TABLE 41 Virus and virus like diseases of citrus in India
Disease (related or identical disease) | Agent | Year of discovery or first report in India (refer.) | First seen or found on trees of following species in India | Symptomatic hosts in India | Symptomless host in India | Mechanical transmission | Insect vector in India | |
Natural | Experimental | |||||||
Bud-union crease | Not yet reproduced by graft transmission | 1972 (1)1 | Musambi and Bloodred sweet orange on rough lemon | Musambi, Bloodred orange on rough lemon | ||||
Crinkly leaf | Virus | 1976 (2) | Lisbon and Nepali round lemons | Lemon | Lemon Sweet orange Rangpur lime Kagzi lime² | Yes | ||
Exocortis | Viroid | 1968 (3) | Mandarin Sweet orange Grapefruit | Mandarin Sweet orange Grapefruit | Yes | |||
Greening | BLO | 1960 (4) | Sweet orange Mandarin Grapefruit | Sweet orange Mandarin Grapefruit Tangelo Others | Many citrus species | Aegle marmelos | Diaphorina citri Kuw. | |
Impietratura | Virus-like | 1973 (5) | Pomelo | Pomelo Grapefruit Sweet orange | Pomelo Grapefruit Sweet orange | |||
Infectious variegation | Virus | 1977 (6) | Lemon | Lemon | Lemon, Lime Sour orange Sweet orange Herbac. plants | Yes | ||
Leathery leaf (Satsuma dwarf) | Virus | 1972 (7) | Mandarin (Sikkim "orange") | Mandarin | Grapefruit Pomelo Rough lemon Herbac. plants | Yes | Aphis gossypii | |
Leaf curl | Virus-like | 1976 (8) | ||||||
Mosaic | Virus-like | 1975 (9) | Musambi sweet orange | Sweet orange | Sweet orange Kagzi lime Rangpur lime Grapefruit Mandarin Lemon, Pomelo Aegle marmelos | M. persicae A. craccivora | ||
Psorosis young leaf symptoms | Virus-like | 1986 (10) | Sweet orange | Aegle marmelos | ||||
Rubbery wood | MLO | 1973 (11) | Lisbon lemon | Lemon Kagzi lime | Lemon Lime Mandarin | Sweet orange Rangpur lime Sour orange Sweet lime | ||
Tristeza | Virus | 1952 (12) 1955 (13) | Musambi sweet orange on rough lemon | Kagzi lime C. pennive siculata Pomelo Jamberi³ C. maderaspatana | Kagzi lime | Sweet orange Mandarin on rough lemon | T. citricida A. gossypii A. craccivora M. persicae Dactynorus jaceae | |
Seedling yellows | Virus | 1965 (14) | Musambi sweet orange on rough lemon 4 Mandarin Kagzi lime | Sour orange Lemon and grapefruit seedlings | T. citricida | |||
Wound tumour (vein enation woody gall) | Virus | 1975 (15) | T. citricida5 | |||||
Yellow midvein (yellow vein) | Virus-like | 1986 (16) | Lime |
Notes:
The following key refers to numbered references in the
bibliography of Chapter 17.
(1): 15.
(2): 9.
(3): 53, 58.
(4): 8, 18, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 49, 51, 52, 55, 59, 61.
(5): 4.
(6): 76.
(7): 1.
(8): 42.
(9): 7, 26.
(10): 5.
(11): 2, 3.
(12): 57.
(13): 10, 13, 14, 47, 49, 50, 54, 55, 57, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71.
(14): 8, 20.
(15): 41.
(16): 5.
2 Kagzi lime is the Indian equivalent of Mexican lime,
C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing.
3 Jamberi or rough lemon is normally known to be
tolerant of tristeza virus.
4 Symptoms seen were probably those of greening.
5 The agent of vein enation-woody gall is transmitted
by T. citricida.
TABLE 42 Geographical distribution of virus and virus-like diseases of citrus in India
Area | Disease | ||||||||||||||||
CL | EX | GR1 | IM | IV | LC | LL | MO | MS | OS | PS | RW | SY | TR | TC | WT² | YM³ | |
Andhra Pradesh | + | S4 | + | ||||||||||||||
Hyderabad | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Kodur | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Tirupati | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Arunachal Pradesh | + | ||||||||||||||||
Along | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Baser | + | ||||||||||||||||
Assam | + | + | + | S | + | ||||||||||||
Burnihat | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Ranchi | + | ||||||||||||||||
Bihar | |||||||||||||||||
Chianki | + | ||||||||||||||||
Ranchi | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Delhi | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
Gujarat | |||||||||||||||||
Anand | + | ||||||||||||||||
Haryana | + | ||||||||||||||||
Chandigarh | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Himachal Pradesh | |||||||||||||||||
Dhaulakuan | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Jammu and Kashmir | |||||||||||||||||
Jammu | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Karnataka | (+)5 | ||||||||||||||||
Chetali | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Gonicoppal | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Kerala | (+) | ||||||||||||||||
Ambalvoyal | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Nellyampathy | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Madhya Pradesh | |||||||||||||||||
Jabalpur | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Prabat Pattan | + | ||||||||||||||||
Sausar | + | ||||||||||||||||
Maharashtra | S | + | |||||||||||||||
Aurangabad | + | ||||||||||||||||
Nagpur | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Poona | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||
Shrirampur | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
Meghalaya | |||||||||||||||||
Shilong | + | ||||||||||||||||
Orissa | + | ||||||||||||||||
Guma | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Udaigiri | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Punjab | |||||||||||||||||
Aborar | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Rajasthan | S | (+) | |||||||||||||||
Bhawani Mandi | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Jhalawar | + | ||||||||||||||||
Jodhpur | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Kota | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||
Pilani | + | ||||||||||||||||
Sriganganagar | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||||
Udaipur | + | ||||||||||||||||
Sikkim | S | + | |||||||||||||||
Gayalsing | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
Namchi | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
Rangpo | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
Tamil Nadu | (+) | ||||||||||||||||
Coimbatore | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Uttar Pradesh | |||||||||||||||||
Gopeshwar | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Khanpur | + | ||||||||||||||||
Pantnagar | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Saharanpur | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
West Bengal | S | + | |||||||||||||||
Darjeeling | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||
Kalimpong | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Key:
CL=Crinkly leaf-, EX=Exocortis; GR=Greening; IM=Impietratura;
IV=Infectius variegation; LC=Leaf curl; LL=Leathery Leaf;
MO=Mosaic; MS=Multiple sprouting; OS=Oily specks; PS=Psorosis A;
RW=Rubbery wood; SY=Seedling yellows; TR=Tristeza; TC=Presence of
T. citricida; WT=Wound tumour; YM=Yellow midvein.
Notes:
1 Presence of greening is based on symptoms in most
cases and must be confirmed by electron microscopy and/or DNA
hybridization.
2 Vein enation-woody gall.
3 Yellow vein.
4 S means that severe strains are present.
5 (+) indicates that presence is inferred from reports
that T. citricida occurs in southern parts of India
(Raychaudhuri, Nariani and Ahlawat, 1977; Ahlawat, 1988a).