Report of the 6th session of the Commission for Inland Fisheries of Latin America

Table 1. Summary of selected fishery and aquaculture activities in Zambia. Department of Fisheries,
Department of Parks and Wildlife = DoF.
n.a. = not available.

Location and Facility	Species	Area	Inputs	Production
Lusaka Province
Kafue Fisheries Ltd, Kafue, private.	O. andersonii and common carp. Serranochromis thumbergii to control tilapia reproduction.	23 ha	Pig manure waste bran.	One tonne/wk.
Mubuyu Fish Farms, private, Mazabuku area.	Clarias gariepinus, Vundu (Heterobranchus longifillis), Clarias × Vundu hybrids, O. niloticus, O. aurea, common carp.	n.a.	Supplemental feeds of soy bean meal, rice bran, manure.	n.a.
Chilanga Fish Culture Research Station, DoF.	O. andersonii, possibly other local tilapia species, reduced activity due to drought, 1991–1992.	n.a.	Produce fish feed from corn, soy bean, and blood meal; manure.	Reduced due to drought.
Kalimba Fish Farm, Agencey Maritime International, Lusaka.	O. andersonii, Crocodiles,	n.a.	Pig and duck manure,	n.a. tilapia used to feed crocodiles which are main product.
Copperbelt Province
Nchanga Fish Farm, Copperbelt Power Company.	O. andersonii and mirror carp.	10 ha on site with additional 25 ha farm (not visited).	Chicken manure, waste bran.	Tilapia: 8t/ha average with 11t/ha maximum. Carp: n.a.
Macadamia Farms, Lubanda, Ltd. Kafue River, Kitwe.	Mirror carp, tilapia (spp.?)	Over 13 ha, of large (.5 ha) and small (10 × 20m) ponds.	n.a.	Large ponds produce 8t/ha mostly tilapia.
St. Joseph's Mission, Kitwe.	Mirror carp, O. andersonii, T. rendalli.	6 ponds, approximately 2 ha.	Pig and chicken manure, maize bran, maggots compfry, and local vegetation.	n.a. fish used for local consumption and to pay workers.
Mwekera Fish Station, GRZ and DoF, Kitwe.	Mirror carp, O. andersonii, Serranochromis and Haplochromis spp. for tilapia and snail population control, respectively.	9.5 ha.	Manure and supplemental feeds.	400,000 carp fingerlings, tilapia data n.a.

Table 2. Summary of selected aquaculture and fisheries activities in Zimbabwe.
n.a. indicates data not available.

Location and Facility	Species	Area	Inputs	Production
Lake Kariba Area
Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe shore.	8 species of cichlids, Clarias spp, Vundu, Tiger fish (Hydrocynus spp.), Kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon), Labeo altivelis, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, crocodiles.	510,00 ha with an average volume of 156 km³.	Zambezi River.	20,000 t/yr Kapenta, 2,000 t/yr Labeo altivelis. n.a. for other species.
Freshnet Fish Farms, Kariba.	Silver and grass carp, O. mortimeri, O. mossambicus, O. andersonii, O. niloticus, T. rendalli., Clarias spp for tilapia control.	500m³ of cages in Lake Kariba, 12 ha of ponds but only 3 ponds (.33 ha) well managed.	Commercial feed (22% protein) with automatic feeders, grading tilapia during growout, artemia for silver carp fry.	Over 10t/ha/yr from well managed tilapia ponds. Silver carp production poor about 1 t/ha/yr.
Kariba Bream Farm, Kariba.	O. niloticus,	9.2 ha.	Commercial feed.	64t/yr total = 6t/ha/yr average, but due to drought currently producing only 30t/yr.
Banket Agricultural District
Mazvecadei Fish Farm or Rothman's Bream Farm.	O. niloticus a mix of strains from Stirling, Kenya, Israel and Zambia.	Covered raceways, nursery ponds and cage growout, area n.a.	Commercial feed, grow out in cages.	200kg/wk/fillets export, 600 – 800kg/wk local for total of about 1t/wk.

Table 3. Summary of selected fishery and aquaculture activities in Manica, Maputo and Gaza Provinces of Mozambique.
DFC = Department of Fish Culture, Ministry of Agriculture.
n.a. = not available.

Location and facility
Location and facility	Species	Area	Inputs	Production
Manica Province
Chizzizira Fish Farm, DFC. Chimoio.	Common carp, Tilapia rendalli, O. niloticus, plus O. mossambicus from river.	2 – 3 ha	Duck and animal manure, and vegetation.	50,000 10 – 15 g fry/yr all for stocking.
Pecuaria Reservoir, Chimoio.	n.a.	2–3 ha	Natural plus agriculture runoff.	Restricted fishing.
Lake Chicamba, Chimoio.	Black bass, T. rendalli, O. mossambicus, tilapia hybrids (?), O. niloticus, common carp.	120 km²	Dam for hydro-electric, natural.	10 licensed fishers in 1992, approximately 100 unlicensed. Reported catches of 500 – 1500 kg/wk.
Gaza Province
Old Mission, Chokwe.	O. niloticus and common carp.	3 ponds 40×24m.	cow manure	2 t/yr = 7 t/ha/yr of tilapia.
SIREMO Irrigation Scheme, Limpopo River, Chokwe.	Labeo rosa, Labeo spp. O. mossambicus, T. rendalli, Malumbana (Barbus spp. ?), O. niloticus and common carp.	300 ha of canals, 30,000 ha of land in scheme¹.	Canal maintenance and Limpopo River.	Small scale, unregulated fishing from canal and drainage area only.
Macarratene Dam, Limpopo River, Chokwe.	Tilapia, Tiger fish, Labeo spp and common carp.	15,000,000 cubic meters.	Natural and agricultural runoff.	Active fishery, production data n.a.
Mapapa Farm, DFC, Chokwe.	Labeo rosa, common, mirror, bighead silver and grass carps, and O. niloticus.	2–3 ha	Elephant grass and other grasses.	Holding and experimental facility only.
Lionde Hatchery, DFC, Lionde.	Planned hatchery for Labeo and Chinese carp propagation.	pending	pending	pending
Massingira Lake and Dam on Oliphants River, Massingira and Kubo village.	Tilapia, O. mossambicus, T. rendalli, catfish, Clarias spp. cyprinids, Labeo, Barbus, and Synodontis spp., tiger fish and Muzungulu (common carp ?).	115 – 150 km² (Vanden Bossche and Bernacsek 1990).	Dam and reservoir for flood control and hydro-electric, Oliphants River.	Active fishery 93 registered fishers, 100 – 200 additional, production n.a.
Almeda Farms, private, Chulumba in Irrigation Scheme.	O. niloticus, T. rendalli, and common carp.	4 30×30m ponds.	Agricultural waste and manure.	n.a. due to drought and war.
Maputo Province
Umbeluzi Fish Farming Station, DFC, Boane.	Grass, silver, bighead and common carps, O. niloticus.	2 ha	Local grasses, cow manure.	Only holding facility at present.
Umbeluzi River.	O. niloticus, O. mossambicus, T. rendalli,	n.a.	Water treatment.	Small scale fisheries, river supplies water to Maputo.
Pequenos Libombos Reservoir, Boane.	Tilapia spp. O. mossambicus, T. rendalli, Clarias spp.	47 km² with a mean depth of 10m (Vanden Bossche and Bernacsek 1990).	Umbeluzi and Calichane Rivers.	Unmonitored and n.a.

¹ Approximately 22,000 – 23,000 ha are suitable for crops, as the remaining area is too saline.

Table 4. Approximate wholesale price of inland fishes in Zambia (550K/US$) and Zimbabwe (6.4Z$/US$) as of June 1993.

Species	Description	Price
Zambia
O. andersonii	350 – 800g farmed whole fish in Lusaka and Copperbelt areas.	700 – 800K/kg, may get 1000K/kg in Copperbelt.
	<250g farmed whole fish in Lusaka.	100K/kg.

¹C. carpio (mirror variety)	Farmed whole carp 1 – 2kg of limited supply in Copperbelt area.	1000 – 2000K/kg
Clarias spp.	Whole fish, in Lusaka area.	50K/kg no market.
Zimbabwe
O. niloticus	500g packs of fillets sold locally to markets in Banket area¹.	16Z$/kg wholesale, 32Z$/kg retail.
	Whole farmed fish, Kariba Bream Farm.	8 – 10.50Z$/kg.
Tilapia spp.	Whole farmed fish, sold in Lake Kariba area¹.	8 – 10.50Z$/kg.
	Whole fish from Kariba capture fishery.	5.50Z$/kg.
Limnothrissa miodon	Capture fishery, whole fish, Lake Kariba.	3.35Z$/kg.
Labeo altivelis	Gill net fishery, whole fish, Lake Kariba.	6Z$/kg.
Clarias gariepinus	Whole farmed fish, Freshnet Farms.	2Z$/kg, poor market.
Hypothalmichthys molitrix	Whole farmed fish, Freshnet Farms.	6Z$/kg

¹ Farmed tilapia are also exported, however price information not determined.

Table 5. Approximate retail price of fishes from inland fisheries in Mozambique. All weights are preprocessing live weights. (3700 mt/US$). Fish farmers sales insignificant due to drought and political instability and not reported.

Species	Description	Price
Tilapia spp.	Fresh fish, 200 – 800g, from Lake Chicamba, sold on roadside.	1600 – 1700mt/kg
	Fresh fish, 500 – 800g, fishermen on roadside market, Massinger.	2500/kg
	Fresh O. mossambicus and T. rendalli, 150 – 300g, sold on roadside from Pequenos Libombos Reservoir, Boane.	1500mt/kg
	Fried or dried (300g/fish), sold in market, Chokwe, 500g fish sold in Lionde. Fish originated in Massinger.	4500 – 5000mt/kg
	Several small fish (3 cm) on skewer cooked or dried total of 200g, sold in market, Chokwe and Lionde. Originated in Bambene lagoon.	2500 – 5000mt/kg
Tiger fish (Hydrocynus spp.)	Dried or cooked (300g), sold in Chokwe markets.	4500 – 5000mt/kg
Common carp.	Larger (800 – 1000g) fish fried or dried in markets in Chokwe and Massinger.	3000mt/kg

Table 6. List of some aquatic plants found in association with the SIREMO Irrigation Scheme, Chokwe, Mozambique.

Name	Description	Controlled by Grass Carp.
Cabomba (spp. ?)	Submerged vascular plant in canals and drainage area.	Unknown.
Water Lily (Nymphaea spp)	Floating, rooted macrophyte primarily in drainage areas, but in a few canals.	Doubtful.
Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)	Floating macrophyte, observed only in drainage areas where infestation can be extreme.	Doubtful.
Bahia grass (Paspalum spp.)	Tall grass on margins of canals and drainage areas.	Probable control of young plants.
Miscellaneous grasses.	Several unidentified grasses emergent and widespread throughout canals and drainage areas.	Probable control of young plants, and small stands, possible control of heavy infestations.
Spadana (similar to cattails, Typha.)	Tall reeds on margins of canal and drainage areas.	Unknown, perhaps young plants or small stands could be controlled.
Cyperus spp.	Medium height grasses on margins and banks of leaves.	Unknown, grass carp may control young plants.
Duckweed (Lemna spp.)	Small floating vascular plant, not observed by mission but reported by Department of Fish Culture.	Probable.
Phragmites spp.	Common reed on margins and in some canals and drainage areas.	Possible.
Fundi (local name, spelling and species unknown)	Emergent and somewhat floating flowering plant in canals and drainage areas.	Probable, as reported by Department of Fish Culture and farmers.

CAPTIONS TO FIGURES

Figure 1.

Map of Mozambique and locations of selected aquaculture and fishing activities. Numbered basins are: 1) Lake Niassa (Lake Malawi), 2) Lake Chirua, 3) Various small rivers draining Cabo Delgado Province, 4) Messalo River, 5) Coastal plain, Zambesia and Nampula Provinces, 6) Coastal plain, Sofala Province, 7) Púngoè, Revue and Buzi Rivers, 8) Save River, 9) Limpopo River and coastal plain, Inhambabe Province, 10) Incomati River, 11) Umbeluzi River, 12) Maputo River (from Marshall 1993).

Figure 2.

Model to appraise the introduction of Chinese carp into Mozambique (From Kohler and Stanley 1984, ICES/EIFAC Codes of Practice Turner 1988). Responses to questions on opinionnaire are used to evaluate introduction in the Decision Model.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Decision Model

	Review level	Opinionnaire value*	Decision
	I
1.	Is the need valid and are no native species available that could serve the stated need?	≤2 >2	- reject - to next question
2.	Is the organism safe from over-exploitation in its native range?	≤2 >2	- reject - to next question
3.	Are safeguards adequate to guard against importation of disease/parasites?	≤2 >2	- reject - to next question
4.	Would the introduction be limited to closed system?	≤3 <3	- approved - to review level II

	II
5.	Would the organism be unable to establish a self-sustaining population in the range of habitats that would be available	≥3 <3	- approve - to review level III

	III
6.	Would the organism have mostly positive ecological impacts?	≤2 <3>2 ≥3	- reject - to review level IV - to next question
7.	Would most consequences of the introduction be beneficial to humans?	≤2 ≥3>2	- reject - to review level IV - approve

	IV
8.	Is data base adequate to develop complete species synopsis?	<3 ≥3	- conduct detailed literature review¹⁾ - to next question
9.	Does data base indicate desirability for introduction?	≤2 <3>2 ≥3	- reject - conduct research²⁾ - approve
10.	Would benefits exceed risks?	≤2 ≥3	- reject - approve

1) thereafter next step question 9.

2) research focused on potential impact on indigenous species and habitats. thereafter question 10. Value < 3 >2 restart research.

* from following page, see Table 1 of Kohler and Stanley (1984).

Opinionnaire

	No	Unlikely	Possibly	Probably	Yes	Do not know
1. Is the need valid and are no native species available that could serve the stated need?	1	2	3	4	5	X
2. Is the organism safe from over-exploitation in its native range?	1	2	3	4	5	X
3. Are safeguards adequate to guard against importation of disease/parasites?	1	2	3	4	5	X
4. Would the introduction be limited to closed system?	1	2	3	4	5	X
5. Would the organism be unable to establish a self sustaining population in the range of habitats that would be available?	1	2	3	4	5	X
6. Would the organism have mostly positive ecological impacts?	1	2	3	4	5	X
7. Would most consequences of the introduction be beneficial to human?	1	2	3	4	5	X
8. Is data base adequate to develop a complete species synopsis?	1	2	3	4	5	X
9. Does data base indicate desirability for introduction?	1	2	3	4	5	X
10. Based on all available information, do the benefits of the exotic fish introduction outweigh the risks?	1	2	3	4	5	X