Monitoring data for residues of dithiocarbamates (including thiram) in fruit and vegetable commodities in trade were available from The Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark (Tables 34-37).
Table 34. Residues of thiram (expressed as thiram) in domestic fruit and vegetable commodities in trade in The Netherlands, 1976.
|
Commodity |
Number of samples |
||||
|
Analysed |
No residues (£ 0.05 mg/kg) |
Residues >0.05£ 1, mg/kg |
Residues >1£ 3, mg/kg |
residues >3 mg/kg |
|
|
Endive |
100 |
98 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Lettuce |
590 |
582 |
6 |
1 |
1 |
|
Parsley |
8 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Celery |
29 |
29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Spinach |
52 |
52 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Cauliflower |
22 |
22 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Brussels sprouts |
48 |
48 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Butter beans and French beans |
16 |
15 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
Chicory |
19 |
18 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
Leek |
30 |
30 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Strawberry |
45 |
4 |
6 |
19 |
161 |
1 Residues of thiram exceeded the MRL in 12 strawberry samples. Levels were 4.2, 4.8, 5.0, 5.1, 5.5, 6.1, 7.8, 8.8, 8.9, 14, 14 and 15 mg/kg.
Table 35. Netherlands monitoring of food in commerce for dithiocarbamate residues for 1991-1994.
|
Commodity |
Number of samples |
|||
|
Analysed |
No residues (1991-93 LOD 0.2 mg/kg, 1994 LOD 0.05 mg/kg) |
Residues detected, <MRL (NL) |
Residues >MRL (NL) |
|
|
Citrus fruit |
64 |
59 |
4 |
0 |
|
Pome fruit |
609 |
522 |
87 |
0 |
|
Stone fruit |
404 |
362 |
42 |
0 |
|
Berries and small fruit |
2478 |
2152 |
324 |
21 |
|
Fruit, trop and sub-trop |
180 |
164 |
16 |
0 |
|
Root and tuber veg. |
332 |
310 |
19 |
32 |
|
Bulb veg. |
36 |
36 |
0 |
0 |
|
Fruiting veg. |
731 |
656 |
75 |
0 |
|
Brassica veg. |
167 |
126 |
41 |
0 |
|
Leaf and herb veg. |
4356 |
3755 |
576 |
253 |
|
Stem veg. |
948 |
911 |
36 |
14 |
|
Mushrooms |
81 |
79 |
2 |
0 |
|
Pulses |
89 |
83 |
6 |
0 |
1 Fruits exceeding the MRL were grapes (1 of 549 samples) and "other small fruit" (1 of 39 samples)2 Residues in celeriac exceeded the MRL in 3 of 119 samples
3 Vegetables with residues exceeding the MRLs were lamb's lettuce (8 of 267 samples), head lettuce (2 of 1517 samples), other lettuce (6 of 377 samples), endive (6 of 744 samples), spinach (2 of 204 samples) and parsley (1 of 359 samples)
4 The MRL was exceeded in a sample of leeks (1 of 405 samples)
Dejonckheere et al. (1996) published a report on pesticide residues in fresh vegetables, fruits, and other selected food items in Belgium for 1991-1993. The survey included dithiocarbamate residues, which were measured by a CS2 evolution colorimetric method (Table 36). The residues were detected more often and at higher levels in leafy vegetables.
Table 36. Dithiocarbamate residue monitoring data for Belgium for 1991-1993 (Dejonckheere et al., 1996).
|
Commodity |
Number of samples |
LOD, mg/kg |
Max detected residue, mg/kg |
|
|
Analysed |
Residues detected |
|||
|
Celery leaves |
100 |
16 |
0.2 |
41 |
|
Endive |
75 |
13 |
0.2 |
19 |
|
Grapes |
108 |
0 |
0.2 |
<0.2 |
|
Lamb's lettuce |
100 |
16 |
0.2 |
55 |
|
Leeks |
108 |
2 |
0.2 |
2.8 |
|
Lettuce |
112 |
16 |
0.2 |
33 |
|
Strawberries |
73 |
1 |
0.2 |
5.2 |
Juhler et al. (1996) included dithiocarbamate residues in the 1994 survey of pesticide residues in Danish food by the National Food Agency of Denmark (Table 37). The samples were analysed by a colorimetric CS2 evolution method. The LOD for each crop was not explicitly stated, but for this method would be expected to be close to 0.1 mg/kg. In many commodities dithiocarbamates were detected in 10-35% of the samples.
Table 37. Dithiocarbamate residue monitoring data for Denmark for 1994 (Juhler et al., 1994).
|
Commodity |
Domestic or import |
Number of samples |
Max detected residue, mg/kg (as CS2) |
|
|
Analysed |
Residues detected |
|||
|
Apples |
D |
39 |
3 |
0.16 |
|
Apples |
I |
43 |
10 |
0.65 |
|
Apricots |
I |
2 |
1 |
0.12 |
|
Carambolas |
I |
6 |
|
|
|
Celery |
D |
20 |
|
|
|
Celery |
I |
20 |
|
|
|
Cherries |
D |
13 |
4 |
0.14 |
|
Cherries |
I |
15 |
4 |
0.75 |
|
Cucumbers |
I |
16 |
5 |
0.35 |
|
Currants, black |
D |
10 |
|
|
|
Currants red/white |
D |
10 |
1 |
0.4 |
|
Currants red/white |
I |
6 |
2 |
1.1 |
|
Gooseberries |
D |
7 |
3 |
0.37 |
|
Grapefruit |
I |
19 |
1 |
0.13 |
|
Grapes |
I |
63 |
10 |
0.75 |
|
Kiwifruit |
I |
37 |
|
|
|
Lemons, limes |
I |
7 |
|
|
|
Lettuce, iceberg/head |
D |
35 |
7 |
0.48 |
|
Lettuce, iceberg/head |
I |
40 |
6 |
1.7 |
|
Mandarins/Clementines |
I |
23 |
2 |
0.33 |
|
Mangos |
I |
8 |
1 |
0.1 |
|
Nectarines |
I |
19 |
7 |
0.75 |
|
Oranges |
I |
27 |
2 |
0.18 |
|
Papayas |
I |
5 |
2 |
0.20 |
|
Passion fruit |
I |
2 |
1 |
1.6 |
|
Peaches |
I |
17 |
12 |
0.72 |
|
Pears |
D |
16 |
2 |
0.21 |
|
Pears |
I |
24 |
7 |
0.53 |
|
Peppers |
I |
27 |
|
|
|
Plums |
D |
20 |
7 |
0,56 |
|
Plums |
I |
31 |
4 |
0.55 |
|
Potatoes |
D |
42 |
|
|
|
Potatoes |
I |
25 |
2 |
0.19 |
|
Raspberries |
D, I |
12 |
|
|
|
Strawberries |
D |
25 |
7 |
0.3 |
|
Strawberries |
I |
31 |
7 |
0.65 |
|
Tomatoes |
I |
26 |
5 |
0.29 |
NATIONAL MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS
The Meeting was aware of the following national MRLs (see explanatory notes on next page).
|
Country (residue definition) |
Commodity and MRL |
|
Argentina (CS) |
apples 2; beans 0.5; carrots 0.1; celery 3; cherries 1; grapes 5; lettuce 3; melons 1; peaches 3; pears 2; plums 1; potatoes 0.1; tomatoes 3; turnips 0.1 |
|
Australia (CS) |
fruits 7; vegetables 7 |
|
Austria (DT) |
fruits 2; vegetables 2 |
|
Belgium (T) |
apples 3; apricots 3; bananas 3; cherries 3; grapes 3.8; other fruits 3; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 3; potatoes 0.05; strawberries 3.8; vegetables 3 |
|
Brazil (T) |
bananas 1; beans 7; peas 7 |
|
Canada (T) |
apples 7; bananas 1; beans 7; celery 7; peaches 7; pears 7; strawberries 7; tomatoes 7 |
|
Chile (DT) |
apples 3; carrots 0.5; cereals 0.2; cherries 1; grapes 5; lettuce 1; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 1; potatoes 0.1; tomatoes 3 |
|
Denmark (DT) |
apples 2; apricots 2; bananas 2; bulb vegetables 0.5; carrots 0.5; cherries 2; foliar vegetables 2; grapes 2; other fruits 2; peaches 2; pears 2; plums 2; potatoes 0.1; strawberries 2; vegetables 1 |
|
EEC (T) |
apples 3; apricots 3; bananas 3; cherries 3; grapes 3.8; other fruits 3; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 3; strawberries 3.8; vegetables 3 |
|
France (DT) |
apples 1; apricots 1; bananas 2; beans 0.5; bulb vegetables 0.5; cherries 1; grapes 1; lettuce 4; other fruits 2; peaches 1; pears 1; plums 1; potatoes 0.05; tomatoes 1; vegetables 2 |
|
Germany (T) |
apples 3; apricots 3; bananas 3; cherries 3; grapes 4; other fruits 3; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 3 potatoes 0.2; strawberries 4; tomatoes 1; vegetables 3 |
|
Greece (T) |
apples 3; apricots 3; bananas 3; cherries 3; grapes 3.4; other fruits 3; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 3; strawberries 3.4; vegetables 3 |
|
Ireland (T) |
apples 3; apricots 3; bananas 3; cherries 3; grapes 4; other fruits 3; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 3 strawberries 4; vegetables 3 |
|
Israel (DT) |
apples 3; bananas 1; beans 0.2; carrots 0.2; celery 5; cherries 1; grapes 5; lettuce 0.5; melons 0.5; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 1; potatoes 0.1; strawberries 3; tomatoes 3 |
|
Italy (T) |
apples 3; apricots 3; bananas 3; cherries 3; grapes 3.8; other fruits 3; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 3; potatoes 2; strawberries 3.8; vegetables 3 |
|
Japan (T) |
apples 1; peaches 0.5; pears 0.5 |
|
Luxembourg (DT) |
apples 2; apricots 2; beans 2; carrots 0.5; celery 0.2; cherries 1; garlic 0.5; grapes 2; lettuce 5; onions 0.5; peaches 2; pears 2; peas 2; plums 1; strawberries 2; tomatoes 2 |
|
Mexico (T) |
apples 7; celery 7; peaches 7; strawberries 7; tomatoes 7 |
|
Netherlands (NL) |
apricots 2; beetroot 2, Brassica vegetables2' 2; bulb vegetables 0.5; cane fruit (other than wild) 3; carrots2' 2; celeriac 2; celery21 2; cherries3 2; courgettes21 2; cucumbers2' 1, currants (red black white) 3; gherkin 2; globe artichokes21 2; gooseberries 3; hops 25; leek2 2; legume vegetables (fresh)21 2; maize and rice4 0.5; melons21 1; nectarines 2; nuts5 2; oil seeds 0.1*; oranges 2; other cereals 0.5; other citrus fruit21 2, other cucurbits (inedible peel)2' 2; other food commodities 0.05*; other Solanaceae 2; parsnips 2; peaches 2; plums23 2; pome fruits2' 2; radish2' 2; salsify21 2; spinach and similar4 2. strawberries (other than wild) 3; sweet corn24 2; table and wine grapes6 3; tea 0.1*; tomatoes2 2; water cress2' 2; witloof22 2 |
|
New Zealand (DT) |
fruits 7; vegetables 7 |
|
Poland (CS) |
cereal grains 0.05; cucumber 1; eggs 0.05; fruits 2; leafy vegetables 5; meat and meat products (in fat) 0.05; milk and milk products 0.05; stalk and stem vegetables 5,; tomato 1; vegetables other 2 |
|
Singapore (T) |
fruits 3; vegetables 3 |
|
South Africa (CS) |
apples 3; apricots 3; grapes 3; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 3 |
|
Spam (DT) |
apples 3; apricots 3; bananas 3; cherries 3; grapes 4; other fruits 3; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 3 potatoes 0.2; strawberries 4; vegetables 3 |
|
Sweden (DT) |
carrots 0.5; fruits 1; potatoes 0.1; vegetables 1 |
|
Switzerland (DT) |
foliar vegetables 2; fruits 2; potatoes 0.05; vegetables 2 |
|
UK (DT) |
apples 3; apricots 3; bananas 1; beans 0.5; carrots 0.5; cherries 3; grapes 5; peaches 3; pears 3; plums 1; potatoes 0.1; strawberries 3; tomatoes 3 |
|
USA (T) |
apples 7; banana 7; celery 7; cereals 0.5; onions 0.5; peaches 7; strawberries 7; tomatoes 7 |
1 Residues from mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb and zineb, total with a maximum of 0.5 mg CS2/kg.2 Residues from mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb and zineb, total with a maximum of 0.2 mg CS2/kg.
3 Residues from mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb and zineb, total with a maximum of 1 mg CS2/kg.
4 No residues from mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb and zineb (LOD 0.05 mg CS2/kg).
5 No residues from mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb and zineb (LOD 0.1 mg CS2/kg).
6 Residues from mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb and zineb, total with a maximum of 2 mg CS2/kg.
* At or about the LOD
Residue definitions:
(T) thiram
(CS) mg CS2/kg
(DT) sum of dithiocarbamates (mg CS2/kg)
(NL) all compounds that give CS2, sum of dithiocarbamates, expressed as CS2 in mg/kg
