A total of 31 species are included in the model. They are listed in Table 4.1, together with information on height, coppicing ability, nitrogen fixing ability, density, calorific value and utilization.
TABLE 4.1
Fuelwood species characteristics
Species | Mature height (m) | Coppicing ability | N-fixer | Density (gm/cm3) | Calorific value (Kcal/kg) | Utilization |
Acacia albida | 20–30 | Fo | ||||
Acacia gerradii | 10–16 | Fo | ||||
Acacia nilotica | 15–20 | + + | 0.65–0.70 | 4800–4950 | C, Fo, G, Ho, S | |
Acacia Senegal | 2–5 | + + | C, Fo, G, T | |||
Acacia tortilis | 4–10 | Fo | ||||
Bridelia micrantha | 8–15 | C, T | ||||
Calliandra calothyrsus | 8–12 | + + | 0.50–0.80 | 4500 | Fo, Ho, M, Or | |
Calodendrum capense | 10–20 | C, Or, T | ||||
Cassia siamea | 16–20 | + + | 0.60–0.80 | 4500–4600 | C, D, Fo*, H, M, Or, S, T, Wb | |
Casuarina equisetifolia | 25–30 | + | 0.80–1.20 | 4950 | C, D, Fo, P, T, Wb | |
Casuarina cunninghamiana | 26–30 | C | ||||
Conocarpus lancifolius | 15–18 | 0.81 | C, Fo, T | |||
Croton megalocarpus | 15–25 | C, T | ||||
Cupressus lucitanica | 26–30 | 0.45–0.48 | - | |||
Eucalyptus camaldulensis | 30–40 | + + | 0.55–0.85 | 4800 | C, Fo, H, Ho, Or, P, S, T, Wb | |
Eucalyptus citriodora | 30–40 | + | 0.65–1.10 | 4750 | C, Fo, Ho, O, P, T | |
Eucalyptus globulus | 40–50 | + + | 0.55–0.78 | C, P, Pl, T | ||
Eucalyptus grandis | 40–55 | + + | 0.48–0.64 | C, P, Pl, T | ||
Eucalyptus microcorys | 25–30 | + + | 0.80–0.99 | T | ||
Eucalyptus microtheca | 10–20 | + | 0.75–0.85 | C, T | ||
Eucalyptus saligna | 35–45 | + + | 0.48–0.64 | C, O, P, Pl, T | ||
Eucalyptus tereticornis | 35–45 | + + | 0.65–1.05 | 4800 | C, Fo, Ho, O, P, Pl, S, Sb, T | |
Faurea saligna | 5–10 | C, Ho, T | ||||
Gliricidia sepium | 6–15 | + + | 0.40–0.65 | 4900 | C, Fb, Fo*, Ho, M, Or, S, T | |
Grevillea robusta | 25–35 | 0.64–0.66 | C, Pl, T | |||
Leucaena leucocephala | 10–20 | + + | 0.60–0.70 | 4200–4600 | C, Fo*, M, Or, P, S, T | |
Oleo africana | 3–6 | C, Fr, T | ||||
Parkinsonia aculeata | 4–5 | + + | Fo, Wb | |||
Prunus africanum | 25–30 | T | ||||
Sesbania sesban | 4–8 | + + | 0.40–0.50 | 4500–4600 | Fo | |
Tamarindus indica | 20–30 | C, T |
Sources: Ndegwa 1988; Davidson 1985; Teel 1984; Skerman 1982; Goehl 1981; Webb, Wood and Smith 1980; FAO 1979.
Coppicing ability: + + = good;
+ = fair; no entry Indicates poor or none.
Utilization: C = charcoal;
D = dye;
Fb = firebreak;
Fo = fodder;
Fo* = fodder (but potentially toxic);
Fr = fruit;
G = gum;
H = hedge;
Ho = honey,
M = green manure;
O = oil;
Or = ornamental;
P = pulp (wood);
Pl = plywood, board, etc.;
S = shade;
Sb = shelterbelt;
T = timber, etc.;
Wb = windbreak.
Each tree species is considered for fuelwood production at three levels of inputs circumstances (low, intermediate and high). The attributes of the three input level production circumstances are listed in Table 4.2, and they form the basis of the definition of the land utilization types.
TABLE 4.2
Attributes of LUTs considered for fuelwood production
Attribute | Low inputs | Intermediate inputs | High inputs |
Produce and production | Rainfed production of fuelwood tree species for firewood or charcoal | ||
Market orientation | Subsistence production | Subsistence production plus commercial sale of surplus | Commercial production |
Capital intensity | Low | Intermediate, with credit on accessible terms | High |
Labour intensity | High, including uncosted family labour | Medium, including uncosted family labour | Low, family labour costed if used |
Power source | Manual labour with hand tools | Manual labour with handtools, some mechanization | Complete mechanization, including harvesting |
Technology | Local provenances; no agro-chemicals; minimum conservation measures | Improved provenances as available; appropriate extension packages, including some fertilizer application and pest and disease control; some conservation measures | High yielding provenances; optimum fertilizer use; chemical pest and disease control; full conservation measures |
Infrastructure | Market access not necessary; inadequate advisory services | Some market accessibility necessary, with access to nurseries, demonstration plots and advisory services | Market access essential; high level of nursery and advisory services; application of research findings |
Land holding | Small, fragmented | Small, sometimes fragmented | Large, consolidated |
Income level | Low | Moderate | High |