Almas, D.; Colla. J.; David., K. & Schnepf, C. 1993. Forestry in Idaho - Best Management Practices. Forest Stewardship Guidelines for Water Quality. Ag Publications, University of Idaho, Moscow, 33 pp.
Dykstra, D.P. & Heinrich, R. 1996. FAO Model Code of Forest Harvesting Practice. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, 85 pp.
FAO. 1989. Watershed management field manual. Road design and construction in sensitive watersheds. FAO Conservation guide 13/5, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, 196 pp.
FBVA. 1997. Österreichische Waldinventur 1992/96. On CD-ROM, printed report under preparation, FBVA, Wien.
Gorton, F. 1985. Praxis und Kosten einer landschaftsschonenden Bauausführung von Forst- strassen. Allgemeine Forstzeitung, Wien, 96 (9), 241-244.
IUFRO. 1995. Forest work study. Nomenclature. Test Edition valid 1995-2000. International Union of Forestry Research Organisations WP 3.04.02. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Garpenberg, 16 pp.
Litzka, J. & Haslehner, W. 1995. Appropriate environmental design and construction of low-volume rural roads in Austria. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on low-volume roads held in Minneapolis, Minnesota 1995. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., Vol. 1: 67-73.
Sedlak, O. 1985. Forest road planning, location and construction techniques on steep terrain. In Logging and transport in steep terrain. FAO Forestry paper 14/1, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, 333 pp.
Sedlak, O. 1996. Forest harvesting and environment in Austria. In Forest codes of practice. Contributing to environmentally sound forest operations. FAO Forestry paper 133, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, 134 pp.
WIMMER. 1996. Wimmer News. Wimmer Hartstahl GesmbH&CoKG, Thalgau/Salzburg, 16 pp.
Winkler, N. 1992. Spezielle hydrologische Probleme im Forststrassenbau. Boku, Wien, 220 pp.
Winkler, N. 1998. Stand der Walderschließung in Österreich - Ergebnisse der Waldinventur 1992/96. Der Förderungsdienst, BMLF, Wien, accepted for publishing.
Environmentally Sound Road Construction by Excavator Study site 1 | |||||
work elements |
% |
classification |
% |
% | |
Log removal (MW) |
19.81 |
Main work Time (MW) |
81.68 |
Work |
91.00 |
Topsoil removal (MW) |
20.44 |
Time |
|||
Excavating base (MW) |
5.88 |
(WT) |
|||
Fill slope construction (MW) |
9.05 |
||||
Subgrade / cut shaping (MW) |
26.50 |
||||
Use of hammer (MW) |
--- |
||||
Move at construction site (CW) |
0.64 |
Complementary Work Time (CW) |
1.37 |
||
Grade checking (CW) |
0.73 |
||||
Productive Work Time (PW) |
83.05 |
||||
Considerations (PL) |
0.59 |
Preparatory Time (PT) |
0.59 |
||
Repair time (RT) |
5.77 |
Service Time (ST) |
7.36 |
||
Maintenance time (MT) |
0.28 |
||||
Refuel time (RF) |
1.31 |
||||
Supportive Work Time (SW) |
7.95 |
||||
Disturbance Time (DT) |
1.55 |
Disturbance Time (DT) |
1.55 |
Non- |
9.00 |
Meal time (ME) |
3.12 |
Work-Related Delay Time (WD) |
7.45 |
Work |
|
Rest/personal time (RP) |
4.17 |
Time |
|||
Interference time (IT) |
0.16 |
(NT) |
|||
Workplace Time (WP) |
100.00 | ||||
The total workplace time observed amounted to 31 h 52 min 48 sec.
Environmentally Sound Road Construction by Excavator Study site 2 | |||||
work elements |
% |
classification |
% |
% | |
Log removal (MW) |
22.40 |
Main work Time (MW) |
82.28 |
Work |
90.73 |
Topsoil removal (MW) |
16.58 |
Time |
|||
Excavating base (MW) |
--- |
(WT) |
|||
Fill slope construction (MW) |
15.78 |
||||
Subgrade / cut shaping (MW) |
25.47 |
||||
Use of hammer (MW) |
2.05 |
||||
Move at construction site (CW) |
0.75 |
Complementary Work Time (CW) |
4.65 |
||
Terrain reconnaissance (CW) |
3.90 |
||||
Productive Work Time (PW) |
86.93 |
||||
Considerations (PL) |
0.06 |
Preparatory Time (PT) |
0.47 |
||
Operational time (OP) |
0.41 |
||||
Repair time (RT) |
1.45 |
Service Time (ST) |
2.85 |
||
Refuel time (RF) |
1.40 |
||||
Assisting other worker (AW) |
0.48 |
Ancillary Work Time (AW) |
0.48 |
||
Supportive Work Time (SW) |
3.80 |
||||
Disturbance Time (DT) |
1.33 |
Disturbance Time (DT) |
1.33 |
Non- |
9.27 |
Meal time (ME) |
5.28 |
Work-Related Delay Time (WD) |
7.94 |
Work |
|
Rest/personal time (RP) |
2.23 |
Time |
|||
Interference time (IT) |
0.43 |
(NT) |
|||
Workplace Time (WP) |
100.00 | ||||
The total workplace time observed amounted to 18 h 31 min 42 sec.
Environmentally Sound Road Construction by Excavator Study site 3 | |||||
work elements |
% |
classification |
% |
% | |
Log removal (MW) |
0.36 |
Main work Time (MW) |
61.12 |
Work |
79.40 |
Topsoil removal (MW) |
2.95 |
Time |
|||
Excavating base (MW) |
0.22 |
(WT) |
|||
Fill slope construction (MW) |
25.69 |
||||
Subgrade / cut shaping (MW) |
5.32 |
||||
Use of hammer (MW) |
11.17 |
||||
Loading truck (MW) |
15.41 |
||||
Move at construction site (CW) |
6.03 |
Complementary Work Time (CW) |
11.67 |
||
Terrain reconnaissance (CW) |
5.64 |
||||
Productive Work Time (PW) |
72.79 |
||||
Considerations (PL) |
2.46 |
Preparatory Time (PT) |
5.04 |
||
Operational time (OP) |
2.58 |
||||
Maintenance time (MT) |
0.49 |
Service Time (ST) |
1.23 |
||
Refuel time (RF) |
0.74 |
||||
Assisting other worker (AW) |
0.34 |
Ancillary Work Time (AW) |
0.34 |
||
Supportive Work Time (SW) |
6.61 |
||||
Disturbance Time (DT) |
1.74 |
Disturbance Time (DT) |
1.74 |
Non- |
20.60 |
Meal time (ME) |
4.87 |
Work-Related Delay Time (WD) |
18.86 |
Work |
|
Rest/personal time (RP) |
2.07 |
Time |
|||
Interference time (IT) |
3.23 |
(NT) |
|||
Re-shaping of old road (IT) |
8.69 |
||||
Workplace Time (WP) |
100.00 | ||||
The total workplace time observed amounted to 21 h 02 min 01 sec.
Environmentally Sound Rock Blasting Study site 3 | |||||
work elements |
% |
classification |
% |
% | |
Rock drilling (MW) |
27.57 |
Main work Time (MW) |
62.36 |
Work |
77.76 |
Loading explosives (MW) |
23.91 |
Time |
|||
Connecting loads (MW) |
6.39 |
(WT) |
|||
Preparation of ignition (MW) |
4.32 |
||||
Blasting (MW) |
0.17 |
||||
Removal of cables (CW) |
1.98 |
Complementary Work Time (CW) |
6.84 |
||
Move at construction site (CW) |
4.66 |
||||
Terrain reconnaissance (CW) |
0.20 |
||||
Productive Work Time (PW) |
69.20 |
||||
Considerations (PL) |
0.65 |
Preparatory Time (PT) |
6.30 |
||
Operational time (OP) |
5.65 |
||||
Maintenance time (MT) |
0.79 |
Service Time (ST) |
2.26 |
||
Refuel time (RF) |
1.47 |
||||
Supportive Work Time (SW) |
8.56 |
||||
Disturbance Time (DT) |
7.33 |
Disturbance Time (DT) |
7.33 |
Non- |
22.24 |
Meal time (ME) |
3.33 |
Work-Related Delay Time (WD) |
14.91 |
Work |
|
Rest/personal time (RP) |
0.81 |
Time |
|||
Interference time (IT) |
10.77 |
(NT) |
|||
Workplace Time (WP) |
100.00 | ||||
The total workplace time observed (excluding meal time) amounted to 16 h 39 min 01 sec.
FOREST HARVESTING CASE STUDIES
These publications are available from the FAO Forest Harvesting, Trade and Marketing Branch, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
Intermediate Technology in Forest Harvesting: Agricultural Tractor with Winch. By P. Alhojärvi. FOPH Publication 1988. 45 pp. Country: Tanzania. Language: English.
Intermediate Technology in Forest Harvesting: Agricultural Tractor and Forest Trailer with Mechanical Crane. By R. Jakobsson. FOPH Publication 1988. 40 pp. Country: Ethiopia. Language: English.
Plastic Log Chute in Steep Terrain Thinning Operations. By K. Leppänen. FOPH Publication 1989. 30 pp. Country: Republic of Korea. Language: English.
Integrated Small-Scale Forest Harvesting and Wood Processing Operations. By O. Eeronheimo. FOPH Publication 1990. 27 pp. Country: Zimbabwe. Language: English.
Forest Harvesting with Small-Scale Mobile Cable System. By O. Eeronheimo. FOPH Publication 1991. 16 pp. Country: Republic of Korea. Language: English.
1. Reduction of Wood Waste by Small-Scale Log Production and Conversion in Tropical High Forest. By Risto Kilkki. FOPH Publication 1992. 33 pp. Country: Papua New Guinea. Language: English.
2. Cosecha de Hongos en la VII Región de Chile. By Juan E. Donoso y Risto Kilkki. FOPH Publication 1992. 37 pp. Country: Chile. Language: Spanish.
3. Uso de Bueyes en Operaciones de Aprovechamiento Forestal en Areas Rurales de Costa Rica. By William Cordero. FOPH Publication 1994. 44 pp. Country: Costa Rica. Language: Spanish.
4. Use of the Construction Crane for Wood Extraction on Mountainous Terrain. By Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 1995. 38 pp. Country: Austria. Language: English.
5. Elephants in Logging Operations in Sri Lanka. By Palitha Jayasekera and Shelton Atapattu. FOPH Publication 1995. 36 pp. Country: Sri Lanka. Language: English.
6. Impacto ambiental de las prácticas de cosecha forestal y construcción de caminos en bosques nativos siempreverdes de la X Region de Chile. By Jorge Gayoso Aguilar. FOPH Publication 1995. 169 pp. Country: Chile. Language: Spanish.
7. Forest Harvesting in Natural Forests of the Republic of the Congo. By Robert Scharpenberg. FAO; Albert Essereke and Pierre Ekiama, Ministry of Water and Forests, Congo. FOPH Publication 1997. 66 pp. Country: Congo. Language: English. French version will be available in 1998.
8. Environmentally Sound Forest Harvesting, Testing the Applicability of the FAO Model Code in the Amazon in Brazil. By Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 1997. 84 pp. Country: Brazil. Language: English.
9. Labor-intensive harvesting of tree plantations in the southern Philippines. By Mike Jurvélius. RAP Publication 1997. 34 pp. Country: Philippines. Language: English.
10. Environmentally Sound Road Construction in Mountainous Terrain, Applying Advanced Operating Methods and Tools. By Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 1998. 66 pp. Country: Austria. Language: English.
