PROGRESS IN THE GLOBAL PROGRAMME FOR IMPROVED USE OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES ¹

by

Christel Palmberg
Forest Resources Division
Forestry Department
FAO - Rome, Italy

SUMMARY

In spite of the considerable progress achieved in the field of forest genetic resources since the endorsement in 1974 by the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources of the Global Programme for Improved Use of Forest Genetic Resources, the task still in front of us is enormous as well as urgent. The paper summarizes progress in this field achieved during the past decade and identifies some areas in which early action is needed.

INTRODUCTION

Concern over the loss of genetic diversity has grown rapidly since the early 1950s and has led to increasing action on a national as well as an international level. This loss of diversity stems from two main factors: (i) the disappearance of ecosystems in their natural state; and (ii) selection and intensive breeding of economically important species.

The FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources was constituted in 1968 to “.... help plan and coordinate FAO's efforts to explore, utilize and conserve the gene resources of forest trees”. At its Third Session held in Rome in 1974 (FAO 1974a), the Panel examined and endorsed a proposal for a Global Programme for Improved Use of Forest Genetic Resources (see FAO 1975a) presented by the FAO Secretariat for its consideration. The Panel reiterated its support to the Programme at its Fourth Session (FAO 1977b).

¹ Paper presented at the IUFRO Symposium and Workshop on Genetic Improvement and Productivity of Fast-Growing Tree Species, held at Águas de São Pedro, S.P., Brazil 25–30 August 1980.

THE GLOBAL PROGRAMME

The Global Programme for Improved Use of Forest Genetic Resources is an action programme which identifies species and field operations in which action is needed, assigns relative priorities to these operations, identifies institutes capable of assuming operational responsibility for the various projects, presents a budget for projects likely to be financed by existing and on-going programmes, and suggests possible sources of finance for projects not covered by these. The species included, with priority ratings for each of the different phases in a genetic resources programme, are based on the degree to which the species may be in danger as well as on their socio-economic importance or potential. The programme is flexible and can be periodically up-dated in accordance with the recommendations of the FAO Panel.

Within each project, activities recognized as essential steps to maintenance of genetic diversity and to the fuller use of existing genetic resources are (i) exploration; (ii) collection; (iii) evaluation; (iv) conservation; and (v) utilization. Ancillary activities, essential to a balanced programme comprise (vi) dissemination of information; (vii) data storage and retrieval; (viii) training; (ix) seed certification and (x) overall coordination.

PROGRESS

The Global Programme, or parts thereof, has been submitted by FAO to a number of donor agencies, viz. UNDP (1972; 1979); CGIRAR/IBPGR (1974); UNEP (1975); and DANIDA (1979–80) ¹. Specific, short-term programmes have been or are likely to be approved by these agencies; however, no agency has so far undertaken to finance longer-term programmes on a global scale, nor to strengthen the central coordination presently carried out by FAO's Forest Resources Division on a part-time basis.

In this paper, the Global Programme is interpreted in its broadest sense, i.e. progress in all activities contributing towards the general aims of the Programme is considered.

The FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources

Although at the time of the establishment of the FAO Panel in 1968 some national institutes had already been involved in systematic collections of forest tree seeds for international use, the Panel has without doubt acted as a catalyst both for international and national activities in the exploration, collection and investigation of forest genetic resources through creating a worldwide awareness of the need for conservation, and through channelling international and national funds to pilot schemes and action in these fields.

The Panel has met four times; reports of these meetings listing progress, past and present trends and recommendations for future action, have been published by FAO (FAO 1969, 1972, 1974a, 1977b).

Expenditure recommended by the Panel for programmes coordinated by FAO's Forestry Department has to date concentrated on the exploration, collection and conservation of genetic resources and on dissemination of information and training (see Appendix I for a summary of direct financial contributions by FAO). In addition to national institutes, FAO cooperates in these activities with other international agencies such as UNEP, UNESCO, IUCN, and collaborates actively with relevant Subject Groups and Working Parties of IUFRO; some funds have also recently been received from IBPGR (see below).

¹ See page 15 for a key to the abbreviations used in the text.

Exploration, Collection, Evaluation and Utilization

Based on the priority lists drawn up by the FAO Panel, exploration and collection followed by the establishment of centrally coordinated international provenance trials have to date been accomplished for 14 tropical and 6 Mediterranean or sub-tropical species, viz. Araucaria angustifolia, A. cunninghamii, A. hunsteinii, Cedrela odorata, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. microtheca, Gmelina arborea, Pinus caribaea, P. kesiya, P. merkusii, P. patula, P. oocarpa, P. pseudostrobus, Tectona grandis, Pinus halepensis, P. brutia, P. eldarica, Abies cephalonica, Pinus radiata, P. muricata.

Progress is being made on the exploration, collection and distribution of a number of other species and genera, e.g. Aucoumea spp., Terminalia spp., Acacia aneura, A. auriculiformis, A. mangium, Cordia alliodora, Eucalyptus deglupta, E. urophylla, E. globulus, E. delegatensis and Cedrela spp. (supplementary collections); plans have also been made for the collection/evaluation of some additional species such as Pinus strobus var. chiapensis, P. canariensis, Prosopis spp. and Leucaena leucocephala. Through the activities of IUFRO, good progress has been made in the collection, distribution and evaluation of temperate species, especially North American conifers and Populus spp. ¹. Detailed biological studies are being conducted on a number of potentially important tropical species, e.g. Agathis spp. and Triplochiton spp.

Although many of the trials established from the range-wide provenance collections are too young to have yielded accurate information, many already indicate the existence of large provenance differences and clear interactions between provenances and sites (see e.g. Burley and Nikles 1972, 1973a, 1973b; Nikles, Burley and Barnes 1978).

The earliest of these trials were started in the mid 1960s using provenance seedlots of Eucalyptus camaldulensis collected by a joint Tunisian/Australian team. The trials, established in 21 countries, have shown striking differences of up to 800% in growth in volume between the provenances, and have clearly indicated that the Lake Albacutya provenance from the State of Victoria is the optimum provenance in Mediterranean, winter rainfall areas, whereas the Kathrine and Petford provenances from the Northern Territory and Queensland are the best performers in summer-rainfall areas (Lacaze 1978).

¹ For information on many of the collections listed, see issues 1 to 9 of “Forest Genetic Resources Information” (FAO 1973–80). Many excellent reports on specific collections with detailed descriptions of collection sites and stands have also been prepared, see e.g. Anon. 1978d; Greaves 1978; Anon. 1979a, 1979b, 1979c; Greaves 1979; Martin and Cossalter 1975–76.

Although not as clearcut as the E. camaldulensis trials, some other international trials established in the 1960s and early 1970s have also given enough indications of the potentially most valuable provenances to allow coordinating institutes to proceed to second stage provenance collections, i.e. to a more intensive sampling of limited parts of the species range. This is the case e.g. with E. urophylla and E. alba; following early exploration/collection activities by Indonesian and Australian foresters in 1963, 1968 and 1971, provenance collections of these two species were made in 1973 and 1975 by a French/Indonesian team (Martin and Cossalter 1975–76). Second stage collections have recently been made through the joint efforts of the Indonesian Forest Service; CTFT, France; and CSIRO, Canberra (Anon. 1979). Second stage provenance collections of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis and P. oocarpa have during the last few years been carried out by the Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford. Special seed collections for the establishment of ex situ conservation stands have been made for Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, P. oocarpa (CFI, Oxford), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis (CSIRO, Canberra).

Recognizing the importance of standarized methods for accurate evaluation of the overall performance of the provenances being tested, CFI recently drew up detailed measurement/assessment forms for the over 40 countries participating in the international trials of P. caribaea and P. oocarpa established in the mid 1970s. To ensure strictly uniform criteria and identical assessment standards for a representative sample of the trials, 28 sites (out of the total of 350 experiments established) were singled out for inclusion in an overall, combined analysis; assessment of these trials was carried out in 1979 by the various institutes in charge, in collaboration with an officer from CFI travelling from one experiment to another. The basis for selection of the 28 sites was (i) maximum number of common provenances; (ii) high standards of design, establishment and maintenance; and (iii) desirability to fully cover the climatic and geographic ranges of the trials. In addition to handling the combined analysis CFI will perform, at request, computerized analyses for all individual participating countries. (See also Greaves 1980 for an earlier evaluation of the trials.)

A greatly increased worldwide interest in the establishment of national seed centres as a focal point for activities related to forest genetic resources has recently been evidenced. National centres have during the last few years been established in many key areas, e.g. in Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Iraq, Thailand and Costa Rica (regional centre); and have been planned for many others, e.g. Iran, Paraguay, Peru, Senegal and Sabah, Malaysia. Many of these centres have received support from bilateral or international sources. The centres are likely to facilitate seed procurement at the experimental level, and it is hoped that they will, at a later stage, also be able to meet requests for bulk quantities of source-identified seed of specific provenances.

Efforts towards the establishment of a globally coordinated, cooperative programme on seed procurement and genetic improvement of tropical lowland conifers, including initiatives taken on a regional level in South-East Asia to further this idea, are reported in another paper presented to this Symposium (Palmberg, Willan and Nikles 1980).

Conservation

With the financial support of UNEP, FAO carried out a Pilot Study in 1975 which resulted in the publication “The Methodology of Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources” (FAO 1975b). Based on technical recommendations made in this study and on early results from exploration and the international provenance trials mentioned above, an FAO/UNEP project was started in 1975/76 for the conservation of genetic resources of selected forest tree species and provenances.

The ex situ component of the above FAO/UNEP project has met all expectations. During the past 4 years, 38 international ex situ conservation/selection stands of some 10 ha each have been established in 5 countries in Africa and 1 country in Asia, using a total of 11 provenances of 4 different species (see FAO 1977b, Appendix 7/4). In addition to the international stands financed by UNEP and FAO, some of the countries participating in the project have established national conservation/selection stands. A follow-up project was started by DANIDA in 1980. Progress in ex situ conservation is reported in another paper presented to this Symposium (Wood 1980) ¹.

Agreements on in situ conservation have proved more difficult to achieve. Funding under the FAO/UNEP project has only been provided for two botanical reserves in Zambia, for the in situ conservation of Baikiaea plurijuga (Zambesi Redwood, Zambian Teak). This action has been followed up by the allocation to Zambia by SIDA of bilateral funds for botanical investigation of this species.

A survey on the needs and possibilities of international cooperation in the exploration, collection, evaluation and conservation of arid and semi-arid zone species for the improvement of rural living, was carried out by FAO in 1979 with financial assistance from IBPGR. Eight countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America which had expressed an interest in the project were visited, species priorities were drawn up and needs for outside assistance in exploration, collection, evaluation and conservation of these species were identified. The report on this first phase of the project (FAO 1980a ) makes detailed recommendations for a badly needed second phase; the proposals have been put forward to IBPGR, who have agreed to finance the field activities of the proposed second phase in 1981–82, however, without provision for central coordination².

¹ Note from Editor: See also pp. 34 – 37 of this issue of FGRI.
²                             See also pp. 31 – 33 of this issue of FGRI.

Training and Dissemination of Information

Progress in dissemination of information on forest genetic resources during recent years include the organization of several meetings, such as earlier meetings of IUFRO Working Parties on Species, Provenances and Genetic Resources (Gainesville, Florida 1971; Nairobi, Kenya 1973; Brisbane, Australia 1977); the Linnean Society Symposium on Variation, Breeding and Conservation of Tropical Trees held in Oxford, U.K. in 1975 (Burley and Styles 1976); the FAO/IUFRO Third World Consultation of Forest Tree Breeding held in Australia in 1977 (Anon. 1978a, Anon. 1978b) and the Eighth World Forestry Congress (Indonesia 1978).

A series of tree improvement training courses financed by DANIDA has been organized by FAO in English, French and Spanish (Kenya, see FAO 1979b; Thailand, see FAO 1976; Nigeria, see FAO 1977a; Venezuela, see FAO 1980b); a training course on tree improvement organized by CSIRO, Canberra and financed by the Australian Government was, in addition, held in Australia in 1977 (ADAA 1977). The International Seed Testing Association, ISTA has organized several workshops on tree seed testing; the Overseas Development Ministry, ODM, U.K. is organizing, in 1980, a workshop on tree seed handling and storage at the recently established seed centre in Honduras.

Periodic news about these and other meetings and workshops, on recent relevant literature, on provenance seed collections, and on exploration, evaluation, utilization and conservation of forest genetic resources are published in “Forest Genetic Resources Information” started by FAO in 1973 and published in three issues per biennium. Several IUFRO Working Parties publish species or subject-specific newsletters and conduct surveys on progress in fields related to genetic resources of forest trees. CFI, Oxford, supplies upon request periodically updated bibliographies on published information on international provenance trials coordinated by that institute.

Following the publication in 1970–71 of a first loose-leaf version of a Red Data Book on threatened plant species, a bound volume covering 250 plant species considered extinct, vulnerable or rare was published by IUCN in 1978 (Anon. 1978). The book includes some 60 data sheets on forest tree species. A supplementary volume which will include forest tree species endangered in parts of their ranges is presently being compiled by FAO in collaboration with IUCN, with financial assistance from UNEP. The purpose of this volume is to draw attention to forest tree species in which action is needed to safeguard valuable, intra-specific variation.

Among other, general publications in fields closely related to forest genetic resources, the book entitled “Genetics of Forest Ecosystems” (Stern and Roche 1974), the CFI publication “A Manual on Species and Provenance Research with Particular Reference to the Tropics” (Burley and Wood 1976), and the revised edition of the USDA manual “Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States” (Schopmeyer 1974) can be mentioned. A manual on handling and storage of eucalypt seeds presently being prepared by CSIRO, Canberra, will be published shortly¹.

A World Conservation Strategy prepared by IUCN, UNEP and WWF with the collaboration of FAO and UNESCO, was officially launched in March 1980 (Anon. 1980). The strategy, which “..... aims at providing both an intellectual framework and practical guidance for conservation of genetic resources”, calls for global coordination backed by concerted action at national and international levels to implement the programmes proposed. The strategy has been endorsed by governments in a number of developed and developing countries.

A summary of current developments in the fields of crop plant, forest, animal, fish and microbial genetic resources has recently been published by UNEP (UNEP 1980).

¹ Note from Editor: This book, entitled “Eucalyptus Seed” (price:$A 18), was published by CSIRO, Canberra in early 1980.

Data Storage and Retrieval

A computer-based data storage and retrieval system, INTFORPROV, was developed in the mid 1970s by CFI, Oxford, primarily to meet the needs of storing and processing information related to international provenance trials. The system will also be applicable to other related areas of research such as selection and progeny testing, ex situ conservation, etc. (see Burley and Nikles 1973b).

Apart from the above, not much progress has been achieved in attempts to coordinate information and standardize research criteria and results at a global level. Early results of collaboration at a regional level in the development of a computerized tree improvement information system proposed for the Nordic countries, have been reported by Ditlevsen (1979).

Seed Certification

The presently most widely used seed certification scheme, the OECD Scheme for Reproductive Material Moving in International Trade (OECD 1974) is in use in about a dozen countries, all of them developed. However, the rules have served as a model for many developing countries planning to adopt certification schemes acceptable to potential buyers of seed and helpful for their own afforestation schemes (e.g. Colombia, Thailand).

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

The account on progress made during the past decade in the field of forest genetic resources is no doubt encouraging. However, the task still before us is enormous as well as urgent.

Three problem areas in which early action is needed can be singled out: the intensifying of activities in the exploration, collection, evaluation and conservation phases for the species already given high priority by the FAO Panel; the expansion of the range and type of species presently receiving attention; and the provision of larger quantities of source-identified seed.

1. As reported, a total of 20 tropical, sub-tropical or Mediterranean species have to date been extensively explored and provenance seedlots have been distributed to a range of interested countries for evaluation. Conservation stands ex situ have been established for 4 species, whereas in situ reserves established for genetic conservation cover only part of the range of 1 species.

   The FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources, in its latest list of genetic resources priorities (FAO 1977b), identifies a total of 160 tropical/sub-tropical/Mediterranean species which merit “priority 1” rating (urgent action needed). However, it should be recognized that this list reflects present-day knowledge: exact information on the status and on the potential value of a species will become available only in the course of exploration and evaluation. Additional species to those now listed are therefore expected to be added as our knowledge of presently lesser-known species increases; unless the present rate of progress (15–20 species per decade) is accelerated, the list of species in need of early action is likely to expand rather than shrink in the future.

2. When drawing up priorities for action, large emphasis has to date been placed on fast-growing pioneer species suitable for plantation forestry. In addition to at least some prior knowledge on genetic variation in these species, knowledge on the methodology of seed storage and on the establishment and management of plantations has facilitated action. Little attention has, on the other hand, been given to e.g. arid/semi-arid zone species or to hardwood species growing in the complex, moist tropical forest.

   Arid/semi-arid zone tree species, often of vital importance for the subsistence of communities living in marginal areas, are receiving increased attention as plantation species for multiple use (shade, shelter, fuel, poles). However, little information is available on intra-specific variation in many of the species used: we are still operating at the species, rather than at the provenance level. Urgent attention is needed in the exploration, collection, evaluation and conservation of these species.

   Large areas of mixed tropical hardwood forests are presently in imminent danger of extinction or genetic impoversihment due to changing land-use patterns and increasing population pressure. At the present state of knowledge the individual species in these forests, often found at low densities and often of unknown potential, can only be conserved in situ as neither seed storage nor plantation techniques are known for most of them. On the other hand, our biological knowledge of many of these species (patterns of intra-specific variation, breeding systems, life-cycle, successional status, etc.) and our technical knowledge on the management of mixed tropical forests are not sufficient to enable us to competently answer fundamental questions on size and location of in situ reserves, the numbers of individuals which constitute a viable genepool etc., nor to enable us to later monitor the success of our efforts to safeguard especially intra-specific variation. Vigorous research on these species is thus urgently called for.

3. Identification of promising seed sources from the international provenance trials established during the past decade will gradually lead to demand for increased quantities of seed of certain provenances for conservation/selection stands, growth and management trials (“provenance proving phase”) and pilot plantations plus later, for commercial afforestation. Global areas planted to an individual provenance could be of the order of 10–20 ha for initial provenance trials, 250–500 ha for conservation, management and pilot plantings, and 5 000–10 000 ha a year for a superior provenance of wide adaptability in large-scale afforestation. Seed demands will vary in proportion. International action has provided seed for conservation/selection stands of a few provenances of important species, but much more needs to be done in this respect. The bulk quantities that will be needed for afforestation will be mainly the responsibility of Government Forest Services, seed centres or commercial seed merchants, but also at this stage, international action can do much by helping in the establishment of efficient national seed centres and through insistence on common standards of genetic and physiological quality of the material.

REFERENCES

Adaa 1977 International Training Course in Forest Tree Breeding: Selected Reference Papers. Australian Development Assistance Agency, Canberra, Australia.

Anon. 1978a Proceedings of the Third World Consultation on Forest Tree Breeding. Vols. I – III. Canberra, Australia, 21–26 March 1977. CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.

Anon. 1978b Genetics. Unasylva Vol. 30 (119–120) (E, F, S). ¹

Anon. 1978c The IUCN Plant Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Anon. 1978d Refreshing the Genetic Resources of Pine Plantations. Report on Pinus radiata Seed Collections. Genetics Section Report No. 7. CSIRO Division of Forest Research. Canberra, Australia (unpublished).

Anon. 1979a Pinus muricata Seed Collections 1978. Genetics Section Report No. 8. CSIRO Division of Forest Research. Canberra, Australia (unpublished).

Anon. 1979b Eucalyptus microtheca Seed Collections 1978–79. Seeds Section Report No. 1. CSIRO Division of Forest Research. Canberra, Australia (unpublished).

Anon. 1979c Eucalyptus urophylla Seed Collections 1979. Seeds Section Report No. 2. CSIRO Division of Forest Research. Canberra, Australia (unpublished).

Anon. 1980 World Conservation Strategy. Living Resource Conservation for Development. IUCN/UNEP/WWF, in collaboration with FAO and UNESCO. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland (E, F, S).

Burley, J. and Nikles, D.G. (Editors). 1972 and 1973a Selection and Breeding to Improve some Tropical Conifers. Vols. I and II. Based on Papers submitted to a symposium organized by IUFRO Working Parties S2.02.08 and S2.03.01 held in Gainesville, Florida, USA, in 1971. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, U.K.

Burley, J. and Nikles, D.G. (Editors). 1973b Tropical Provenance and Progeny Research and International Cooperation. Based on papers submitted to a symposium organized by IUFRO Working Parties S2.02.08 and S2.03.01 held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1973. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, U.K.

Burley, J. and Styles, B.T. (Editors). 1976 Tropical Trees: Variation, Breeding and Conservation. Linnean Society, Oxford, U.K.

Burley, J. and Wood, P.J. (Editors). 1976 A Manual on Species and Provenance Research with Particular Reference to the Tropics. CFI Tropical Forestry Papers No. 10 & 10A. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, U.K. (E, F, S).

Ditlevsen, B. 1979 A Forest Tree Improvement Information System. Forest Genetic Resources Information No. 9. Forestry Occasional Paper 1979/1. FAO, Rome. (E, F, S)

FAO 1973–1980 Forest Genetic Resources Information No. 1–9. Forestry Occasional Papers. FAO, Rome. (E, F, S).

FAO 1969 Report on the First Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. Rome, Italy, 21–25 October 1968. FO:FGR/1/Rep. FAO, Rome. (E, F, S).

FAO 1972 Report on the Second Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. Macon, Ga., USA, 10–12 March 1971. FO:FGR/2/Rep. FAO, Rome. (E, F, S).

FAO 1974a Report on the Third Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. Rome, Italy, 6–10 May 1974. FO:FGR/3/Rep. FAO, Rome. (E, F, S)

FAO 1974b Report on the FAO/DANIDA Training Course on Forest Tree Improvement. Limuru, Kenya, 24 September – 20 October 1973. FAO/DEN/TF 112. FAO, Rome.

FAO 1975a Forest Genetic Resources Information No. 4. Forestry Occasional Paper 1975/1. FAO, Rome. (E, F, S).

FAO 1975b The Methodology of Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources. Report on a Pilot Study. Ed. L. Roche. FO:MISC/75/8. FAO, Rome. (E, F, S)

FAO 1975c Report on the FAO/DANIDA Training Course on Forest Seed Collection and Handling. Vols. I – II. Chiang Mai, Thailand, 17 February – 13 March 1975. FOR:TF-RAS 11 (DEN). FAO, Rome.

FAO 1977a Savanna Afforestation in Africa. Lecture Notes for the FAO/DANIDA Training Course on Forest Nursery and Establishment Techniques for African Savannas, and Papers from the Symposium on Savanna Afforestation. Kaduna, Nigeria 1976. FAO Forestry Paper 11. FAO, Rome. (E, F).

FAO 1977b Report on the Fourth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. Canberra, Australia, 9–11 March 1977. FO:FGR/4/Rep. FAO, Rome. (E, F, S).

FAO 1980a Genetic Resources of Tree Species in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas. A Survey for the Improvement of Rural Living in Latin America, Africa, India and Southwest Asia. FAO/IBPGR. FAO, Rome (E, F, S).

FAO 1980b Mejora Genética de Arboles Forestales. Informe sobre el Curso de Capacitación FAO/DANIDA sobre la Mejora Genética de Arboles Forestales. Mérida, Venezuela, enero-febrero de 1980. Estudio FAO: Montes 20. FAO, Rome.

Greaves, A. 1978 Descriptions of Seed Sources and Collections for Provenances of Pinus caribaea. CFI Tropical Forestry Papers No. 12. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, U.K.

Greaves, A. 1979 Descriptions of Seed Sources and Collections for Provenances of Pinus oocarpa. CFI Tropical Forestry Papers No. 13. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, U.K.

Greaves, A. 1980 Review of the Pinus caribaea and P. oocarpa International Provenance Trials, 1978. CFI Occasional Papers No. 12. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, U.K.

UNEP 1980 Genetic Resources: an Overview. UNEP Report No. 5. Na. 80–4459. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.

Lacaze, J.F. 1978 Etude de l'Adaptation Ecologique des Eucalyptus: Etude de Provenances d'Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Proc. Third World Consultation on Forest Tree Breeding, Canberra, Australia, 1977. FO-FTB-77-2/29. CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.

Martin, B. and Cossalter, C. 1975–76 Les Eucalyptus des Iles de la Sonde. Bois et Forêt des Tropiques No. 163:3–26; 164:3–14; 165:3–20; 166:3–22; 167:3–24; 168:3–18; 169:3–13.

Nikles, D.G., Burley, J. and Barnes, R.D. (Editors). 1978 Progress and Problems of Genetic Improvement of Tropical Forest Trees. Vols. I and II. Proceedings of a joint workshop of IUFRO Working Parties S2.02.08 and S2.03.01 held in Brisbane, Australia, 4–7 April 1977. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, U.K.

OECD 1974 OECD Scheme for the Control of Forest Reproductive Material Moving in International Trade. Rules and Instructions /C(74)29(Final)/. 5 March 1974. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.

Palmberg, C., Willan, R.L. and Nikles, D.G. 1980 International Cooperation in the Genetic Improvement of Tropical Lowland Conifers: Progress Report on a Survey. Paper submitted to symposium organized by IUFRO Woriking Parties S2.02-01, S2.Q2-08, S2.03-10, S2.02.09, P2.02-01 and S1.02-01, held in Aguas de São Pedro, S.P. Brazil, 25–30 August 1980.

Schopmeyer, C.S. (Editor). 1974 Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington, D.C.

Stern, K. and Roche, L. 1974 Genetics of Forest Ecosystems. Ecological Studies No. 6. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London & Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York.

Wood, P.J. 1980 Establishment and Management of ex situ Conservation Stands. Paper submitted to symposium organized by IUFRO Working Parties S2.03-01, S2.02-08, S2.03-10, S2.02-09, P2.02-01 and S1.02-01, held in Aguas de São Pedro, S.P., Brazil, 25–30 August 1980.

¹ The letters in parenthesis indicate the languages in which the document is available.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT

Appendix I.

FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS BY FAO'S REGULAR PROGRAMME (US$)

¹ Carried forward (in part or fully) to following biennium

² Includes posts financed by Finnish Govt. Programme (1971–74) and by UNDP (1976–81)

³ Includes implementation of (i) FAO/UNEP Project 1108-75-05, Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources (1975–81);
(ii) FAO/IBPGR Project on Genetic Resources for the Improvement of Rural Living (1979; 1981)