Abu-Elamayem, M.M., M.A.H. Saad and A.H. El-Sebae, 1979. Water pollution with organochlorine pesticides in Egyptian lakes. In Environment protection from hazards of pesticides. Proceedings of an international Egyptian-German Seminar, March 24–29, 1979. Bad Godesberg, Germany, Deutscher Academischer Austauschdienst, pp 94–108
Adekambi, E.O., 1989. Petroleum hydrocarbons in coastal waters and sediments in Nigeria. PhD. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Adeniji, H.A. et al., 1991. A review of studies on the assessment of water quality in Nigerian inland waters. In Proceedings of the First national symposium on water quality monitoring and status in Nigeria, 6–18 October 1991, Kaduna, Nigeria. Lagos, Federal Environmental Protection Agency
Agunloye, T.O., 1984. A survey of chlorinated hydrocarbons in rivers of southern Nigeria. MSc. Thesis. Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Alabaster, J.S., 1981. Review of the state of aquatic pollution of East African inland waters. CIFA Occas.Pap., (9):36p.
Alford-Stevens, A.L., 1986. Analyzing PCBs. Environ.Sci.Technol., 20(12):1194–9
Amakwe, C., 1984. Organochlorine pesticide residues in Nigerian freshwater fish. BSc. Dissertation. Dept. of Chemistry, Ibadan University, Nigeria
APHA/AWWA/WPCF, 1985. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 16th ed. Washington, American Public Health Association, 1268 p.
Arebun, O.H., 1990. Characterisation of priority pollutants in Aperin and Ring Road refuse dumps in Ibadan, Nigeria. MSc. Thesis. Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Armour, J.A. and J.A. Burke, 1970. Method of separating PCB from DDT and its analogs. J.Assoc.Off.Anal.Chem., 53:761–8
Autrique, A., 1977. La lutte contre les déprédateurs du cotonier au Burundi. Bujumbura, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi, Département Défense des Végétaux, 9 p.
Balk, I.R. and J.H. Koeman, 1984. Future hazards from pesticide use. IUCN Comm.Ecol.Pap., (6):100p.
Biney, C. et al., 1987. Scientific bases for pollution control in African inland waters. Chem.Ecol., 3:49–74
Biney, C. et al., 1994. Review of heavy metals in the African aquatic environment. Ecotoxicol. Environ.Saf., 28:
Brown, L., 1971. All well so far at Lake Naivasha. Africana, 4(8):11–2
Bryceson, I. et al., 1990. State of the marine environment in the Eastern African Region. UNEP Reg.Seas.Rep.Stud, (113):46p.
Bugenyi, F.W.B., 1984. Potential aquatic environmental hazards of agro-based chemicals and practices in a developing country, Uganda. Proc.Int.Conf.Environ.Haz. Agrochem., (1):461–73
Bugenyi, F.W.B. and J.S. Balirwa, 1989. Human intervention in natural process of the Lake Victoria ecosystem. The problem. In Conservation and management of lakes, edited by J. Salanki and S. Herodek. Biol.Hung., 38:311–40
Cairns, T. and E.G. Siegmund, 1981. PCBs - Regulatory history and analytical problems. Anal.Chem., 11:1183A-93A
Calamari, D.A., M.O. Akech and P.B.O. Ochumba, 1992. Conservation of the aquatic environment. “Winam Gulf basin”. Preliminary hazard assessment. Rome, FAO, TCP/KEN/0159, 14 p.
Corbet, P.S., 1958. Some effects of DDT on the fauna of Victoria Nile. Rev.Zool.Bot. Afr., 57:73–95
Croll, B.T., 1969. Organochlorine insecticides in water. Part 1. Water Treat.Exam., 18:255–74
Croll, B.T. 1991. Pesticides in surface waters and groundwaters. J.Int.Water Environ. Manage., 5:389–95
Deelstra, H., J.L. Power and C.T. Kenner, 1976. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the fish of Lake Tanganyika. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 15(6):689–98
Dejoux, C., 1988. La pollution des eaux continentales africaines. Expérience acquise, situation actuelle et perspectives. Trav.Doc.Inst.Fr.Rech.Sci.Dév.Coop., (213): 513p.
Edwards, C.A., 1977. Nature and origins of pollution by pesticides. In Pesticides in aquatic environments, edited by M.A.Q.Khan. New York, Plenum Press, pp 11–38
Eichelberger, J.W. and J.J. Lichtenberg, 1971. Persistence of pesticides in river water. Environ.Sci.Technol., 5(6):541–4
Eisenreich, S.J., G.J. Hollad and T.C. Johnson, 1979. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surficial Lake Superior sediments. Atmospheric deposition. Environ.Sci.Technol., 13:569–73
El-Sebae, A.H. and M.A. Abu-Elamayem, 1979. A survey to determine potential pollution of the Mediterranean by pesticides from the Egyptian region. Journ.Etud.Pollut., CIESM, (4):149–53
El-Zorgani, G.A., 1976. Residues of organochlorine insecticides in some fishes and birds in the Gezira of Sudan. Pestic.Sci., 7:150–2
Elzorgani, G.A., A.M. Abdulla and M.E.T. Ali, 1979. Residues of organochlorine insecticides in fishes in Lake Nubia. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 22:44–8
El-Dib, M.A. and M.I. Badway, 1985. Organochlorine insecticides and PCBs in water, sediment and fish from Mediterranean Sea. Bull.Environ.Contamin.Toxicol., 34: 215–27
Ernst, W.E. et al., 1983. Monitoring of organochlorine compounds in some marine organisms from Alexandria region. In Proceedings of the First International conference on environmental hazards of agrochemicals, Alexandria, 8–12 November 1983, edited by A.K.H. El-Sebae et al., Alexandria University, pp 95–108
Fayomi, S.F., 1987. Determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Nigerian fresh water fishes from Cross River State of Nigeria. BSc. dissertation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
FAO, Plant Production and Protection Division, 1988. Report of the Twenty-Ninth Session of the FAO desert locust control committee, Rome, 13–17 June 1988. Meeting Report No. AGP/1988/M/2, 38 p.
FAO, 1990. International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides (Amended version), Rome, FAO, M/U0610E:34p.
Foxall, C., 1981. Levels of organochlorine biocide residues in fish from Lake Victoria. Some preliminary findings. In Proceedings of the Workshop of the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute on aquatic resources of Kenya. Mombasa, KMFRI, pp 256–63
Frank R. et al., 1977. Organochlorine insecticides and PCBs in sediments of Lake St Clair (1970 and 1974) and Lake Erie (1971). Sci.Total Environ., 8:205–27
Gayner, H., D. Freitag, and F. Forte, 1984. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the marine environment, particularly in the Mediterranean. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf., 8:129–51
GESAMP (IMO/FAO/Unesco/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution), 1989. The atmospheric input of trace species to the world oceans. Rep.Stud.GESAMP, (38):111p.
GESAMP (IMO/FAO/Unesco/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution), 1991. Review of potentially harmful substances: carcinogens. Rep.Stud.GESAMP, (46):56p.
Gossett, R.W., D.A. Brown and D.R. Young, 1983. Predicting the bioaccumulation of organic compounds in marine organisms using octanol/water partition coefficients. Mar.Pollut.Bull., 14:387–92
Greichus, Y.A. et al., 1977. Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in African lake ecosystems. 1. Hartbeespoort Dam, Transvaal and Voëlvlei Dam, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 6:371–83
Greichus, Y.A. et al., 1978a. Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in African lake ecosystems. 2. Lake Mcllwaine, Rhodesia. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 19: 444–53
Greichus, Y.A. et al., 1978b. Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in African lake ecosystems. 3. Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 19:454–61
Haahti, H and M. Perttilä, 1988. Levels and trends of organochlorines in cod and herring in the northern Baltic. Mar.Pollut.Bull., 19:29–32
Haque, R. and V.H. Freed, 1975. Environmental dynamics of pesticides. New York, Plenum Press, 387 p.
Hansen, L.G., 1987. Environmental toxicology of polychlorinated biphenyls. In Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): mammalian and environmental toxicology, edited by S. Safe. Springer, Berlin, pp 15–48
Harris, H. J. et al., 1990. Ecotoxicology and ecosystem integrity: the Great Lakes examined. Environ.Sci.Technol., 24(5):598–632
Heydorn, A.E.F., 1970. The mounting threat to our estuaries. Afr.Wildl., 24:193–200
Hynes, H.B.N. and T.R. Williams, 1962. The effects of DDT on the fauna of a Central African stream. Ann.Trop.Med.Parasit., 55:192–6
IOC-Unesco, 1985. Second Workshop of participants in the Joint FAO/IOC/WHO/IAEA/UNEP Project on pollution in the marine environment of the West and Central African region (WACAF/2-First Phase), Accra, Ghana, 13–17 June 1988. IOC Workshop Rep., (62):pag.var.
Jallow, S.B.O., 1988. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in the Gambia. Report presented to Second Workshop of participants in the Joint FAO/IOC/WHO/IAEA/UNEP Project on pollution in the marine environment of the West and Central African region (WACAF/2-First Phase), Accra, Ghana, 13–17 June 1988. Paris, IOC of Unesco
Jensen, S., L. Renberg, and L. Reutergårdh, 1977. Residue analysis of sediment and sewage sludge for organochlorines in the presence of elemental sulfur. Anal. Chem., 49(2):316–8
Jensen, S. et al., 1972. DDT and PCB in herring and cod from the Baltic, the Kattegat and Skagerrak. Ambio, 1:81–4
Kaba, N., 1991. Résidus organochlorés dans les sédiments de la lagune Ebrié autour d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). J.Ivoir.Océanol.Abidjan, 2(1):in press
Kaba, N., 1992. Résidus d'organochlorés dans les milieux lagunaire et marin. Communication á la Journée AISA (Association Ivoirienne des Sciences Agronomique) Abidjan, mai 1992. Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Centre de récherches océanologiques
Kahanovitch, Y. and N. Lahav, 1974. Occurrence of pesticides in selected water resources in Israel. Environ.Sci.Technol., 8:762–5
Kallqvist, T. and B.S. Meadows, 1977. Pesticide levels in Kenyan rural environment. Afr.Environ., 2(4)/3(1):163–70
Kanja, L.W., 1988. Organochlorine pesticides in Kenyan mothers milk. PhD. Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Karasek et al., 1981
Karichhoff, S.W. D.S. Brown, and T.A. Scott, 1979. Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments. Water Res., 13:241–8
Keith, L.H., 1976. Identification and analysis of organic pollutants in water. Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 718 p.
Keith, L.H. and W.A. Telliard, 1979. Priority pollutants. 1. A perspective view. Envir.Sci.Technol., 13:416–23
Khan, M.A.Q., 1977. Pesticides in aquatic environments. New York, Plenum Press, 257 p.
Koeman, J.H. and J.H. Pennings, 1970. An orientational survey on the side-effects and environmental distribution of insecticides used in tsetse control in Africa. Bull. Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 5:164–70
Koeman, J.H. et al., 1972. A preliminary survey of the possible contamination of Lake Nakuru in Kenya with some metals and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. J.Appl.Ecol., 9:411–6
Koeman, J.H. et al., 1978. Three years' observation on side effects of helicopter applications of insecticides used to exterminate Glossina species in Nigeria. Environ.Pollut., 15:31–59
Lincer, J.L. et al., 1981. Organochlorine residues in Kenya's Rift Valley lakes. J.Appl.Ecol., 18:157–71
Literath, P., 1975. Study of river pollution caused by micropollutants. Water Res., 9: 1001–3
Mackay, D.N., 1982. Correction of bioconcentration factors. Environ.Sci.Technol., 16:274–8
Macklad, F. et al., 1984a. Monitoring of chlorinated pesticides in some fish species from Edku Lake and Abu Kir Bay. Bull.High Inst.Publ.Health, Alexandria, 14:145–57
Macklad, F. et al., 1984b. Monitoring of chlorinated pesticides in fish samples from Lake Mariut and Alexandria hydrodrome. Bull.High Inst.Publ.Health, Alexandria, 14: 161–73
Marchand, M. and J.L. Martin, 1985. Détermination de la pollution chimique (hydrocarbures, organochlorés, métaux) dans la lagune d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) par l'étude des sédiments. Océanogr.Trop., 20(1):25–39
Matthiessen, P., 1983. Environmental contamination with DDT in Zimbabwe and its likely impact on wildlife. In Proceedings of The international conference on environmental hazards of agrochemicals in developing countries, Alexandria, Egypt, 8–12 November 1983, Vol 1:204–13. Alexandria, Egypt, Unesco and UNEP.
Matthiessen P. and R.J. Roberts, 1982. Histopathological changes in the liver and brain of fish exposed to endosulfan insecticides during tsetse fly control operations in Botswana. J.Fish.Dis., 5:153–9
Matthiessen, P. et al., 1982. Accumulation of endosulfan residues in fish and their predators after aerial spraying for the control of tsetse fly in Botswana. Pest.Sci., 13:39–48
Mbi, C.N. and L.I. Mbome, 1991. Pilot study on the levels of DDTs and PCBs in some marine fishery products from Cameroon. Rev.Sci.Tech.(Sci.Santé), in press
Mbome, L.I. and C.N. Mbi, 1991. Aldrin and lindane content of marine fishery products from Cameroon. Unpublished WACAF-2 project results. Yaounde, Cameroon, Centre de Nutrition
Mbote, W.M., 1979. Planning for national development. In Lectures presented at the Sixth FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic pollution in relation to the protection of living resources. Scientific and administrative bases for management measures. Rome, FAO. TF-RAF 112(SWE)-Suppl. 1:199–209
Merriman, J.C. and J.L. Metcalf, 1988. Pesticide distribution, Lower Ottawa River, 1986. Tech.Bull.Enriron.Can., (160):10 p.
Mhlanga, A.T. and T.J. Madziva, 1990. Pesticide residues in Lake Mcllwaine. J.Human Envir., 19(8):368–72
Miller, S., 1982. The persistent PCB problem. Environ.Sci.Technol., 16:98A–9A
Mitema, E.S. and F.K. Gitau, 1990. Organochlorine residues in fish from Lake Victoria, Kenya. Afr.J.Ecol., 28:234–9
Mugachia, J.C., L. Kanja and F. Gitau, 1992a. Organochlorine pesticide residues in fish from Lake Naivasha and Tana River, Kenya. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 49: 207–10
Mugachia, J.C., L. Kanja and T.E. Maitho, 1992b. Organochlorine pesticide residues in estuarine fish from the Athi river, Kenya. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol., 49: 199–206
Munga, D., 1985. DDT and endosulfan residues in fish from Hola irrigation scheme, Tana river, Kenya. MSc. Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya
Nauen, C., 1983. Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in shellfish, fish and fishery products. FAO Fish.Circ., (764):102p.
Nwankwoala, A.U. and O. Osibanjo, 1992. Baseline levels of selected organochlorine pesticides in surface waters in Ibadan (Nigeria) by electron capture gas chromatography. Sci.Total Environ., 119:179–90
Ogunlowo, S.O., 1991. Priority chemical pollutants in some rivers along the cocoa growing area of Ondo State. MSc. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Ogunseitan, R.O., 1987. Determination of organichlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil and plants from refuse dumps in Nigeria. BSc. dissertation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Ojo, O.O., 1991. Bottom sediments as indicators of chemical pollution in Lekki Lagoon. Msc. Thesis. Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Okonna, S.I., 1985. A survey of pesticide residues in some Nigerian river waters and sediments. MSc. Thesis. Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Oliver, B.G. and M.N. Charlton, 1984. Chlorinated organic contaminants on settling particulates in the Niagara river vicinity of Lake Ontario. Environ.Sci.Technol., 18:903–8
Oliver, B.G. and K.D. Nicol, 1984. Chlorinated contaminants in the Niagara river 1981–83. Sci.Total Environ., 39:57–70
Osibanjo, O. and O. Bamgbose, 1990. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine fish and shellfish of Nigeria. Mar.Pollut.Bull., 21:581–6
Osibanjo, O. and S. Jensen, 1980. Ecological and environmental perspectives of pesticide pollution. In Proceedings of First National Conference on Water pollution and pesticides residue in food, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, pp 206–20
Paasivirta, J., H. Palm and R. Paukku, 1988. Chlorinated insecticide residues in Tanzanian environment. Tanzadrin. Chemosphere, 17(10):2055–62
Picer, N. and M. Picer, 1979. Monitoring of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water and sediments of the North Adriatic coastal waters. Journ. Etud.Pollut.CIESM, 4:133–6
Pickering, G.B., J.R. Cox and L. Donegan, 1980. DDT levels in the environment following cotton spraying in the Shire Valley, Malawi, 1973–1978. London, Tropical Products Institute, Overseas Development Administration, 87 p.
Portmann, J.E. et al., 1989. State of the marine environment in the West and Central African Region. UNEP Reg.Seas Rep. Stud., (108):34p.
Ramesh, A., S. Tanabe, H. lwata, R.E. Tatsukawa, A.N. Subramaniam, D. Mohan and Venugopalan, 1990. Seasonal variation of persistent organochlorine insecticide residues in Veller River waters in Tamil Nadu, South India. Environ.Pollut., 67: 289–304
Roberts, T.R., 1985. Current trends in pesticide residue analysis. Trends Anal.Chem., 4(1):3–7
Saad, M.A.H., 1981. Studies on agricultural residue (pesticides) and heavy metals. Biological interactions in Lake Mariut, a highly polluted lake in Egypt. Final Report, part of the Coordinated isotopic tracer aided research and monitoring programme on agricultural residue - biological interactions in aquatic ecosystems. Research Contract No 2155/R1,R2/SD, Vienna, IAEA, 126 p.
Saad, M.A.H., S.R. McComas and S.J. Eisenreich, 1985. Metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in surficial sediments of three Nile delta lakes, Egypt. Water Air Soil Pollut., 24:27–39
Saad, M.A.H. et al., 1982. Occurrence and distribution of chemical pollutants in Lake Mariut. 1. Residues of organochlorine pesticides. Water Air Soil Pollut., 17:245–52
Sarkar, A. and R. Sen Gupta, 1988. Chlorinated pesticide residues in marine sediments. Mar.Pollut.Bull., 19:35–7
Shuster, K.A., 1976. Leachate damage assessment case studies. EPA/530-SW-509, SW-514, SW-517, USEPA Cincinnati, Ohio
Soclo, H.H. and N. Kaba, 1992. Rapport de stage sur l'analyse des pesticides organochlorés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse, janvier 1992, AIEA, Monaco. Mimeo, Abidjan, Côte d'lvoire, Centre de récherches oceanologiques, 7 p.
Smeets, J. and R. Amavis, R., 1981. Quality of water intended for human consumption. Water Air Soil Pollut., 15:483–502
Sserunjoji, J.M.S., 1974. A study of organochlorine insecticide residues in Uganda with special reference to dieldrin and DDT. In Comparative studies of food and environmental contamination. Vienna, IAEA, STI/PUB/348, pp 43–8
Sserunjoji-Ssebalija, J., 1976. Environmental insecticide residues from tsetse fly control measures in Uganda. In Trace contaminants of agriculture, fisheries and food in developing countries. Vienna, IAEA, STI/PUB/454, pp 69–71
Sunday, M., 1990. Determination of chlorinated pesticide residues and metals in sediments from rivers and streams in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. MSc. Thesis. Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Suzuki, M., Y. Yamato and T. Akiyama, 1974. BHC (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) residue concentrations and their seasonal variation in the aquatic environment in the Kitakyushu District, Japan, 1970–1973. Water Res., 8:643–9
Suzuki, M., Y. Yamato, and T. Watanabe, 1977. Analysis of environmental samples for organochlorine insecticides and related compounds by high resolution electron capture gas chromatography with capillary columns. Environ.Sci.Technol., 11: 1109–13
Tayel, F., 1981. Effect of pollution by pesticides on some marine animals in Abu-Kir Bay. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Egypt, 98 p.
Tongo, A.A., 1985. Baseline study of levels of organochlorine pesticides in Nigerian rivers and their sediments. MSc. Thesis. Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Trape, A.Z., 1985. The Impact of agrochemicals on human health and the environment. Ind.Environ., 8:10–2
UNEP/FAO/IOC/IAEA, 1986. Determination of DDTs and PCBs in selected marine organisms by packed column gas chromatography. UNEP Ref.Methods Mar.Pollut. Stud., (14) Rev. 1:20p.
UNEP/FAO/WHO, 1988. Assessment of chemical contaminants in food. Report on the results of the UNEP/FAO/WHO Programme of health-related environmental monitoring. Nairobi, UNEP/FAO/WHO, 110 p.
UNEP/FAO/WHO/IAEA, 1990. Assessment of the state of marine pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by organohalogen compounds. MAP Tech.Rep.Ser., (39):1–104
UNEP/WHO, 1988. Global environmental monitoring system. Assessment of freshwater quality. Report on the results of the WHO/UNEP programme on health-related environmental monitoring. Nairobi, UNEP and WHO, 80 p.
United Nations, 1993. Agenda 21: Programme of action for sustainable development. Rio declaration on environment and development. Statement of forest principles. New York, United Nations, 294 p.
Vandenbroek, W.L.F., 1979. Seasonal level of chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals in fish and brown shrimps from the Medway estuary, Kent. Environ. Pollut., 21:21
Van Someren, V.D., 1950. Report of the Biologist research and development centre, 1946–1947. In Review of Kenya fisheries 1946 and 1947, edited by H. Copley. Nairobi, Government Printer, pp 20–23
Waliszewski, S.M. and G.A. Symezynski, 1982. Simple low-cost methods for determination of selected chlorinated pesticide in fat sample. J.Assoc.Off.Anal. Chem., 60:1077–80
Walter, D.G. and G.A. Graham, 1988. Pesticide residues in fish: Prospects of a long-term monitoring program. Aust.Fish., 47(2):20–3
Ware, G.W., 1989. The pesticide book. 3rd Ed. Fresner, CA., Thomson Publ., 336 p.
Wegman, R.L.C. and P.A. Greve, 1980. Halogenated hydrocarbons in Dutch water samples over the years 1969–77. In Halogenated hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment, edited by B.K. Afghan and D. Mackay. New York, Plenum Press, pp 405–15
WHO, 1979. DDT and its derivatives. WHO Environ.Health Crit., (9):194p
WHO/UNEP, 1990. Public health impact of pesticides used in agriculture. Geneva, WHO, 128 p.
Table II
Concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons in African inland and coastal waters (ng/l)
Location/water type | Dieldrin | αHCH | HCB | γHCH (Lindane) | Heptachlor | Aldrin | Endosulfan | Reference | |
INLAND WATERS | |||||||||
North Africa - Egypt | |||||||||
Lake Mariut | 2091 | Saad et al., 1982 | |||||||
Lake Mariut | 120 | 1310 | Saad, 1981 | ||||||
Nozha Hydrodrome | 1100 | Abu-Elamayem et al., 1979 | |||||||
East Africa - Kenya | |||||||||
Lake Nakuru | <100 | <100 | Kallqvist and Meadows, 1977 | ||||||
West and Central Africa - Nigeria | |||||||||
Ibadan, Streams | 250(17.8–657) | 150(1–302) | 17(ND-92) | 100(7–297) | 72(4–202) | 20(ND-40) | 98(ND-430) | Nwankwoala and Osibanjo, 1992 | |
River Ogun | 13.3 (1.4–41.9) | 0.25 (ND-0.8) | 40 (5.1–49) | 116 (ND-260) | Agunloye, 1984; Tongo, 1985 | ||||
River Imo | 0.2 (ND-0.6) | 4 (ND-11.4) | 13 (ND-40) | 13 (ND-41) | Agunloye, 1984; Tongo, 1985 | ||||
Cross River | 1.0 (ND-5) | 0.3 (ND-1.1) | 2 (ND-8.6) | 36 (ND-143) | 20 (ND-80) | Agunloye, 1984; Tongo, 1985 | |||
Awba Dam, Ibadan | 0.8 (ND-2.5) | 61 (9–167) | 18 (12–29) | 20 (ND-30) | Agunloye, 1984; Tongo, 1985 | ||||
Kainji Lake | 0.12 (ND-0.24) | 0.47 (ND-3.48) | 0.55 (ND-3.05) | Adeniji et al., 1991 | |||||
R. Ero Dam, Ondo | 560 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 3.1 | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |||
River Ero, Ondo | 740 | 2.0 | ND | ND | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |||
River Osse, Ondo | 2150 | 2.0 | 5.0 | ND | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |||
R. Owesse, Ondo | 1120 | 6.4 | 1.6 | ND | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |||
River Apomu, Ondo | 1380 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 3.5 | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |||
Southern Africa | |||||||||
Hartbeespoort Dam, | <100 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
RSA | |||||||||
Voëlvlei Dam, RSA | <100 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
L. Mcllwaine, Zimb. | <100 | Greichus et al., 1978a | |||||||
L. Mcllwaine, Zimb. | 200 (<10–530) | 100 (26–270) | 100 (<10–120) | Mhlanga and Madziva, 1990 | |||||
COASTAL WATERS | |||||||||
North Africa - Egypt | |||||||||
Abu-Kir Bay | 4.88 | 18.05 | Tayel, 1981 | ||||||
West and Central Africa - Nigeria | |||||||||
Lagos Lagoon | 8 (ND-24) | 2 (0.8–4.1) | 182 (16–634) | ND | 53 (3–190) | 29 (ND-86) | Tongo, 1985 |
Location/water type | ρ,ρ'-DDE | ρ,ρ'-DDD | ρ,ρ'-DDT | Total DDT | PCB | Reference | |
INLAND WATERS | |||||||
North Africa - Egypt | |||||||
Lake Mariut | 4493 | 134 | 5100 | Saad et al., 1982 | |||
Lake Mariut | 6630 | 9820 | 21440 | Saad, 1981 | |||
Nozha Hydrodrome | 1540 | 600 | Abu-Elamayem et al., 1979 | ||||
Nozha Hydrodrome | 13610 | Saad, 1981 | |||||
East Africa - Kenya | |||||||
Lake Nakuru | <100 | <100 | <100 | <1000 | Greichus et al., 1978b; | ||
Kallqvist and Meadows, 1977 | |||||||
West and Central Africa - Nigeria | |||||||
Ibadan, Streams | 310 (ND-1266) | Nwankwoala and Osibanjo, 1992 | |||||
River Ogun | 87 (ND-244) | Agunloye, 1984; Tongo, 1985 | |||||
River Imo | 121 (ND-241) | Agunloye, 1984; Tongo, 1985 | |||||
Cross River | 120 (ND-470) | Agunloye, 1984; Tongo, 1985 | |||||
Awba Dam, Ibadan | 330 (ND-1000) | Agunloye, 1984; Tongo, 1985 | |||||
Kainji Lake | 3.88 (ND-10.05) | Adeniji et al., 1991 | |||||
River Ero Dam, Ondo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |
River Ero, Ondo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |
River Osse, Ondo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |
River Owesse, Ondo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |
River Apomu, Ondo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Ogunlowo, 1991 | |
Southern Africa | |||||||
Hartbeespoort Dam, RSA | 100 | 100 | 100 | 300 | 2000 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |
Voëlvlei Dam, RSA | <100 | <100 | <100 | <200 | <1000 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |
Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe | (<20–300) | Matthiessen, 1983 | |||||
Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe | 350 (<10–700) | Mhlanga and Madziva, 1990 | |||||
Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 100 | <100 | <100 | <1000 | Greichus et al., 1978a | ||
Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 400 (30–700) | Mhlanga and Madziva, 1990 | |||||
COASTAL WATERS | |||||||
North Africa - Egypt | |||||||
Abu-Kir Bay | 24.3 | Tayel, 1981 | |||||
West and Central Africa - Nigeria | |||||||
Lagos Lagoon | 3 (ND-15) | 83 (ND-344) | ND | 2500 (ND-9000) | Tongo, 1985 |
Table III
Concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons in African inland and coastal water sediments (ng/g dry weight)
Location/water type | Dieldrin | αHCH | HCB | γHCH (Lindane) | Heptachlor | Aldrin | Endosulfan | Reference | |
INLAND WATERS | |||||||||
North Africa - Egypt | |||||||||
Lake Mariut | 89.1 | Abu-Elamayem et al., 1979 | |||||||
Lake Mariut | 65.5 | 327.0 | Saad, 1981 | ||||||
Nozha Hydrodrome | 119.5 | Abu-Elamayem et al., 1979 | |||||||
Nozha Hydrodrome | 423.5 | Saad, 1981 | |||||||
East Africa | |||||||||
Lake Nakuru, Kenya | <1.0 | Greichus et al., 1978b | |||||||
Lake Nyumba ya Mungu, Tanzania | 4 (3–6) | 1 (ND-4) | 131 (ND-251) (Tanzadrin) | Paasivirta et al., 1988 | |||||
Lakes, Uganda | 10 (2–39) | Sserunjoji, 1974, 1976 | |||||||
West and Central Africa | |||||||||
River Ogunpa, Ibadan, Nigeria | 0.9 (ND-1.8) | 0.7 (ND-2) | 0.5 (ND-1.2) | ND | ND | ND | Sunday, 1990 | ||
River Ona, Ibadan, Nigeria | 0.3 (ND-0.5) | 0.5 (ND-0.9) | ND | ND | ND | ND | Sunday, 1990 | ||
River Oniyere, Nigeria | 2.0 (ND-6) | 0.1 (ND-0.4) | 0.9 (ND-2.0) | ND | ND | ND | Sunday, 1990 | ||
Lekki Lagoon, Nigeria | 4560 (190–8460) | 18.6 (ND-116) | 0.4 (ND-3.3) | 1.1 (0.11–4.9) | 64 (ND-1845) | 56 (ND-347) | 30 (7–1155) | Ojo, 1991 | |
Ebrie Lagoon, Côte d'Ivoire | 2.3 (0.5–19) | Marchand and Martin, 1985 | |||||||
Ebrie Lagoon, Côte d'Ivoire | 17.8 (ND-125.8) | 3.2 (0.01.13.4) | 3.0 (0.07–19.8) | 0.9 (ND-6.8) | 15.7 (0.07–62.1) | Kaba, 1991 | |||
Southern Africa | |||||||||
Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 5.0 (ND-16) * | 16 (2–42) * | 1.0 (ND-12) * | Mhlanga and Madziva, 1990 | |||||
Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 4 | Greichus et al., 1978a | |||||||
Hartbeesspoort Dam, RSA | 2 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
Voëlvlei Dam, RSA | <1 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
COASTAL WATERS | |||||||||
North Africa, Egypt | |||||||||
Abu-Kir Bay | 0.09 | 0.05 | Tayel, 1981 |
*) ng/g wet weight
ND = Not detected