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List of figures

1. With"before and after" experiments the effect of treatment cannot be separatedfrom the effect of change in rainfall
2. Ccalibration of paired plots before treatment
3. An unexplained anomaly in the relationships between splash and cover
4. Mass ratio calibration of Laws and Parsons
5. Laws and Parsons data on drop size and intensity
6. Later studies of drop diameter at high intensities
7. Erosion pins to measure change in surface level
8. A simple profile meter for measuring changes in surface level
9. Profile meter with a photographic record
10. Setting out a network of erosion pins to measure gully erosion
11. Calculation of cross-sections in a gully
12. Schematic diagram of simple methodology to determine the effect of certain treatments on soil erosion
13. An unsuccessful attempt to measure runoff from terraced land using a small plot
14. Layout of experimental plots to avoid bias caused by soil variation
15. A simple version of the Gerlach trough
16. Hydrographs from three watersheds in Sri Lanka
17. Layout of experimental plots in Zimbabwe
18. Use of screens to trap floating debris
19. Calculating the flow in pipes from the height of a vertical jet
20. Variation of velocity in a stream
21. Two types of current meter
22. Estimating the flow in a stream from measurement with a current meter
23. An example of the rating curve for a stream or river
24. Channels with the same cross-sectional area have a different hydraulic radius
25. Nomograph for solving Manning's formula
26. Freeflow and submerged flow over a sharp-crested weir
27. Unsuppressed flow with end contractions and suppressed flow with the weir in a channel
28. Measuring streamflow with sharp-crested weirs
29. Sharp-crested weirs must have a sharp upstream edge
30. A Cipolletti weir
31. A compound weir
32. A Parshall flume
33. Dimensions of a Parshall flume
34. Proportions of the H flume
35. Effect of submergence on the calibration of an H flume
36. The Washington State College flume
37. Velocity, sediment concentration and sediment discharge in streams
38. A suggested pattern for sediment sampling with sampling points at half the depth of flow
39. A depth-integrating sampler
40. A point-integrated sampler
41. Device for simultaneous sampling at the stream surface and at depth
42. An array of samplers for progressive sampling during a rising stage
43. Sediment sampling mast
44. Cableway manual pump sampling
45. Bedload trap
46. Bedload sampler
47. Bedload sampler with pressure differential at entry
48. Total load slot sampler
49. Trap efficiency of reservoirs
50. Relationship between median volume drop diameter and intensity
51. Terminal velocity of raindrops
52. Relationship between kinetic energy and intensity
53. A simple garden spray simulator
54. A reciprocating garden sprayer
55. The working principle of some rainfall simulators
56. A manually-operated simulator from Kenya
57. Relationship between intensity of rainfall and duration
58. Average runoff in arid or semi-arid climates can be found by plotting cumulative totals of measured rainfall against measured runoff
59. Relationship between runoff and rainfall for various values of S
60. Relationship between rainfall and runoff using runoff curves
61. Alternative estimates of soil erosion in Africa
62. Combined slope/length factor in the USLE
63. Structure of SLEMSA
64. Relationship between cover and soil loss

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