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Sender Institution: |
University of California, USDA-ARS, Dep. Plant Pathology, Hutchison Hall |
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| |
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Title: |
"Virus and viruslike diseases of almonds in California" |
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Project leader: |
UYEMOTO J.K. |
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Participants: |
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Funding institution: |
United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service. |
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Starting date: |
1986 |
|
Duration: |
permanent |
Project objectives:
To investigate etiology, epidemiology, and control of abiotic and biotic diseases of almond with emphasis on viruses and graft-transmissible agents.
Project summary:
Several diseases under the umbrella of "yellow canopy syndrome" have been investigated. Some caused by phytoplasma and others by abiotic causes (genetic, cultural practices, site condition).
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
UYEMOTO J.K., 1987. Almond brown line, a newly recognized disorder of trees on Marianna 2624 rootstock. California Plant Pathology, UC Cooperative Extension and USDA-ARS. No. 78, 2 pp.
CONNELL J.H., HASEY J.K., UYEMOTO J.K., 1988. Union brownline and stem grooving: two disorders contributing to decline of almond trees, pp. 9-10. In Stone Fruit Tree Becline, Fourth Workshop Proceedings. USDA, ARS, Washington D.C. 98 pp.
UYEMOTO J.K., GRANT J.A., KRUEGER W.H., OLSON W.H., OSGOOD, J.W., SIBBETT G.S., VIVEROS M. and WEAKLEY C.V., 1989. Survey detects viruses in almond, cherry and prunes in California orchards. California Agriculture 43 (5): 14-15.
UYEMOTO J.K., 1991. Almond union disorders, p. 198. In OGAWA J.M. and HARLEY ENGLISH. Diseases of temperate zone tree fruit and nut crops. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, CA Publication 3345: 461 pp
UYEMOTO J.K., CONNELL J.H., HASEY J.K., LUHN C.F., 1992. Almond brownline and decline: a new disease probably caused by a mycoplasmalike organism. A.a.B. 120: 417-424.
OGAWA J.M., UYEMOTO J.K., JAFFEE B.A., 1994. Common names of diseases and causal agents on almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) Webb). In Common Names for Plant Disease. (IBM compatible diskette database) APS Committe on Standardization of Common Names for Plant Disease. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
UYEMOTO J.K., 1996. Virus, phytoplasma, and union disorders, pp. 88-89. In almond production Manual. ANR Publications, University of California.
UYEMOTO J.K., CONNELL J.H., GREED C.A., 1996. Effects of union mild etch, a newly recognized disorder, on almond scions growing on Marianna 2624 rootstock. Plant Ids. 80: 1406-1408.
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Entomology |
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| |
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Title: |
"Insect and mite research" |
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Project leader: |
ZALOM F.G. |
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Participants: |
Pickle C., Bentley W., Coviello R., Brazee J. |
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Funding institution: |
Almond Board of California |
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Starting date: |
1981 |
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Duration: |
continuing |
Project objectives:
1. Develop integrated pest management strategies for almond insects.
2. Improve monitoring programs for insect and mite pests.
3. Develop mondisruptive control tactics for insects and mites.
Project summary:
The project has primarily focussed upon navel orangeworm, peach tree borer, spider unites and San Jose scale. It has tried to develop useful management approaches for these pests which are economically sound and environmentally friendly. It has involved many individuals from the University of California over the years and has resulted in several guidelines for managing these pests.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
ZALOM F.G., WEAKLEY C., CONNELL J., 1981. Sanitation and early harvest for the management of navel orangeworm. Almond Facts, 46 (6): 44-45.
RICE R.E., ZALOM F.G, BRUNNER J.F., 1982. Using degree-days in a peach twig borer monitoring program. Almond Facts, 47 (2): 60-62.
RICE R.E., ZALOM F.G., BRUNNER J.F., 1982. Monitoring peach twig borer development with degree-days. Univ. California Agr. Ext. Leaflet 21302.
RICE R.E., ZALOM F.G., JORGENSEN C., 1982. Monitoring San Jose scale development with degree-days. Univ. California Agr. Ext. Leaflet 21312.
ZALOM F.G., WEAKLEY C.V., HENDRICKS L., BENTLEY W., BARNETT W.W., 1982. Demonstration of sanitation in controlling navel orangeworm. Almond Facts, 47 (4): 47-48.
ZALOM F.G., HOY M.A., WILSON L.T., BARNETT W.W., 1984. Presence-absence sequential sampling for webspinning mites in almonds. Hilgardia, 52 (7): 14-24.
WILSON L.T., HOY M.A., ZALOM F.G., SMILANICK J.M., 1984. The within-tree distribution and clumping pattern of mites in almond orchards. comment on predator-prey interactions. Hilgardia, 52 (7): 1-13.
ZALOM F.G., BARNETT W.W., WEAKLEY C.V., 1984. Demonstrating winter sanitation for managing the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella (Walker) in commercial almond orchards. Protection Ecol. 7: 37-41.
ZALOM F.G., WILSON L.T., HOY M.A., BARNETT W.W., SMILANICK J.M., 1984. Sampling Tetranychus spider mites in almonds. California Agric., 38 (5-6): 17-19.
WEAKLEY C.V., RICE R.E., ZALOM F.G., 1984. Monitoring oriental fruit moth development with day-degrees. UC Div. of Agric. Sci. Leaflet, 7157.
ZALOM F.G., WEAKLEY C., HENDRICKS L.C., BENTLEY W.J., BARNETT W.W., CONNELL J.H., 1984. Cultural management of the navel orangeworm by winter sanitation. California Agric, 38 (3-4): 28.
ZALOM F.G., BENTLEY W., 1984. Ant management in almonds. Almond Facts, 49 (3): 33.
ZALOM F.G., WEAKLEY C., BARNETT W.W., HENDRICKS L.C., BENTLEY W., CONNELL. J.H., 1984. Winter sanitation and early harvest effective against major almond pests. California Ariz. Fram Press, 6 (26): 9.
ZALOM F.G., BENTLEY W., 1985. Southern fire ant Solenopsis xyloni: (McCook) damage to harvested almonds in California. J. Econ. Entomol, 78 (2): 339-341.
ZALOM F.G., 1986. Navel orangeworm: the crop load factor. Almond Facts, 51 (3): 32-33.
BENTLEY W., ZALOM F.G., BARNETT W.W., SANDERSON J.P., 1987. Population densities of Tetranychus spp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) after treatment with insecticides for Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 80: 193-200.
ZALOM F.G., KLONSKY K., BARNETT W., 1987. Evaluating California almond IPM Program. UC IPM Publ. 7, 97 pp.
AUBURN J., CHANEY D., LIEBHARDT W., MICKE W., SOMMER N., ZALOM F.G., 1988. Alternatives for control of the navel orangeworm in California almonds, pp. 54-57. In agricultural chemicals in California plant production: are there alternatives? University of California Agricultural Issues Center, Davis, CA.
KLONSKY K., ZALOM F.G., BARNETT W.W., 1990. Evaluation of California's almonds IPM program. California Agric., 44 (5): 21-24.
ZALOM F.G., BARNETT W.W., RICE R.E., WEAKLEY C.V., 1992. Factors associated with flight patterns of the peach twig borer (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae) observed using pheromone traps. J. Econ. Entomol., 85 (5): 1904-1909.
ROLTSCH W.J., ZALOM F.G., BARRY J.W., KIRFMAN G.W., EDSTROM J.P., 1995. ULV aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki for control of peach twig borer in almond trees. Appl. Engineering Agric., 11 (1): 25-30.
BARRY J.W., TESKE M.E., GRIM B.S., ROLTSCH W.J., ZALOM F.G., 1993. Observing and predicting spray penetration in tree canopies. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engineers. Annual Mtg. Paper No. 931060, 10 pp.
TESKE M.E., BARRY J.W., SKYLER P.S., ZALOM F.G., KIRFMAN G.W., 1993. FSCBG application to canopy spay penetration and deposition. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engineers. Annual Mtg. Paper No. 931062, 12 pp.
ZALOM F.G., 1995. Traps and lures for monitoring peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella) and oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta). Acta Horticulturae, 373: 269-276.
BARNETT W.W., EDSTROM J.P., COVIELLO R.L., ZALOM F.G., 1993. Insect pathogen "Bt" controls peach twig borer on fruits and almonds. California Agric., 47 (5): 4-6.
AGUDELO-SILVA F., ZALOM F.G., HOM A., HENDRICKS L., 1995. Dormant season application of Steinernma carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernatidae) and Heterorhabditis sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) on almond for control of overwintering Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Florida Entomol., 78 (3): 516-523.
BARRY J.W., KIRFMAN G., HENNIGAN R., ZALOM F.G., CONNELL J., STOCKER R., 1996. Hennigan orchard study 1996 - Continued evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis to control peach twig borer. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Davis, CA, 16 pp.
ZALOM F.G., VAN STEENWYK R.A., BENTLEY W.J., COVIELLO R., RICE R.E., BARNETT W.W., PICKEL C., BARNES M.M., TEVIOTDALE B.A., GUBLER W.D., McKENRY M.V., 1996. Almond pest management guidelines. Univ. of California PMG Publ. 1, 33 pp.
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Sender Institution: |
Western Regional Research Center, ARS. 800 Buchanan Street, |
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| |
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Title: |
"Detection of pin-hole damage in almonds through x-ray imaging" |
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Project leader |
SCHATZKI T.F. |
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Participants: |
Miller R. |
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Funding institution: |
Almond Board of California |
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Starting date: |
1 October 1996 |
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Duration: |
36 months |
Project objectives:
Explore the possibility of detecting insect damage in almonds, especially pinhole damage, by use of x-ray imaging. If successful, implement on prototype equipment.
Project summary:
Work so far has shown that pinhole damage in almonds can be seen in film images, in images from an image intensifier, and (less well) in images obtained from line scanning photodiodes. Hypothesized throughput (based on known bottlenecks, particularly camera unloading rates of 5MHz) suggest that image intensifier throughput /$ capital cost should match that of channel color sorters. A film image data base of 2000 nuts (500 infested) has been obtained. An image intensifier has been obtained by us and will be put on line this year. An image intensifier data base of at least 1000 infested nuts plus controls will be obtained this year.
The algorithms which look promising on film based images will be extended to remove confounding by defects in the germ region which are not insect caused.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
SCHATZKI T.F., KEAGY P.M., 1991. Effect of image size and contrast on the recognition of insects. SPIE Proc., 379: 182-188.
KEAGY P.M., SCHATZKI T.F., 1991. Effect of image resolution on insect detection in wheat radiographs. Cer. Chem., 68: 339-343.
SCHATZKI T.F., 1996. Distribution of aflatoxina in almonds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44: 3595-3597.
KEAGY P.M., PARVIN B., SCHATZKI T.F., 1996. Machine recognition of naval orange worm damage in x-ray images of pistachio nuts. Lebensm.-Wiss. u. Technol., 29: 140-145.
KEAGY P.M., SCHATZKI T.F., LE L., CASASENT D., WEBER D., 1997. Expanded image data base of pistachio x-ray images and classification by conventional methods. SPIE Proc., 2907: 196-204.
CASASENT D., SIPE M.A., SCHATZKI T.F., KEAGY P.M., LE L.C., 1997. Neural net classification of x-ray pistachio nut data. SPIE Proc., 2907: 217-227.
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Sender Institution: |
Western Regional Research Center, ARS. 800 Buchanan Street, |
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| |
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Title: |
"Early detection of concealed damage in almonds by means of spectrocopy" |
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Project leader |
SCHATZKI T.F. |
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Participants: |
Person T. |
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Funding institution: |
U.S. Dept. Agric. - ARS and Almond Board of California |
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Starting date: |
1 July 1995 |
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Duration: |
30 months |
Project objectives:
Develop an economically viable sorting device to detect almonds with concealed damage after drying but before roasting. Almonds may be mixed with other foods while they are roasted which makes sorting defects nuts impossible. Sorting nuts as they come out of storage is desirable from a throughput and handling standpoint. The proposed device will be required to have a cost and inspection rate comparable to color sorters currently used by the industry to remove almonds with external defects. These color sorters operate at a minimum inspection rate of 40 nuts per second, or about 350 lb/hr, and cost about $15,000 per device. A secondary objective will be to monitor the effect of high temperature (110°C) drying and low temperature drying (55°C) on the severity and incidence of concealed damage.
Project summary:
Chemical analysis of concealed damaged almonds indicate that moist conditions induces formation of aldehydes. During drying, these aldehydes bind to amino acids and go on to form brown polymers during roasting in what is called the Maillard reaction.
Lower drying temperatures apparently binder the formation of the aldehyde - amino acid complex. Before roasting, the colorless aldehyde - amino acid complex. Before roasting, the colorless aldehyde - amino acid complex likely cause distinctive near infrared absorbence peacks which can be used to detect concealed damaged nuts. Preliminary studies show that, before roasting, three discrete near infrared light transmission bands can be used to distinguish concealed damaged nuts from normal nuts. To confirm these earlier studies, concealed damage will be induced in almonds by exposing them to humid conditions. After drying at either 55°C or 110°C, near infrared transmission spectra of these almonds will be obtained. The nuts will then be roasted, split at the suture, and color of the kernel interior will be measured to quantify the severity of concealed damage. Statistical techniques will be used to determine the near infrared transmission bands that best predict concealed damage before roasting. The real time sorting device will implement low cost near infrared lased diodes as light sources. These diodes will be tuned to emit light at only the wavelengths found useful to predict concealed damage. The data processing of the laser light transmitted through almonds will then be rapidly performed with low cost digital signal processors. This hardware configuration will facilitate a sorting rate and cost within the specified requirements.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology |
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| |
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Title: |
"Noninfectious bud-failure in almond" |
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Project leader: |
KESTER D.E., GRADZIEL T., SHACKEL K. |
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Participants: |
Viveros M., Micke W.C. |
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Funding institution: |
University of California, Almond Board of California and the California Tree Fruit and Nut Nursery Industry |
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Starting date: |
present project 1988. Research has been ongoing since about 1960 |
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Duration: |
current project to end in 1998. To be incorporated into other projects |
Project objectives:
To understand the basic nature of the BF phenomenon; to evaluate the potential for noninfectious bud-failure within the "Carmel"; to select propagation sources with low BF-potential combined with trueness to type and freedom from significant virus disease; to establish methods of source maintenance.
Project summary:
BE is identified as a bud-perpetuated variant of the expression of a hypothesized gene in almond that controls high temperature dormancy in summer. BF-potential levels of individual tree selection are identified by progeny testing specific tree sources in a high temperature induction site and maintaining the source tree in Foundation Orchards under conditions of stabilization and limited consecutive propagation generations.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
KESTER D.E., 1994. Solving the problem of noninfectious bud-failure in California almond orchards. I Inter. Almond Cong. pp. Acta Horticulturae.
KESTER D.E., 1994. Almond cultivars and breeding program in California. I Inter. Almond Cong. pp. Acta Horticulturae.
KESTER D.E., GRADZIEL T., 1996. Genetic disorders in almonds, in: W.C. Micke, ed. Almond Production Manual pp. 76-87. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publ. 3364.
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology |
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| |
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Title: |
"Almond regional variety trials" |
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Project leader: |
MICKE W.C. |
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Participants: |
Connell J., Verdegaal P., Viveros M., Gradziel T., Yeager J., Thorp M.A., Kester D. |
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Funding institution: |
University of California, Almond Board of California and the California Tree Fruit and Nut Nursery Industry |
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Starting date: |
1993 |
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Duration: |
at least ten years |
Project objectives:
To evaluate new cultivars and selections in a semi-commercial situation and compare them to standard cultivars currently grown in California. Characteristics being evaluated include bloom time, maturity, precocity, productive potential, nut (kernel) characteristics and quality and tree growth and bearing habits. These three trials are located one each in the three major growing areas in California.
Project summary:
These trials are just coming into significant production, with 1996 being the first major harvest for these trials, although there was some production in 1995. Already we are seeing differences in precocity, nut quality and tree growth and bearing habits.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
MICKE W., et al., 1996. Field evaluation almond varieties and rootstocks. Proceedings of 24th Almond Industry Conference, pp. 79-85.
MICKE W., et al., 1996. Progress report, almond regional variety trials. University of California Unnumbered publication. 18 pages.
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology |
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| |
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Title: |
"Almond regional rootstock trials" |
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Project leader: |
MICKE W.C. |
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Participants: |
Edstrom J., Viveros M., Connell J., Verdegaal P., Yeager J., Buchner R., Krueger W., Duncan R., Gradziel T., Kester D. |
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Funding institution: |
University of California, Almond Board of California and the California Tree Fruit and Nut Nursery Industry |
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Starting date: |
1997 |
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Duration: |
at least ten years |
Project objectives:
To evaluate and compare current and potential rootstocks for almond. Four trials are being established and planted throughout California's almond growing districts. Rootstocks will be evaluated for effect on tree survival, anchorage, tree growth and size, production potential, nut quality and adaptability to various conditions and problems.
Project summary:
Two trials were planted in 1997 and another two are to be planted in 1998.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Entomology, |
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| |
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Title: |
"Almond pollination" |
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Project leader: |
THORP R.W. |
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Participants: |
Aldrich T., DeGrandi-Hoffman G., Eisikowitch D., Erickson E., Estes J., Loper G., Moeller F., Mussen E., Page R., Phoon A., Stanger W., Thomso J., Torchio P. |
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Funding institution: |
Mostly from the Almond Board of California with additional funds from: Bees West, Inc.; Pherotech., California State Beekeepers Association; Park Apiaries |
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Starting date: |
1965 |
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Duration: |
32 years |
Project objectives:
1. Develop information on pollination by bees that will result in increased efficiency and greater grower returns.2. Improve pollination efficiency of rented honey bee colonies.
3. Evaluate and improve management of alternative pollinators.
Project summary:
Most of our Burst 10 years of research on almond pollination is summarized in Thorp (1979) and general recommendations to growers are presented by Thorp (1978, 1996). The following represent some of our major findings: aerial and ground blower applications of pollen produced no increase in almond yield (Thorp et al., 1967).
Disposable pollination units consisting of a caged queen and 3 or 6 pounds of worker honey bees were compared to over wintered colonies for flight activity and pollen income and determined not to be economically feasible for almond pollination (Thorp et al., 1973, 1974; Erickson et al., 1975, 1977). The discovery that almond nectar fluoresces under ultra-violet fluorescence led to investigation of this character in other plants and the general thesis that bees can detect presence/absence of nectar visually (Thorp et al., 1975, 1976 and unpublished). Nectar of several cultivars exhibited characteristics patterns (like finger-prints) when analyzed by TALC (Erickson et al., 1979). Pollen grains of many cultivars can be distinguished morphologically with scanning electron microscopy (unpublished data). Pollen foraging honey bees are more efficient at transferring pollen in almond than are nectar foragers (unpublished data). Pollen foraging from honey bee colonies can be increased by deeding with sugar syrup, adding pollen traps, and genetic selection for high pollen hoarding (Webster et al., 1985; Thorp & Brigs 1986b). Bouquets can be used to increase almond pollination (Klungness et al., 1983). Colony strength and distribution are important parameters in almond pollination and new procedures for both have been developed (Thorp & Loper, 1984; Loper et al., 1985; Thorp & Briggs, 1986a; Nasr, 1990).
Honey bees tend to fly the shortest distance between trees and to trees in the same stage of bloom (unpublished data). In most orchard designs, this encourages flight and pollen movement along rows of trees of the same cultivar which is not desiderable. Honey bee foraging activity is directly related to resource availability (flowers, nectar, pollen) per meter of branch (DeGrandi-Hoffman et al., 1991). A majority of honey bees foraging in almond orchards are capable of cross-pollination, based on pollen carried on their bodies (DeGrandi-Hoffman et al., 1992). Base temperature and bloom progression equation were developed for several almond cultivars and can be used to choose cultivar combination that will enhance cross-pollination and fruit set (DeGrandi-Hoffman et al., 1996).
Additional studies, mostly unpublished have been conducted on the following topics: pollen does on stigmas required to produce a fruit; biennial bud production and its effect on fruit set; queen mandibular pheromone (fruit boost) to enhance honey bee foraging and pollination; "alternative" pollinators: the exotic Osmia cornuta, and native O. lignaria propinqua, and Bombus occidentalis; development of the ALMOPOL simulation model of cross-pollination and fruit set in almond.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
THORP R.W., STANGER W., ALDRICH T., 1967. Effects of artificial pollination on yield of Nonpareil almond trees. California Agriculture, 2: 14-15 (Sept.).
THORP R.W., ERICKSON E.H., MOELLER F.E., LEVIN M.D., STANGER W., BRIGGS D.L., 1973. Flight activity and uniformity comparison between honey bees in disposable pollination units (DPU's) and overwintered colonies. Environ. Entomology, 2 (24): 525-529.
ERICKSON E.H., THORP R.W., BRIGGS D.L., 1975. Comparisons of foraging patterns among honey bees in disposable pollination units and overwintered colonies. Environmental Entomology, 4: 527-530.
THORP R.W., BRIGGS D.L., ESTES J.R., ERICKSON E.H., 1975. Nectar fluorescence under ultraviolet irradiation. Science, 189: 476-478.
THORP R.W., BRIGGS D.L., ESTES J.R., ERICKSON E.H., 1976. Fluorescent nectar. Science, 194: 342. (Reply to P.H. Kevan p. 341-342).
ERICKSON E.H., THORP R.W., BRIGGS D.L., 1977. The use of disposable pollination units in almond orchards. Journal of Apicultural Research, 16 (2): 107-111.
THORP R.W., 1979. Honey bee foraging behaviour in California almond orchards. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Pollination. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Miscellaneous Publication 1: 385-392.
ERICKSON E.H., THORP R.W., BRIGGS D.L., ESTES J.R., DAUN R.J., MARKS M., SCHROEDER C.H., 1979. Characterization of floral nectars by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Apicultural Research, 18(2): 148-152.
KLUNGNESS M., THORP R.W., BRIGGS D., 1983. Field testing the germinability of almond pollen (Prunus dulcis). Journal of Horticultural Science, 58 (2): 229-235.
BRIGGS D., THORP R.W., KLUNGNESS M., 1983. Artificial pollination and almonds, Prunus dulcis, with bouquets monitored by fruit set and pollen germination. Journal of Horticultural Science, 58 (2): 237-240.
WEBSTER T.C., THORP R.W., BRIGGS D., SKINNER J., PARISIAN T., 1985. Effects of pollen traps on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging and brood rearing during almond and prune pollination. Environmental Entomology, 14: 683-686.
LOPER G.M., THORP R.W., BERDEL R., 1985. Improving honey bee pollination efficiency in almonds. California Agriculture, 39 (11&12): 19-20. (Nov./Dec.).
TORCHIO P.F., ASENSIO E., THORP R.W., 1987. Introduction of the European bee, Osmia cornuta, into California almond orchards (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 16: 664-667.
NASR M.E., THORP R.W., TYLER T.L., BRIGGS D.L., 1990. Estimating honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony strength by a simple method; measuring cluster size. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83: 748-754.
DeGRANDI-HOFFMAN G., THORP R.W., LOPER G., EISIKOWITCH D., 1991. The influence of nectar and pollen availability and blossom density on the attractiveness of almond cultivars to honeybees. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Pollination. Beekse Bergen, Netherlands (Aug. 1990). Acta Horticulturae, 288: 299-302.
DeGRANDI-HOFFMAN G., THORP R.W., LOPER G., EISIKOWITCH D., 1992. Identification and distribution of cross-pollinating honey-bees on almond. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29: 238-246.
THORP R.W., 1996. Bee management for pollination. pp. 132-138, 143. In: Micke, W.C., ed. Almond Production Manual. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Publication, 3364, 289 pp.
DeGRANDI-HOFFMAN G., THORP R.W., LOPER G., EISIKOWITCH D., 1996. Describing the progression of almond bloom using accumulated heat units. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33 (4): 812-818.
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology |
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| |
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Title: |
"Genetic engineering of Nonpareil almond" |
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Project leader: |
DANDEKAR A.D. |
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Participants: |
Gradziel T., Driver J., Viss W., Uratsu S., Bains M., Tao R. |
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Funding institution: |
University of California, Almond Board of California |
|
Starting date: |
1995 |
|
Duration: |
5 years |
Project objectives:
a) Develop transformation system for "Nonpareil" almond.
b) Identify self-incompatibility genes.
c) Develop pest (insect, Navelorange worm) almond plants.
d) Develop self-compatible "Nonpareil".
Project summary:
We have developed a regeneration and micropropagation system for "Nonpareil" and have obtained transformed tissue. Transformation experiments to obtain pest resistant plants are in progress. We have identified a sequenced protein involved in self-incompatibility and gene isolation is in progress.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
TAO R., YAMANE H., SASSA H., MORI H., GRADZIEL T.M., DANDEKAR A., SUGIURA A., 1997. Identification os stylar RNases associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility in almond (Prunus dulcis). Plant Cell Physiol., 38 (3): 304-311.
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology. Cooperativr Extensia |
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| |
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Title: |
"Almond rootstock evaluation" |
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Project leader: |
EDSTROM J.P. |
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Participants: |
|
|
Funding institution: |
Nickels Soil Lab |
|
Starting date: |
1997 |
|
Duration: |
2007 |
Project objectives:
Evaluate the performance of Nonpareil cv almonds on seven rootstocks: five hybrids - Brights, Hansens 536, I-82, Vilking and Atlas, and two peach - lovell and nemaguard.
Project summary:
This 5 hectare planting was established in March 1997 for Nonpareil on seven rootstocks with three pollenizers: Carmel, Monterey and Aldrich.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology. Cooperativr Extensia |
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| |
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Title: |
"Low volume irrigation system comparison almonds" |
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Project leader |
EDSTROM J.P. |
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Participants: |
Schwankl L. |
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Funding institution: |
Nickels Soil Lab Almond Board of California |
|
Starting date: |
1993 |
|
Duration: |
2000 |
Project objectives:
Evaluate the effect on almond productivity and cultural management of drip, subsurface drip and microjet irrigation systems.
Project summary:
Yield results to date are inconsistent but show a trend towards higher production for the microjet irrigated trees verses drip and subsurface drip. Soil depth and texture appear to influence tree response to irrigation type.
Related publications:
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology. Cooperativr Extensia |
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Title: |
"Dual variety row almonds" |
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Project leader: |
EDSTROM J.P. |
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Participants: |
Micke W., Gradziel T. |
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Funding institution: |
Nickels Soil Lab Almond Board of California |
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Starting date: |
1991 |
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Duration: |
1999 |
Project objectives:
Evaluate effect on yield of alternating two cultivars, Mission (Texas)&Padre in the same row verses solid rows of a single cultivar in a hedgerow planting.
Project summary:
Average yields for four harvest 1993-1996 indicate a significantly higher production resulted from rows where Padre & Mission alternated (2190 kg ha) verses the average yield of solid rows of Mission & Padre (2000 kg/ha).
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology. Cooperativr Extensia |
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Title: |
"Almond hedgerow on Marianna 2624 rootstock" |
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Project leader |
EDSTROM J.P. |
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Participants: |
Micke W. |
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Funding institution: |
Nickels Soil Lab |
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Starting date: |
1991 |
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Duration: |
1999 |
Project objectives:
Evaluate the performance of four almond cultivars - Mission, Ruby, Padre & Butte planted on Marianna 2624 plum rootstock in tightly spaced hedgerow.
Project summary:
Commercially acceptable yields (1800-2000 kg ha) have been obtained from the 5th season through the 8th year (1996). Incompatibility problems have not been encountered thus far on any of the four cultivars However 10% Butte trees show highly variable a typical marginal leaf necrosis late in the growing season. Tree size (trunk diameter) is largest for Padre > Butte > Mission > Ruby.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
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Sender Institution: |
University of California, Department of Pomology. Cooperativr Extensia |
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Title: |
"Sustaining yields in hedgerow almonds" |
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Project leader: |
EDSTROM J.P. |
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Participants: |
Micke W. |
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Funding institution: |
Almond Board of California Nickels Soil Lab |
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Starting date: |
1979 |
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Duration: |
2000 |
Project objectives:
Evaluate pruning/training strategies capable of sustaining production in tightly spaced almond hedgerows.
Project summary:
Four systems are under study.
1. Temporary Hedge - standard pruning for permanent trees, with temporary trees gradually whisked back and then removed after their 8th year (1986), leaving a 4.4 m × 6.7 m spacing.2. Permanent Hedge - trained to three scaffold, standard pruned and maintained at 2.2 m × 6.7 m.
3. Two Scaffold Hedge - a 2.2 m × 6.7 m hedge trained with two primary limbs growing out into the row middles and standard pruned.
4. Unpruned Hedge - a 2.2 m × 6.7 m hedge trained to three scaffolds and then essentially unpruned since.
Removal of temporary trees (system 1) resulted in a 5500 kg/ha accumulative yield loss compared to yields from the permanent hedgerow systems. However, kernel size from permanent hedge trees is smaller. Training and pruning systems have and no effect on productivity. Comparable yields have resulted from trees trained to the standard three scaffold system and from two scaffold trees. Equal yields resulted from trees receiving annual standard pruning and from trees receiving no pruning since scaffold development.
Related publications:
(Please add further sheets if needed)
