WORK PROGRAMME: Module 1
Data Handling
1. Objectives
This module will be concerned with data collection, the processing of the data and the entry of these data on the computer data base.
2. Implementation
2.1 All relevant information from work already published will be made easily available for future project work. (Task 1/1)
2.2 Data bases will be set up to incorporate new and existing data, as these become available or are collected in the field. (Task 1/2)
2.3 Data already collected will be reviewed and, where necessary, reprocessed. (Task 1/3)
3. Duration
This module will start now with Task 1 and continue indefinitely.
4. Personnel
All team members will be involved and active. Individual team members may be given specific responsibilities.
5. Working methods
These will be detailed in the task sheets. In general all data and information will be handled in a standardized and compatible manner, where appropriate conforming to FAO style. Data will be recorded, entered on the data bases and processed as soon as possible after collection - where this is appropriate.
6. Equipment
This will be mainly a desk exercise with the use of library facilities. Desk and laptop computers with the appropriate data base programmes will be available for use after training.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 1 Task 1/1
Bibliography
Please note that this will be entered on a computer data base in due course.
1. What is to be done
1.1 List all known relevant references - both published and unpublished material.
1.2 List locations of published material.
1.3 Make photocopies where possible for project library.
1.4 Review all references, where these are available, and produce brief annotations/summaries.
1.5 List keywords for each reference.
1.6 Enter references, summaries and keywords on computer data base.
2. Working methods
Publications should be read by more than one team member and the summaries and keyword list drawn up in cooperative discussions. Any problems should be discussed with senior team members.
The presentation will be primarily in Chinese with parallel translation into English in conformity with FAO standards.
Input to the computer will be in English in conformity with FAO standards.
2.1 Additional material
A computer search will be made, through the FAO library, to provide a list of relevant publications from the world-wide literature. This will be incorporated into the project bibliography.
3. Duration
This task will start now and go on intensively until March 1990. From April 1990 onwards it will continue for an indefinite period to add material as this becomes available.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 1 Task 1/2
Construction of Data Bases
Note this work will depend upon the data base programmes that are used. At the moment these are not known and these notes will be revised as more information becomes available.
1. What is to be done
1.1 In discussions the team will decide which data should be collected and for what purposes they will be used. These two issues must be considered together.
1.2 With help from the TA construct data bases appropriate to the data type and future recovery needs.
1.3 When the data bases are available and checked, data sets will be entered. These will consist of the existing data available to the team and data collected during future investigations; for example: the sampling of the catches from the trawl nets has been done at least three times and this work will be repeated to detect any changes. All of these data will be accessible from the same data base once they have been entered.
2. Working methods
The detailing of working methods must wait for the installation of the computers, the establishment of the programmes and the training of the team members. The methods of transferring from Chinese to Computer-English and vice versa will have to be worked out later. This section will be updated in a month or two.
3. Personnel
It is important that all team members are capable of carrying out this task. It will be assumed that they will be responsible for entering the data from their own field work. Individuals may be made responsible for the handling of the data from particular parts of the survey work.
4. Duration
This work will start as soon at the computers and the programmes are ready. After training it is assumed that activities can start mid-October 1989.
The work will be intensive during the first 6 months as the past data are located and entered. It will then be continuous as data come in from the field throughout the life of the survey.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 1 Task 1/3
Data re-evaluation
1. What is to be done
1.1 Identify data, from all sources, that may be relevant to the work currently being carried out.
1.2 Rework these data according to the needs of the present survey and check for the accuracy of the original worker's conclusions.
1.3 Where appropriate, these data will be analysed again with the more modern techniques which are at the disposal of the team.
2. Working methods
These will be the standard methods of data base manipulation which will be learned as part of Task 1/2.
3. Personnel
All team members will be expected to carry out this work as appropriate to their responsibilities.
4 . Duration
This work will await the development of the survey. It is anticipated that the team will be in a position to re-evaluate past data by the end of the summer season 1990. This work will go on indefinitely throughout the life of the project.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 2
Equipment
1. Objectives
To make available appropriate equipment in order to carry out the required investigations on Qinghai Lake throughout the project period.
2. Implementation
2.1 Selection and specification of apparatus and equipment appropriate to the local conditions: adequate for undertaking the survey as planned; available for delivery within the time limit necessary; and taking into account budgetary considerations of purchase and operating costs. (Task. 2/1)
2.2 Selection of suppliers by comparison of specifications proposed, delivery times and cost tenders. Ordering of goods. (Task 2/2)
2.3 Delivery and acceptance of apparatus and equipment. (Task 2/3)
2.4 Commissioning of the equipment and training of the team members in its use. (Task 2/4)
3. Duration
This work programme module will start as soon as possible and continue until all equipment is delivered and commissioned. Target date for completion of all tasks will be April 1990. It is realistic to assume that delivery time may exceed this target date and plans must be made to take these delays into account.
4. Personnel
Selection of specifications and ordering (Tasks 2/1 and 2/2) will be the responsibility of senior project personnel assisted by the CTA and Dr Dunn. Mr Smith (limnology and equipment specialist) will organize these tasks and provide the specialized advice necessary.
Acceptance of the delivery of the equipment (Task 2/3) will be the responsibility of designated team member(s).
Commissioning of the equipment and training in its use (Task 2/4) will involve all team members.
5. Working methods
These will be detailed in the task sheets. In general, care should be taken that the equipment is located where it is required; appropriate arrangements are made for its safe-keeping, care and maintenance; and that it should only be employed by personnel trained in its use.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 2 Task 2/1
Selection and Specification of Equipment
1. What is to be done
1.1 Discuss with the Project Director, team members and TA to determine the equipment needs of the project work programme.
1.2 Investigate the local situation, sampling sites, support available, survey vessel, etc., in order to be aware of particular needs and problems.
1.3 In discussions with the Project Director, senior team members and TA, finalize item list and specifications.
1.4 Cost estimates will be obtained for the required equipment to enable specifications to be finalized within budget.
2. Working methods
This work will be mostly administrative and carried out in Xining. Where necessary the field working conditions and practical field needs will be investigated and taken into account. In some cases it will be necessary to obtain specialist expertise, from FAO Rome or elsewhere, before finalizing specifications.
3. Personnel
This task will be carried out by the senior team members in close liaison with the Project Director and TA (especially Mr Smith).
4. Duration
This work was, for the most part, completed by 15 September 1989, except for specialized items that required detailed specialist advice. In these cases the work will be completed as soon as possible.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 2 Task 2/2
Selection of Specifications and Ordering of Items
1. What is to be done
1.1 Suppliers will be requested to provide firm offers against the required specifications. These offers will include firm de1ivery times.
1.2 Offers will be compared and specifications scrutinized. The more appropriate offers will be selected.
1.3 Firm orders will be placed with the suppliers.
2. Working methods
This will be an administrative exercise carried out mainly in Xining.
3. Personnel
This work will be carried out in close consultation with the Project Director, the senior teas members and the TA.
4. Duration
This task should be completed by mid-October 1989.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 2 Task 2/3
Delivery and Acceptance of Apparatus and Equipment
1. What is to be done
1.1 Arrangements will be made for delivery of all items to the sites where needed (presumed to be either Xining or the lakeside).
1.2 All items delivered will be checked for damage or deterioration. Any damages will be immediately notified to the appropriate authorities, agents, suppliers, insurers, etc.
1.3 All items will be unpacked and checked for specifications, agreement with the purchase requests, bills of lading and fitness for use.
1.4 Items will be inventoried and securely stored under the appropriate conditions.
1.5 All inventoried items will be notified to the inventory holder, with location lists.
2. Working methods
This work will be undertaken at the points of delivery from the transport. It will be continued at the site of final delivery for future use.
3. Personnel
It is essential that one individual staff member is made totally responsible for the checking and acceptance of the items. Responsibility for the maintenance of the inventory and the checking out and receipt of equipment in use should be the task of a designated staff member.
4. Duration
This work will begin with the arrival of the equipment. This should start in November 1989 and continue for approximately six months. During this time most of the items will be delivered. The task of maintaining an inventory and stock control will continue throughout the life of the project.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 2 Task 2/4
Commissioning of the Equipment and the Training in its Use
1. What is to be done
1.1 All equipment and apparatus will be unpacked and set up for use. This will involve following the manufacturer's instructions and carrying out the appropriate function checks.
1.2 Equipment will be calibrated as necessary.
1.3 Where appropriate, designated personnel will be trained in the use of the specialist equipment. Care must be taken that only trained personnel will use delicate or easily damaged equipment.
1.4 All equipment once calibrated will be sited as needed and full instructions for use and recalibration will be posted clearly.
2. Working methods
This will be a preparatory and training exercise with which the TA will be closely involved in a supervisory capacity. The work will involve maintaining the inventory.
3. Personnel
Designated personnel under adequate supervision of senior or trained personnel and the TA.
4 . Duration
This task will be mainly carried out with the arrival of the main items of equipment. These should be on site before April 1990. The task will continue throughout the period of the project as additional or replacement equipment arrives.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 3
Commissioning of Survey Vessel
1. Objectives
To ensure the availability of a suitable survey vessel on Qinghai Lake by providing assistance to the counterpart contribution, from UNDP/FAO project contribution funds, for the installation of items of capital equipment and the commissioning of the vessel. Items of survey equipment (see Module 2) will be installed.
2. Implementation
2.1 The capital equipment required will be identified and the appropriate specifications drawn up. These will take into account the specifications of the vessel available, the location of Qinghai Lake, the requirements of the survey programme, and project budget constraints. (Task 3/1)
2.2 Selection of suppliers by comparison of specifications proposed, delivery times and cost tenders. Ordering of goods. (Task 3/2)
2.3 Delivery and acceptance of items ordered. (Task 3/3)
2.4 Installation of equipment and commissioning of vessel. (Task 3/4)
2.5 Counterpart completion of refit, including the fitting of the items of survey equipment. (Task 3/5)
3. Duration
This work module should start as soon as possible and MUST BE COMPLETED BY END OF MARCH 1990.
4. Personnel
The identification of the requirements (Task 3/1) will be the responsibility of senior team members and the TA. Mr Smith will be responsible for detailed specifications in coordination with FAO specialist technical advice from FAO Rome.
Selection of suppliers (Task 3/2) will be the responsibility of senior team members and the TA.
The acceptance of the equipment, fitting, commissioning and the completion of the vessel refit (Tasks 3/3, 3/4 and 3/5) will be the responsibility of the counterpart technical staff.
5. Working methods
In general these will be detailed in the task sheets. The installation of the equipment, completion of the refit and commissioning of the vessel will be undertaken by the Department work force and the work programme be organized by them.
6. Special note
The urgency for the completion of this work and the interruption expected during the winter months imply that particular importance must be given to the delivery dates of the major items of capital equipment. Specifications and the selection of suppliers must take thl6 into account.
WORK PROGAMME: Module 3 Task 3/1
1. What is to be done
1.1 Decisions will be made as to the range of specifications for main engine, gearbox and generator set.
1.2 Hull layout and engineering details will be checked and the modifications that may be required will be detailed.
1.3 Cost estimates will be obtained for the required equipment to enable specifications to be finalized within budget.
2. Working methods
This will be a technical exercise mostly based on Xining, and will also demand some technical work at the lake.
3. Personnel
This work will be the responsibility of senior team members, the Department Senior Engineer and the TA. They will liaise directly with the Project Director and cooperate with the lake-based staff.
4. Duration
This work will begin as soon as possible and should have been completed before the end of September 1989.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 3 Task 3/2
Selection and Ordering of Capital Equipment for Boats
1. What is to be done
1.1 Suppliers (a minimum of 3 if possible) will be requested to supply firm tender offers against the required specifications. These offers will include delivery times.
1.2 Offers will be compared and specifications scrutinized. The more appropriate offers will be selected.
1.3 Firm orders will be dispatched.
2. Working methods
This will be an administrative exercise, carried out mainly in Xining.
3. Personnel
This work will be carried out in close consultation with the Project Director, the senior team members and the TA.
4. Duration
Ordering of equipment was initiated in November 1989.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 3 Task 3/3
Delivery and Acceptance of Items
1 . What is to be done
1.1 On delivery of the ordered items, these will be checked for damage and specifications. On acceptance they will be delivered to the lake site.
2. Working methods
These will be the standard methods of technical checking and handling.
3. Personnel
The responsibility for these tasks will be delegated by the Project Director.
4. Duration
This work will be carried out as soon as possible after the arrival of the goods in order to minimize delays in the installation of the equipment.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 3 Task 3/4
Refitting of Vessel
1. What is to be done
1.1 As soon as practicable the delivered replacement items (especially engine and generator) will be installed on the vessel and tested.
1.2 The required modifications to the accommodation on board will be made as soon as possible. Detailed modifications and the layout of services may await the advice of the TA.
1.3 On delivery of the specialized items, these will be fitted or for particular items of equipment will await the advice of the TA.
2. Working methods
These will be standard workshop and ship-fitting techniques appropriate to the facilities and conditions at the lakeside.
3. Personnel
This work will be carried out by the skilled workman available to the Department, using the workshop facilities of the fish factory. The work will be supervised and checked by a senior staff engineer.
4. Duration
This work will be undertaken between October 1989 and March 1990 as working conditions at the lakeside allow. It is essential that the vessel is ready for sailing by the break of the lake ice in March/April 1990.
5. Equipment
It is expected that the standard workshop equipment available at the lakeside factory site will be adequate for the proposed works.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 4
Survey of Fish Breeding Sites and Evaluation of Breeding Success
1. Objectives
1.1 To obtain quantitative information on the breeding of the naked carp and to estimate the quantities of young fish that are produced and recruited to the fishery each year.
1.2 To identify the areas important for the production of young fish.
1.3 To identify the ecological parameters most important to breeding success.
1.4 To contribute to the understanding of the reproductive cycle and migration movements of the adult fish.
1.5 To identify constraints to future breeding success in order to propose mitigating actions.
2. Implementation
2.1 From available records prepare an evaluation of the changes that have taken place on the lake watershed and their possible ecological effects of importance to the fish populations. (Task 4/1 )
2.2 From an assessment of the information available, select a number of spawning areas and describe each site in detail. Map the available spawning sites and estimate their extent around the lake. (Task 4/2)
2.3 Monitor the seasonal changes that take place at the spawning sites selected for observation. This description to include seasonal water flow changes; change in water quality; stream biota and meteorological changes. (Task 4/3)
2.4 By visual observation and test fishing record the arrival of the adult fish on the spawning grounds and estimate fish density. Extrapolate this quantitative assessment for the total of the unknown spawning areas. Determine the biological changes, associated with the spawning period that take place in the adult fish. (Task 4/4)
2.5 Evaluation of spawning success will be made by assessing the numbers of eggs/larvae/post-larvae on the selected spawning sites. The effects of predation and the rate of return of the young fish to the lake will be assessed. (Task 4/5)
3. Duration
This work programme module will start in March 1990 and continue throughout the breeding seasons of 1991, 1992 and 1993. It is essential to start these investigations at the beginning of the 1990 breeding season as failure to do so will effectively lose one year's data.
4. Personnel
The whole of the lake team will be involved in this work. Individual responsibilities will be detailed in the separate task notes and as the development of the work progresses.
5. Working methods
These will be detailed in the individual task notes. The scope of the work and the emphasis and priorities may change as the data are evaluated. Working methods and programmes may be adjusted to take into account the overall needs of the project.
6. Equipment
Fishing equipment (small hand nets, beach seines, small-mesh gill-nets, small purse seines, electrofishing equipment). Biological assessment apparatus (microscopes, dissecting equipment, weighing scales, measuring boards). Water testing apparatus. River and stream fauna and flora investigation apparatus (grab6, dredges, nets, sieves, sedimentation trays, etc). Survey and mapping equipment (rangefinders, tapes, compasses).
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 4 Task 4/1
Identify and Evaluate Important Ecological Changes that have Taken Place on the Lake Watershed
1. What is to be done
1.1 In discussions with the team members a list of important environmental parameters, that will have a direct influence on the spawning sites, reproductive success and recruitment, will be compiled. The list of these parameters will include, but possibly not be limited to:
climatic changes;
change in the river and stream bed patterns;
changes in seasonal flow rates;
changes in the water quality of the inflow streams and rivers;
changes in the land use that may have an effect on run-off and erosion patterns;
changes in the use of fertilizers on the watershed farms; changes in the use of pesticides on the watershed farms;
the effects of any building works, road construction, etc., on the inflow streams;
changes in the population and the construction of farms, villages, factories, etc.
1.2 Identify the sources of the information compiled in 1.1 above. Establish contact and develop a cooperative relationship with the individuals and organizations that maintain this historical information. Extract the data and collate and record in a way that makes it accessible to the team throughout the survey period.
1.3 Identify sources of maps of the lake area and draw an accurate “master map” of the lake and the surrounding watershed. This map, or maps, should be drawn at the appropriate scale so that many duplicates can be made to be used in the field work.
Note: The physical accuracy of the map of the lake must be checked as this will be used for navigation and identification of survey sample locations.
2. Working methods
Initial contacts with the sources of information will be made by senior project or department officers. After these contacts have been made the work will involve all team personnel. It is recommended that one individual is made responsible for the collection and collation of the Information as researched by the other team members.
Where appropriate the information will be entered on the computer data bases.
3. Personnel
All team personnel will be involved. Special tasks will be delegated to individuals by the team leader.
4. Duration
The work will start as soon as possible and should be essentially completed by end of March 1990.
Mapping should be considered the first priority as these maps will be needed at the collation of other data.
5. Equipment
Standard drawing equipment will be needed. Planimeter and pantograph may also be required. The project computer will be available for entering the data.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 4 Task 4/2
Identification and Description of Spawning Areas
1. What is to be done
1.1 Typical spawning areas for naked carp will be identified in the field: one on the Buha He, one on the Ganzhi He on the north shore, and a site situated on a small inflow stream.
1.2 Each of the selected areas will be mapped and described in detail. This description will include but possibly not be limited to :
- a description of the area adjacent to and upstream of the site:
- a note of any activity (rural or urban) on the area that drains into the site;
- a physical description of the site, stream bed, flow rates, areas of silt deposit, etc.
1.3 A survey will be made of the inflow rivers and streams to identify and locate all the spawning areas. These will be mapped and their total area estimated.
2. Working methods
This work will be carried out by small teams who will spend sufficient time at each site to carry out the work. In order to identify seasonal changes these visits will be repeated at appropriate intervals throughout the year. It will be necessary to investigate for considerable distances upstream from the lake on foot or by available transport. The field work will be integrated with the other parts of the overall work programme.
3. Personnel
All team members, as designated, will be involved in the field work, the drafting of maps and writing up of the data.
4. Duration
This work will start with the opening of the season in March/April 1990 and continue until the end of the spawning season and the migration of the adults and young fish each year. The investigations will be repeated in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
5. Equipment
Standard field survey equipment will be needed: silt trays and sieves. Compasses, measuring tapes, theodolite, range-finders, etc. A four-wheel drive vehicle and trail motorcycles. Camping kit if required.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 4 Task 4/3
Monitoring of Seasonal Changes at the Spawning Areas
1. What is to be done
1.1 At 3 chosen sites (with supplementary sites if this is required) the seasonal changes in important ecological parameters will be monitored. These seasonal changes will include, but possibly not be limited to:
changes in the rate of water flow;
changes in the water quality and physical and chemical parameters;
physical changes in the substrate;
a record of seasonal changes of meteorological parameters will be kept.
1.2 The seasonal changes in the river and stream biota will be monitored. This will involve a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the drift biota, the benthos and the aufwuchs. Seasonal changes in the rooted aquatic plants will be quantified. The contribution made to the food supplies from the drift of allochtonous material will also be monitored.
2. Working methods
Standard field methods will be used, supported by laboratory work where required. Where possible self-recording units or recordings and observations made by auxiliaries (e.g., the resident police officers) should be used to supplement the team's observations. Team members will have to visit the sites regularly and every effort will be made to timetable these activities with other activities of the overall work programme.
The data obtained will be collated and entered into the computer data bases where appropriate.
Where possible data derived from other authorities (e.g., Water Conservancy Department) will be incorporated.
The work of this task will be coordinated with that of Module 6 “Investigation of benthic fauna and flora”.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved as detailed.
4. Duration
This work will start as soon as the rivers begin to flow at the beginning of the season in March/April 1990. This monitoring will be continuous throughout the project duration.
5. Equipment
Standard river survey equipment: field water analysis kits, nets, benthos trays, sediment trays, benthos sieves, meteorological station(s), field microscopes, etc.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module A Task 4/4
Monitoring Changes in the Population of Adult and Young Fish
1. What is to be done
1.1 Observations will be made on the adult fish at the spawning areas. These observations will include, but possibly not be limited to:
- visual count of the spawners on the spawning grounds;
- test fishing of samples of the adults to determine physical condition, breeding scale and fecundity of females;
- determine seasonal changes in the numbers of fish and dates of migration.
1.2 These data will be extrapolated to the total area of spawning grounds, with check observations at sites other than the three selected for detailed investigation.
2. Working methods
Visual estimates will be supported by test fishing with large and small mesh seine nets, gillnets, cast nets and electrofishing. Standard field and laboratory procedures will be used to investigate the fish and estimate fecundity, etc.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved in this work, carrying out the field work in small teams as detailed.
4. Duration
This work will commence as soon as the adults begin migration upstream (April/May 1990). It will be repeated as necessary each season throughout the life of the project.
5. Equipment
The standard range of fishing gear (see 2 above) will be used. Investigations of the fish will use the standard field and laboratory equipment: scales, measuring boards, field micro scopes, etc.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 4 Task 4/5
Monitor and Investigate the Return of the Adult Fish to the Lake and the Success of Juvenile Migration
1. What is to be done
1.1 Investigate the return of adults and post-1arvae/fingerlings to the lake by visual observation and test fishing downstream of the spawning areas and in the river estuaries.
1.2 Observe predation on the returning adults and young fish, especially by birds, and obtain a quantitative estimate of the importance of this predation.
2. Working methods
More than one method of sampling will be used where appropriate (e.g., fishing with gillnets. e1ectrofishing, mosquito seine nets to obtain fish samples).
Use will be made of the information obtained in Task 4/1.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved both in the field and in processing the data in the laboratory.
4. Duration
This work will begin with the return of the first fish to the lake and will continue throughout the season of downstream migration. This will start in the season 1990 and continue throughout the project duration.
5. Equipment
Standard range of fishing equipment will be used (see previous tasks). Visual counting of predatory birds will be supplemented by photography and the evaluation of the photographs.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 5
Limnological Investigations
1 . Objectives
1.1 In order to provide information of value for determining the critical factors in the life cycle of the fish, the primary purpose of a limnological sampling programme is to identify the seasonal changes in the water masses throughout the lake and the effect of the river inflow on these water masses.
1.2 In addition, by identifying changes in the microflora and microfauna, the part played by the planktonic primary and secondary producers in the biology of the fish will be assessed.
2. Implementation
2.1 Water samples will be taken from selected sites on selected inflow streams. These will be analysed for the basic chemical and physical parameters and microfauna and flora. (Task 5/1 and see Module A).
2.2 A number of survey cruises will be undertaken to complete a series of depth profile samples taken on a pattern of transects which will cover the main lake area. These samples will be analysed for the basic physical and chemical parameters and microfauna and flora. (Task 5/2)
2.3 Areas identified as of particular importance will be sampled (e.g., shallows, coves, river estuaries, etc.) in order to provide Information of value to the understanding of the biology of the fish.(Task 5/3)
3. Duration
The work on the inflowing streams will begin with the spring thaw and the recommencement of the river flows, i.e., March 1990. The open lake limnological work will be accomplished in a series of cruises (at least four) that will cover the full period when the lake is not ice-covered. Supporting samples will be taken in mid-winter through the ice cover. This work will be carried out through each of the seasons 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993.
4. Personnel
All team members will be involved in this work.
5. Equipment
Limnological survey equipment (depth profiler for temperature, pH, DO, conductivity and light penetration). Phytoplankton and zooplankton nets, sorting equipment and microscopes. Field and laboratory analytical equipment, sample bottles, and cold storage for samples.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 5 Task 5/1
Water Sampling on Inflow Streams/Rivers
1. What is to be done
1.1 A number of inflows will be selected as representative of the inflow streams all round the lake. This selection will include those inflows that have been selected for the investigation of the breeding sites (see Module 4). Each of the selected inflows will be investigated for ecologically important influences (habitation, abattoir or factory waste input, cattle watering sites, etc.) and for ease of access. Sampling sites will be established and identified for repeat sampling.
1.2 A programme of site visits will be drawn up. This programme will coordinate with the other aspects of the project work programme to make the most efficient use of personnel, equipment and time.
1.3 The inflow water will be sampled for standard limnological parameters using field measuring kits. Where appropriate, samples will be returned to the laboratory for additional analyses. Flow rates will be assessed.
2. Working methods
This field work will be integrated with other project work and field teams will undertake the sampling wherever possible in conjunction with the work of other nodules. Wherever possible field methods will be used and data will be entered and collated in the field for later revision in the laboratory.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved in this work as designated to the field teams.
4. Duration
This work will begin with the commencement of the stream flows of the season 1990. It will continue throughout project duration.
5. Equipment
Major reliance will be on the field analysis kits for standard limnological parameters. These parameters will include light penetration and estimations of silt load where these are seen to be necessary.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 5 Task 5/2
Main Lake Limnological Survey
1. What is to be done
1.1 A comprehensive series of transects will be mapped and navigated by the survey vessel to cover the main areas of the lake. Each cruise will last between 5 and 7 days.
1.2 At regular stations on each transect a depth profile of standard limnological parameters will be taken.
1.3 At each station phytoplankton and zooplankton samples will be taken for analysis either on board or for return to the laboratory.
1.4 A bathymetric survey will be carried out to update the charts already available.
1.5 During the period of ice cover additional limnological sampling should take place to supplement the data obtained from the open water cruises.
2 . Working methods
Teams of between two and five members will carry out this work on the survey vessel. Stations will be identified by navigational fixes using the RT/DF equipment and plotted carefully on the best available chart. This limnological work will be integrated with the work of Module 6 (Bottom fauna and flora Investigations) and Module 7 (Experimental fishing).
Most of the parameters will be investigated by submersible probes with backup analyses of water samples in the laboratory as appropriate. Data will be collated in the field when possible.
3. Personnel
Team members will be expected to take part in this survey as nominated.
4. Duration
The survey cruises will be made throughout the period of open water for each year of project duration. Timetabling and integration with the needs of Modules 6 and 7 will probably allow A or 5 cruises to be undertaken each season.
5. Equipment
Major items of equipment will be the lake profiler which produces rapid readings of the standard limnological parameters with depth. Water samplers and plankton nets will also be used.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 5 Task 5/3
Shallow Water Limnological Sampling
1. What is to be done
1.1 From an evaluation of the data derived from other elements of the work programme, identify shallow water areas (river estuaries, shallow coves, shoals, etc.) which are thought to be of importance to the life cycles of the fish. Select a number of stations at which limnological investigations can be carried out parallel to other lake-wide investigations.
1.2 Carry out standard limnological investigations to identify significant changes in the water masses.
1.3 Carry out investigations of the changes in the phytoplankton and zooplankton populations and the benthic fauna and flora. These investigations will be integrated with other similar investigations (particularly Modules 6 and 7).
2. Working methods
Standard methods will be used to assess the limnologica 1 parameters. These will be modified as appropriate to take into account the shallow water depths at the sampling stations and the high salinity of the lake water.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved as nominated to the field survey teams.
4. Duration
It is anticipated that this work programme will not begin until late in the season of the first year of the project investigations. Identification of the areas that need to be investigated will await the preliminary results of other work (particularly the work to be carried out in Modules 4 and 7).
5. Equipment
The standard limnological field equipment will be used.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 6 Bottom Fauna and Flora Investigations
1. Objectives
The bottom fauna and flora will be investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to understand the part these play in the overall food supply of the fish and the spatial distribution of the fish stocks. The distribution of bottom types will be (re)mapped.
2. Implementation
2.1 Combined with the seasonal limnological transects (Task 5/1) lakewide bottom samples will be taken and analysed. Museum reference specimens will be conserved where these are required. (Task 6/1)
2.2 Combined with the work of Task 4/1 bottom samples will be taken from the spawning areas and adjacent stream beds.(Task 6/2)
2.3 Estimates of biomass and food energy value will be made for the major food species.(Task 6/3)
2.4 A map of the distribution of bottom types will be prepared. (Task 6/4)
3. Duration
This work will begin in the spring of 1990 and continue throughout the survey seasons of 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993.
4 . Personnel
All lake team personnel will be involved in this work module. This involvement will include field and laboratory work.
5 . Equipment
Bottom investigations using grabs, dredges, corers, sedimentation and biobenthos trays, will be undertaken as a component of the lakewide limnological survey cruises. Laboratory assessments of biomass, etc., will require precision balances, drying ovens, protein analysis apparatus.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 6 Task 6/1
Sampling of Benthos Lakewide
1. What is to be done
1.1 This task will be carried out at the same time as the lakewide limnological sampling programme (Task 5/2). The same stations will be used for sampling the substrate.
1.2 Grabs will be used to raise qualitative (and where possible quantitative) samples to the surface. Special sampling methods for aquatic plants may be applied, if required.
1.3 These samples will be analysed to provide information on the bottom type and the animals and plants supported by it.
2. Working methods
Bottom grabs and corers will be used as appropriate. Sorting through sieves and the removal of organisms by flotation will be used to determine the bottom type and to obtain a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the biota. Plants will be identified with their associated fauna.
3. Personnel
All personnel will be involved in the nominated field teams. This work will form part of the work programme of the lakewide survey cruises.
4. Duration
This work will commence at the break of the ice in 1990 and follow the pattern of survey cruises programmed.
5. Equipment
Bottom grabs and corers operated by messenger and hauled by hand winch will be the major equipment necessary. This may be supplemented by scoop nets. Sorting equipment will consist: of the standard trays, microscopes, etc.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 6 Task 6/2
Mapping Distribution of Bottom Types
1. What is to be done
1.1 By collating the data derived from the bottom sampling carried out as Task 6/1 a bathymetric map indicating the bottom substrate types and benthic biota will be drawn.
2 . Working methods
This work will be a desk exercise using the data from Task 6/1 above. It may be possible to use computer graphics and final hand drafting.
3. Personnel
This task will probably be efficiently accomplished by one or two designated team members.
4. Duration
This work can be carried out at the end of the first season of field work (winter 1990) and updated as necessary as additional Information becomes available from further field work.
5. Equipment
This is effectively a drafting exercise, involving a computer graphics programme if available.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 6 Task 6/3
Bottom Sampling on the Breeding Areas
1 . What is to be done
1.1 Identification of the types of substrate considered suitable for the breeding activities of the adult fish.
1.2 Undertake a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the biota of these substrates and the seasonal changes that these undergo.
2. Working methods
Note that this work may be adequately covered by the activities of Module 4 which concentrates on the breeding sites. Standard benthos sampling methods will be used as in Module 4.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved as designated to the field teams.
4. Duration
This work should begin as coon as possible in the season after the rivers commence flowing in 1990. The results can be checked occasionally throughout the rest of the project period.
5. Equipment
Standard benthic sampling equipment will be needed (grabs, corers, sieves, sorting appartus, microscopes, etc.).
WORK PROGAMME: Module 6 Task 6/4
Estimate of Food Biomass
1. What is to be done
1.1 Samples of identified fish food organisms will be weighed and average weights calculated.
1.2 Food component analyses will be made for important items in the fish diet.
1.3 Using the data from the bottom fauna and flora investigations and estimates of the biomass of individual food organisms, total available food biomass will be estimated for specific areas of ecological importance for the fish populations.
2. Working methods
This task is effectively a laboratory exercise using samples brought back from the field investigations. Weighing and component analysis will be carried out by standard laboratory methods.
3. Personnel
A group of 2 or 3 team members will be formed and trained to carry out this task.
4. Duration
This work will be undertaken in the winter of 1990 or later as the samples become available from the field investigations.
5. Equipment
Standard laboratory drying and precision weighing equipment is required. Standard apparatus for food component analyses will be available.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 7
Experimental Fishing
1. Objectives
In order to obtain a better understanding of the recruitment, migration and growth rates of the fish stocks, it is necessary to supplement the data already obtained from investigations of catches taken by the commercial fishery. By experimental fishing, samples of all size groups in the population will be taken, in particular from areas where the commercial fishing is not active.
2. Implementation
2.1 Experimental fishing will be undertaken with a variety of suitable gears (seine nets, purse seines, gillnets, traps, etc.) to sample the stocks of fish migrating up the rivers to spawn. Samples of the fish caught will be investigated by standard biological techniques. (Task 7/1)
2.2 Selected habitats will be fished frequently by appropriate gears to establish the part that inshore areas play in the biology of the fish stocks. Particular attention will be paid to the areas around Bird Island, river estuaries, coves and shallows. (Task 7/2)
2.3 Gear with low selectivity (e.g., purse seines and experimental trawls) will be fished in the open water to obtain fish samples not subject to selective commercial catch methods. (Task 7/3)
2.4 Tagging and marking experiments will be carried out using fish caught in the experimental gear and expected to be returned from the commercial catches. (Task 7/4)
2.5 Echosounder trials will be undertaken to determine lakewide fish concentrations and an estimation of the total fish biomass. (Task 7/5)
3. Duration
This work will begin in spring 1990 and continue throughout 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993.
4. Personnel
All the lake team members will be involved in this work, both in the field and in the laboratory.
5. Equipment
Test fishing will be carried out with a selection of small nets (beach seines, purse seines, gillnets, experimental trawls, etc.). Biological investigations will require standard field equipment (measuring boards, scales, microscopes, dissecting materials, etc.). Mark/tag and recapture exercises will require field kits (tags, applicators, marking dyes/latex, injectors).
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 7 Task 7/1
Experimental Fishing of Migrating Stocks
1. What is to be done
1.1 In coordination with the work of Module A areas of inflow streams and rivers important to the migrating adult fish populations will be identified. A number of representative stations will be selected for intensive fishing at intervals throughout the breeding season.
1.2 The selected stations will be fished with a variety of appropriate gears to obtain a representative sample of the migrating population.
1.3 The fish sampled will be assessed to give an indication of overall numbers and biomass and in coordination with the work of Module 4 will be evaluated by standard techniques to define condition, fecundity, age, etc.
2. Working methods
These will involve standard methods of test and experimental fishing and field evaluation of the catch.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved in this work as designated to the field work teams.
4. Duration
The test fishing will begin in early 1990 when the adult breeding fish begin to migrate.
5. Equipment
The fishing equipment will consist of a variety of gears used as suitable for the particular fishing station and physical conditions. This will include gillnets, seines, cast nets, surround nets, hooks and lines, traps, etc. The measurement of the fish will utilize standard field methods.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 7 Task 7/2
Experimental Fishing in Selected Areas of the Lake
1. What is to be done
1.1 Areas of the lake edges, river mouths/estuaries, shoals, etc., will be identified as having an important part to play in the life cycle and production of the fish populations.
1.2 These areas will be fished by appropriate methods to obtain representative samples of the fish present and an estimate of their populations.
1.3 Samples of fish will be investigated by standard methods.
2. Working methods
The selected areas will be fished from the survey vessel and by shore-based teams, using the selection of methods available as judged appropriate.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved as nominated to field work teams.
4. Duration
It is anticipated that this work will begin in July/August of 1990 in response to the information derived from the other elements of the survey programme. As necessary this work will be continued at intervals throughout the full period of the project field work.
5. Equipment
The full range of shallow water fishing techniques will be employed (beach seines, cast nets, small mesh gillnets, electrofishing, etc.). The fish samples will be analysed by standard techniques of weighing and measurement.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 7 Task 7/3
Experimental Fishing in the Openwater Areas of the Lake
1. What is to be done
1.1 The data on the raid-lake fish populations derived from the commercial fishing samples will be supplemented by experimental fishing in order to obtain relatively unbiased samples of the open water fish populations.
1.2 Samples of the fish will be analysed by standard methods in order to indicate the part that these populations play in the overall biology of the fish production.
2. Working methods
The experimental fishing will be carried out as an integral part of the open water survey programme. Standard methods of sampling the catches will be used.
3. Personnel
This work will be carried out by the team personnel involved in the work of the programmed survey cruises.
4. Duration
This work will begin with the regular survey cruises in spring 1990, and continue throughout the period of project as an integral element of the project survey cruise programme.
5. Equipment
Graded gillnet fleets, experimental small-scale trawl nets, small scale purse seines will be used as appropriate.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 7 Task 7/4
Marking and Tagging Experiments
1. What is to be done
1.1 From the information derived from other experimental fishing exercises (in the open water and lake edges), populations of fish that are important for the understanding of the overall biology of the fish populations will be identified. Of these populations those easily accessible and easily caught will be selected for experimental fishing to obtain live and healthy specimens.
1.2 Samples of fish will be taken for recording and marking and/or tagging.
1.3 A lakewide information campaign will be undertaken to notify fishermen, the factory staff and the lakeside populations of the significance of tagged fish and their recovery.
2. Working methods
The samples will be fished by methods not damaging to the individual fish. Purse seines and electrofishlng will probably prove to be the most efficient and practical. Recovery will be encouraged by offering rewards for returned tags and tagged fish.
3. Personnel
All team personnel will be involved with the task which will be carried out by those nominated to the field work.
4. Duration
It is anticipated that this work will start during the first season of fishing in order to have the maximum period for recoveries of marked fish during the lifetime of the project.
5. Equipment
Apart from the standard techniques for catching the fish (netting and electrofishing), the standard apparatus for marking by injection and for tagging will be employed.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 7 Task 7/5
Estimation of Fish Biomass and Distribution by Echosounding Techniques
1. What is to be done
1.1 Echosounding equipment will be mounted on the research vessel and calibrated.
1.2 As a component of the survey cruises, frequent observations of the fish present will be made and recordings kept for future evaluation.
1.3 A lakewide map of fish distribution will be made to indicate spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of the fish populations.
l.4 Particular areas, identified as important to the biology of the fish stocks, will be surveyed in detail.
1.5 Estimates of total lake standing crop will be produced.
2. Working methods
The work will be undertaken as an integral part of the programme of survey cruises. Trained observers will analyse the recordings with the final results and mapping will be completed in the laboratory.
3. Personnel
All team members will be involved and trained in this technique.
4. Duration
The equipment should be installed on the survey vessel by the start of the season in spring 1990. After calibration and training of the operators, the programme of observations should be started later in the season. This work will continue through-out the project period.
5. Equipment
An echosounder, appropriate to the lake and the species of target fish, will be fitted to the survey vessel. A recorder will be mounted on the bridge to be used for depth sounding as well as fish-finding.
WORK PROGRAMME: Module 8
Commercial Catch Investigations
1. Objectives
1.1 To compare the present state of the fishery with that described from the historical run of data from samples taken from the commercial catches.
1.2 To update the fishery resource models that have already been formulated.
2. Implementation
2.1 At intervals throughout the fishing season, observers will be present on the commercial fishing vessels in order to monitor the fishing effort and to investigate random samples from the commercial trawl hauls. (Task. 8/1)
2.2 An analysis of the fishing vessel logbooks will be under taken to provide a historical survey of the behaviour of the commercial fishery. (Task 8/2)
3. Duration
This work will begin with the commencement of the fishing season 1990, and continue throughout the fishing seasons of 1991, 1992 and 1993.
4. Personnel
All lake team personnel will be involved in this work as detailed in the overall timetable.
5. Equipment
Standard fisheries investigation equipment will be required (measuring boards, scales, sample bottles, etc.).
