³⁰⁴ EU and acceding countries

³⁰⁵ EU and acceding countries

³⁰⁶ Switzerland

³⁰⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean

³⁰⁸ Canada

³⁰⁹ EU and acceding countries

³¹⁰ Latin America and the Caribbean

³¹¹ EU and acceding countries

³¹² Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

³¹³ Pakistan

³¹⁴ Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Near East

³¹⁵ EU and acceding countries, opposed by Japan

³¹⁶ Norway

³¹⁷ Africa

³¹⁸ Switzerland, opposed by Japan

³¹⁹ EU and acceding countries. Order of 11.2 and 11.3 switched

³²⁰ Pakistan

³²¹ Africa

³²² Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

³²³ Pakistan

³²⁴ EU and acceding countries (old 11.2)

³²⁵ EU and acceding countries

³²⁶ Switzerland

³²⁷ North America

³²⁸ EU and acceding countries

³²⁹ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

³³⁰ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

³³¹ North America, Pakistan, Africa, Switzerland

³³² EU and acceding countries, Norway, Switzerland

³³³ Latin America and the Caribbean, Pakistan, Near East

³³⁴ Philippines, Africa

³³⁵ EU and acceding countries, Norway, Switzerland

³³⁶ India

³³⁷ ?

³³⁸ Africa

³³⁹ EU and acceding countries

³⁴⁰ Africa

³⁴¹ India, Pakistan

³⁴² Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Pakistan, Asia, Near East

³⁴³ Norway, Switzerland

³⁴⁴ Africa, Near East, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

³⁴⁵ EU and acceding countries

³⁴⁶ EU and acceding countries

³⁴⁷ Pakistan, Africa, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Latin America and the Caribbean

³⁴⁸ Switzerland

³⁴⁹ Norway

³⁵⁰ EU and acceding countries

³⁵¹ Switzerland

³⁵² India, Pakistan

³⁵³ Norway

³⁵⁴ EU and acceding countries

³⁵⁵ Near East, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

³⁵⁶ Switzerland

³⁵⁷ Pakistan

³⁵⁸ Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Africa

³⁵⁹ Switzerland

³⁶⁰ EU and acceding countries

³⁶¹ Switzerland

³⁶² Norway, Africa

³⁶³ EU and acceding countries

³⁶⁴ Pakistan

³⁶⁵ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

³⁶⁶ Pakistan

³⁶⁷ Switzerland

³⁶⁸ Switzerland

³⁶⁹ Switzerland

³⁷⁰ Switzerland

³⁷¹ Switzerland

³⁷² Switzerland

³⁷³ Switzerland, Near East, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Africa

³⁷⁴ Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East,

³⁷⁵ Bangladesh

³⁷⁶ Pakistan

³⁷⁷ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

³⁷⁸ Latin America and the Caribbean

³⁷⁹ Norway

³⁸⁰ North America, Near East

³⁸¹ Switzerland

³⁸² EU and acceding countries

³⁸³ India, Africa

³⁸⁴ Near East

³⁸⁵ EU and acceding countries

³⁸⁶ Bangladesh

³⁸⁷ Switzerland

³⁸⁸ Pakistan

³⁸⁹ Switzerland

³⁹⁰ Switzerland

³⁹¹ Switzerland

³⁹² Switzerland

³⁹³ EU and acceding countries

³⁹⁴ Norway

³⁹⁵ Africa

³⁹⁶ North America

³⁹⁷ Switzerland

³⁹⁸ Asia

³⁹⁹ Switzerland and Norway

⁴⁰⁰ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East

⁴⁰¹ EU and acceding countries

⁴⁰² Norway

⁴⁰³ Switzerland

⁴⁰⁴ Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

⁴⁰⁵ EU and acceding countries

⁴⁰⁶ Africa

⁴⁰⁷ Norway

⁴⁰⁸ Near East

⁴⁰⁹ India

⁴¹⁰ EU and acceding countries

⁴¹¹ Norway

⁴¹² Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East

⁴¹³ EU and acceding countries

⁴¹⁴ EU and acceding countries

⁴¹⁵ Norway, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

⁴¹⁶ EU and acceding countries, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Norway

⁴¹⁷ EU and acceding countries, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Norway

⁴¹⁸ EU and acceding countries, Asia (except for Japan and Korea), Norway

⁴¹⁹ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁴²⁰ Norway

⁴²¹ India

⁴²² EU and acceding countries

⁴²³ Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa

⁴²⁴ USA

⁴²⁵ Norway, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

⁴²⁶ Latin America and the Caribbean

⁴²⁷ Africa

⁴²⁸ EU and acceding countries, North America, Japan

⁴²⁹ Norway

⁴³⁰ Korea

⁴³¹ North America

⁴³² Japan

⁴³³ Korea

⁴³⁴ Japan

⁴³⁵ Japan

⁴³⁶ North America: The international dimension lies beyond the mandate of the negotiations, the Voluntary Guidelines should not deal with this issue.

⁴³⁷ Latin America and the Caribbean, Near East, Africa, Asia (except for Japan and Korea)

⁴³⁸ Switzerland

⁴³⁹ Switzerland

INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP FOR THE ELABORATION OF A SET OF VOLUNTARY GUIDELINES TO SUPPORT THE PROGRESSIVE REALIZATION OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY

Intersessional Meeting of the Open-ended Working Group

Rome, 2 – 5 February 2004

Compilation of text proposals for the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security

Preface

Proposal by Switzerland

Preface

Proposal by Norway:

Preface

Proposal by Latin America and the Caribbean

Preface

Proposal by Africa

Preface

Proposal by EU and acceding countries:

Preface

Part I: Introduction

BASIC INSTRUMENTS

THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD AND FOOD SECURITY

THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD [AND] IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY11

Part II: Enabling Environment

GUIDELINE 2+4: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND MARKET SYSTEMS48

GUIDELINE 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES49

GUIDELINE 2: [ECONOMIC] DEVELOPMENT POLICIES50

GUIDELINE 2: [ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT] DEVELOPING POLICIES51

GUIDELINE 3: STRATEGIES

GUIDELINE 3: DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES82

GUIDELINE 4: MARKET SYSTEMS

GUIDELINE 2+4: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND MARKET SYSTEMS122

GUIDELINE 5: INSTITUTIONS

GUIDELINE 5 INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE168

Guideline 5bis Stakeholders

GUIDELINE 6: LEGAL FRAMEWORK

GUIDELINE 7: ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND ASSETSGUIDELINE 7: ACCESS TO AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES AND ASSETS200

Guideline 7a: Labour

Guideline 7b: Land

Guideline 7c: Water

Guideline 7d: Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

Guideline 7e Sustainability

Guideline 7e: Services

GUIDELINE 8: FOOD SAFETY AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

GUIDELINE 8: FOOD SAFETY [AND CONSUMER PROTECTION]237

GUIDELINE 8BIS CONSUMER PROTECTION AND INVOLVEMENT

GUIDELINE 9: NUTRITION

GUIDELINE 10: EDUCATION AND AWARENESS RAISING

GUIDELINE 11: NATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES

Part III: Assistance

GUIDELINE 12: TARGETING VULNERABLE GROUPS

GUIDELINE 12: SUPPORTING [TARGETING] VULNERABLE GROUPS331

GUIDELINE 13: SAFETY NETS

GUIDELINE 13: SOCIAL AND FOOD SAFETY NETS338

GUIDELINE 14: INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID

[GUIDELINE 14: INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID MOVE TO PART V]359

GUIDELINE 15: EMERGENCIES

GUIDELINE 15: NATURAL DISASTERS AND COMPLEX EMERGENCIES, INCLUDING ARMED CONFLICTS AND SITUATIONS OF OCCUPATION 373

GUIDELINE 15: HUMANITARIAN CRISIS AND EMERGENCIES374

Part IV: Accountability and Rule of Law

GUIDELINE 16: MONITORING, INDICATORS AND BENCHMARKS

GUIDELINE 17: NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS

GUIDELINE 17: NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS AND RULE OF LAW419

[Part V: International Framework

PART V: INTERNATIONAL ENABLING ENVIRONMENT [FRAMEWORK]429

PART V INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION437

Part V International [framework] dimension438

Guideline X1 International Cooperation

Guideline X2 International Food Aid

Guideline X3 International Monitoring and Reporting

THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD [AND] IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY¹¹

GUIDELINE 2+4: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND MARKET SYSTEMS⁴⁸

GUIDELINE 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES⁴⁹

GUIDELINE 2: [ECONOMIC] DEVELOPMENT POLICIES⁵⁰

GUIDELINE 2: [ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT] DEVELOPING POLICIES⁵¹

GUIDELINE 3: DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES⁸²

GUIDELINE 2+4: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND MARKET SYSTEMS¹²²

GUIDELINE 5 INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE¹⁶⁸

GUIDELINE 7: ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND ASSETSGUIDELINE 7: ACCESS TO AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES AND ASSETS²⁰⁰

GUIDELINE 8: FOOD SAFETY [AND CONSUMER PROTECTION]²³⁷

GUIDELINE 12: SUPPORTING [TARGETING] VULNERABLE GROUPS³³¹

GUIDELINE 13: SOCIAL AND FOOD SAFETY NETS³³⁸

[GUIDELINE 14: INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID MOVE TO PART V]³⁵⁹

GUIDELINE 15: NATURAL DISASTERS AND COMPLEX EMERGENCIES, INCLUDING ARMED CONFLICTS AND SITUATIONS OF OCCUPATION ³⁷³

GUIDELINE 15: HUMANITARIAN CRISIS AND EMERGENCIES³⁷⁴

GUIDELINE 17: NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS AND RULE OF LAW⁴¹⁹

PART V: INTERNATIONAL ENABLING ENVIRONMENT [FRAMEWORK]⁴²⁹

PART V INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION⁴³⁷

Part V International [framework] dimension⁴³⁸