1/ Prepared by S. Haq, Director of Fisheries, Dacca
1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
Fish plays a vital role in the diet of the Bangalees, who have a traditional preference for fish. According to a nutrition survey conducted in 1962-64, the intake of animal protein of a Bangalee is only about 7.9 g per caput per day or 32 percent of the normal requirement of 25 g per day for an adult, resulting in malnutrition due to protein deficiency. However, out of the 7.9 g, a total of 6.4 g comes from fish.
The ratio of population to arable land in Bangladesh is already a staggering 3.5:1, meaning that every acre of cultivable land must provide all the requirements of life for 3.5 persons. There is hardly any room for horizontal expansion of agriculture. On the other hand, population increase results in decrease in acreage of cultivable land, with arable land being converted into residential areas with their related facilities, and urbanization and industrial growth also infringe on agricultural land. Therefore, the potential for meeting the animal protein deficiency by increasing production of beef and poultry is very limited because of the lack of necessary grazing and feeding areas.
The population density in Bangladesh is one of the highest in the world with 1 400 people per square mile, and it has been projected that by 1985 the population in Bangladesh will rise to about 120 million. The additional production required to just maintain the present fish consumption level of 6.4 g/day per caput will be about 250 000 tons by 1984. To meet the anticipated protein gap, Bangladesh will have to depend on her abundant water resources. The country is fortunate in having one of the highest ratios of water acreage per caput of population (1:7), with inland and territorial waters covering an estimated area of 5.6-6.0 million ha (14-15 million acres). It is estimated that about 6 million people (8 percent of the population) depend for their livelihood directly or indirectly on fisheries and fishing in these waters. The country has extensive inland water areas covering an aggregate of 1 473 101 ha (3 640 200 acres), comprising:
|
|
(ha) |
|
(a) Rivers, streams and canals |
830 080 |
|
(b) Estuaries and other brackish waters |
182 900 |
|
(c) Ponds and tanks |
76 485 |
|
(d) Natural depressions and ox-bows |
292 988 |
|
(e) Hydro-electric reservoir (Kornafully Reservoir) |
90 648 |
|
|
1 473 101 |
In addition to these inland water bodies, there are about 2 888 000 ha of paddy-fields which are inundated by flood waters for 4-6 months of the year. These flooded fields provide rich feeding and breeding grounds for various species of freshwater fishes and prawns. The total area of inland waters in Bangladesh amounts to about 4.3 million ha and there are 3-4 million acres (1.2-1.6 ha) of territorial waters in the Bay of Bengal.
According to estimates, total fish production in Bangladesh was 810 000 tons in 1969-70. Of this, 727 000 tons came from the inland waters (of which roughly 10 percent was from aqua-culture production) and some 83 000 tons from the sea. UNDP/FAO investigations during the 1960-69 decade have indicated a limited potential for extending present fishing operations into the deeper waters of the Bay of Bengal. A rapid increase in fish production should, therefore, be sought from inland waters.
The natural fisheries in the inland waters are faced with problems of overfishing due to population explosion causing an ever-increasing demand for fish. In addition, developmental activity in the fields of agriculture and industry in reclamation of land, use of pesticides, erection of flood control dams and construction of industrial plants that release harmful chemical wastes in natural waters are adversely affecting the production of fish in natural waters. The Government is very much aware of this situation, and has been directing its efforts toward protecting and conserving the natural fisheries through a well coordinated development programme in these fields. However, a long-term programme will be needed to increase fish production from these waters and the Government has been formulating policy and programme accordingly. The Water Pollution Control Board, the Technical Committee on the use of Pesticides, etc., have been constituted as a result of these Government activities.
To meet the acute shortage of animal protein in the country, it is essential that substantial effort be directed toward development of aquaculture to achieve a significant increase in fish production within a reasonably short period.
In the national policy, food production has been receiving the highest priority. As such, fisheries development with emphasis on aquaculture has also been given adequate priority in the national five-year development plan and the production target at the end of fiscal year 1978-79 (terminal year) has been set at 1 029 000 tons. Based on the limited data available, it is projected that about 51 714 tons can be produced through aquaculture during the period 1974-79 (Table 6).
Besides increasing fish production, the objectives of the national development plan in the fisheries sector include
(i) raising the social, cultural and economic standards of the fishermen,(ii) creation of employment opportunities in fishing and fisheries industries,
(iii) increase in export of fish to 20 000 tons by 1977-78, against 6 500 tons in 1973-74 of which shrimp made up 6 000 tons.
2. OBJECTIVES AND GOALS OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Objectives
Bangladesh has about 155 200 ha of impounded inland waters which are readily available for intensive fish culture. Although fish culture is an age-old practice in this country, the scientific level is low, and extensive areas of impounded waters need to be partially reclaimed before these could be brought into regular production.
The Government has embarked on a short-term, labour-intensive programme to develop a total area of 25 000 ha of ponds and lakes for fish production by the end of the fiscal year 1978-79, which should yield over 22 482 tons of fish. When this objective is attained, further areas will be developed for fish production. In the past, 86 fish seed farms, each 4 ha in area, with an initial target capacity of 0.25 million fish fry, have been established and 15 more farms of this type are being constructed. Fingerlings produced in these farms are supplied for stocking Government as well as private impoundments.
UNICEF is assisting the fish-seed production programme by providing expert services to train the managers of these farms and supplying essential equipment to increase seed production. These seed production farms would form the basic facilities for large-scale production of fish seed (up to 10 million per centre by 1983) envisaged under the ten-year plan. UNICEF's programme also includes their participation in the development of aquaculture in impounded waters.
A Fresh Water Fisheries Research Station, a Fisheries Training Institute and a Fish Technological Laboratory were established in the early sixties as necessary infrastructure for fisheries development. These are being expanded to accommodate additional facilities. Programmes are underway to establish an aquaculture experimental station where all aspects of aquaculture research and development will be undertaken. UNDP and DANIDA have proposed assistance for establishing the above aquaculture complex. Programmes for establishment of hatchery complexes, a shrimp culture project and the development of intensive fish culture in the ox-bows and ponds with assistance from the World Bank are also being formulated. The World Bank has also assured financing of an integrated rural development programme including fisheries development in some areas of the country.
Labour-intensive programmes (food for work) in reclamation of derelict water bodies in the rural areas are included in the immediate and short-term objectives of the fisheries development plan. In this labour-oriented programme, it is proposed that Government-owned impounded waters be assigned after development to cooperatives formed by landless labour or subsistence level farmers in the locality. This programme of forming cooperatives is gaining momentum and will help expand aquaculture in the country.
The area proposed for aquaculture production during the period 1974-84 is shown in Table 1.
2.2 Production Targets
In fertilized ponds a production of approximately 1 625 kg/ha/year has been obtained, while in unfertilized ponds production generally does not exceed 600 kg/ha/year. The present level of total aquaculture production is 72 700 tons, which is only about 9 percent of the total fish production. By 1979 it is proposed that this be increased to 95 182 tons and by 1984, 182 745 tons (Table 2). During this period of development, it is estimated that a total of 383 665 tons of fish will be produced (Table 6). Total fish seed requirements for attaining the above production level are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. While collection from natural sources will continue to increase, by 1983 approximately 40 percent of the fish seed requirements are expected to be met by production from induced breeding. The 100 fish seed production centres already established will play a vital role in this connexion. Expertise in induced breeding is limited in the country and this is identified as an area where external technical and material assistance is required to achieve the seed production targets.
2.3 Cultivated Species and Production Systems
There are over 255 species of brackishwater and freshwater fish and 21 species of prawns and shrimp inhabiting natural waters in the country. Carps form the most important economic group. The most common culture systems now in use are the following:
2.3.1 Carp culture in ponds and tanks
This is by far the most important aquaculture activity in the country, where several species are traditionally cultivated together in the same pond. Major commercial species include Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala and Labeo calbasu. The bulk of stocking material is collected from flooded rivers. Production of seed through induced breeding by hypophysation is being progressively increased.
2.3.2 Fish culture in ox-bow lakes
Some sectors of rivers provide extensive areas for fish culture in ox-bow lakes. While natural stocking of fish seed takes place in these water bodies during monsoon months, supplementing natural stock with pond-reared fingerlings is necessary to augment production. Predatory species such as Notopterus chitals, Wallago attu, Channa marulius, Ompok bimaculatus, etc., together with smaller species of carps like Cirrhina reba and Labeo bata are common besides major carps in these waters.
2.3.3 Culture of air-breathing fishes
Freshwater catfishes, Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis, are cultivated on a limited scale in small impoundments which are difficult to clear for carp culture. Technology for controlled breeding and seed production is still not developed in the country.
2.3.4 Culture of exotic species of pond fishes
Tilapia nilotica, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have been introduced into the country and culture practices are being developed for these species alone or in combination with major carps.
2,3.5 Culture of freshwater prawns
Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. malcolmsoni are available and are being cultivated in ponds to a limited extent, adopting traditional practices. Controlled breeding and seed production have yet to be developed to expand culture of these species effectively.
2.3.6 Culture of brackishwater prawns and fish
Species of marine prawns are commercially important for export markets. Culture of these species (Penaeus indicus, P. semisulcatus, Metapenaeus spp.) is being practised to a limited extent by trapping juveniles coming in with the high tide in embankments, and allowing them to grow for a period of 4-6 months. However, construction of permanent salinity dams is destroying these "bherry" fisheries. Controlled breeding and hatchery rearing of seed have to be developed to better organize shrimp culture, and external assistance in this area is required to stimulate brackishwater fish culture. Juveniles of brackishwater food fishes like Chanos chanos, Mugil spp., Lates calcarifer, etc., also enter the "bherris" and culture of these species could be established through scientific improvement of traditional "bherry" culture methods.
2.3.7 Shrimp culture
Research on shrimp culture is being carried out at the Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre, Chandpur and it is hoped that by 1979 brackishwater shrimp could be cultured in large numbers. By 1980, 5 500 ha of brackish water would be utilized for shrimp culture (Table 1).
2.3.8 Frog farming
In the coldwater areas of the country, there is some scope for development of fish culture. There are a large number of frogs with different qualities, and an industry for frog's legs can be developed through scientific culture of frogs.
2.3.9 Pearl culture
There is also scope for pearl culture in Bangladesh. It has already been started on an experimental basis and the results so far have been quite satisfactory. Sufficient technical and financial assistance can help in developing this industry.
3. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
3.1 Extension Service
The Directorate of Fisheries also provides the extension organization for development of aquaculture along with other aspects of fishery development. Extension personnel in the administrative divisions, district and thana levels are responsible for disseminating fish culture information to the fish culturists. They also inspect private ponds periodically and offer advice to improve culture practices. Publication of extension literature and provision of audio-visual aids through radio and television are also being undertaken. A bigger organization has been proposed for the extension service, and is awaiting government approval. This will help to meet the requirements of extension workers down to the lowest thana/union administrative level within the plan period.
3.2 Training of Core Personnel
The Government established a Fisheries Training Institute in the early sixties to train fisheries manpower in the country. After establishing the Fisheries Faculty, the Institute is solely engaged in in-service training of fisheries personnel. The university will be producing 15-20 fisheries graduates and a few post-graduates with Masters' degrees in fisheries science. The Institute is now undergoing expansion. A project has been drawn up for UNDP assistance to equip the Institute adequately for training of fisheries personnel, particularly those engaged in the extension service. In addition, short-term training of fish culturists ' on the methods of culturing Tilapia nilotica has been organized as a coordinated project between the Government and UNICEF.
3.3 Fellowships
Continued research is essential for development of fisheries in Bangladesh, but research requires specialized knowledge on various aspects of fish culture. Bangladesh does not have sufficient qualified people in this respect. Therefore, if a number of fellowships and training facilities are made available through aid-giving agencies, development of fisheries would be accelerated.
3.4 Organization and Research
The first research organization, the Freshwater Fisheries Research Station (FFRS) was established in the early sixties. Broad divisions of the research organization include (i) fishery biology, (ii) pond development and fish culture, (iii) fish taxonomy, (iv) fish parasites and disease, (v) malacology, (vi) Hilsa biology, (vii) algology, (viii) studies on prawn and shrimp, (ix) limnology and lake studies, (x) water pollution, (xi) preservation and processing of fish, (xii) studies on fish oils, and (xiii) fishing gear, etc. A sub-station of the FFRS has been established, and another is expected soon.
As already mentioned, a project for an aquaculture complex to be built in an area of about 25 ha with assistance from DANIDA and UNDP is now in progress. With the establishment of this complex, much of the applied research and demonstration activities in aquaculture will become possible. Besides, this station will provide facilities for training groups of extension personnel and fish farmers.
4. PRODUCTION PROGRAMMES
4.1 Financing and Credit
Development projects in the public sector are financed through government grants and aid from different international agencies like the World Bank Group, FAO/UNDP and DANIDA. In the private sector, fish farmers can procure credit and loans from the Agriculture Development Bank. The private pisciculturists may also form cooperatives and obtain loans or credit from the cooperative organization. However, all these credit facilities are quite inadequate to meet the growing credit needs, particularly in the private sector where a considerable awareness for improved fish culture has already been created.
4.2 Phasing and Management of Production Programmes
In the public sector, projects have been initiated to develop approximately 25 000 ha of ponds and tanks by 1978-79 at an estimated cost of Takas 408 million1/. These are labour intensive programmes. UNICEF has proposed to assist the programmes with materials worth Takas 55.9 million and 25 000 tons of wheat to be utilized under "food for work" programmes in these projects. Some of these areas will eventually be handed over for management to the local cooperatives, comprising mainly landless labour.
1/ U.S.$ 1.00 = approx. Takas 14.70
Progressive expansion of aquaculture production is planned and by 1984 over 125 000 ha of ponds, tanks and baors will be under regular culture, yielding an annual production of 110 045 tons (Table 4).
The 100 fish seed farms will be adequately equipped so that each will achieve its target of production of 10 million fry annually by 1983. At present it is estimated that 15 million carp fry are produced in the public sector with an equal quantity being produced in the private sector.
The existing Fisheries Research Station needs upgrading of its activities and to undertake work on fish parasites and diseases, water pollution, fish breeding, use of fertilizer in fish ponds, etc. The proposed aquaculture complex to be built with DANIDA and UNDP assistance is expected to provide the basic research support for aquaculture development.
More trained manpower will be required to develop and manage the water bodies for fish culture. The faculty of fisheries of the Agriculture University is expected to produce the required number of fishery graduates. Science graduates will also be recruited and trained in the Fisheries Training Institute to man the aquaculture projects. Moreover, the country needs external assistance for specialized aquaculture training of core personnel.
4.3 Storage, Marketing and Export
Since fish is a perishable product it requires well organized storage, marketing and export systems. While some programmes have been initiated in these fields, more endeavours are essential to improve the present situation in these areas.
Through the assistance of the Asian Development Bank, marketing facilities throughout the country are being expanded. Since the preference of Bangalees is for inland freshwater fish rather than the marine products, marketing of the estimated aquaculture production will not pose any serious problem in the near future as these products will be consumed locally.
4.4 Budget
The annual non-development budget of the organization of the Directorate of Fisheries is an estimated Takas 7.88 million which is mainly utilized for organizing aquaculture activities. The allocation for the fishery sector during the five-year plan (1973-78) is Taka 451.48 million. Particulars of aquaculture development and allied projects included in the plan and now in progress or being processed, are given below:
|
Name of the project |
Expected capital cost (million Takas) |
Expected operating cost (million Takas) |
Expected annual return (tons of fish) |
Remarks |
|
Scheme for fish culture in public ponds in the northern districts of Bangladesh |
6.20 |
12.80 |
1 100 |
|
|
Development and management of derelict water areas for fish production |
12.00 |
8.00 |
2 245 |
|
|
Development of fish culture, angling and rowing in the impounded waters in and around Dacca city |
0.70 |
1.50 |
175 |
|
|
Expansion of Freshwater Fisheries Research Station |
1.90 |
1.10 |
- |
No direct production |
|
Improvement of Freshwater Research Laboratory |
2.20 |
0.80 |
- |
No direct production |
|
Scheme for expansion of Fisheries Training Institute |
0.30 |
0.20 |
- |
No direct production |
|
Pilot scheme for freshwater fish culture in polder areas in Khulna district |
0.20 |
0.65 |
110 |
|
|
Scheme for strengthening of fisheries extension in Bangladesh |
0.26 |
2.90 |
- |
|
|
Expansion of the scheme for fish seed production farms |
7.33 |
0.94 |
- |
Production of an estimated 25 million fry |
|
Pilot project on culture of pearl-bearing mussels |
0.1 |
0.4 |
- |
An estimated 57 000 pearls will be produced |
|
Establishment of brackishwater research station |
2.5 |
0.5 |
No direct production | |
|
Scheme for aquaculture experimental station |
25.75 |
10.00 |
- |
No direct production |
|
Technical assistance by World Bank for preparation of inland fisheries project |
2.22 |
- |
- |
No direct production |
|
Pilot scheme for development of Zeol fish (Clarias sp., Anabas sp. and Heteropneustes sp.) |
0.85 |
0.08 |
- |
Production of estimated 1 million fry and 5 tons of fish annually |
|
Totals |
60.32 |
39.87 |
|
|
|
Grand total |
100.19 | |||
The costs involved in increased inputs for augmenting production, for collection/production and rearing of fish seed, etc., are indicated in Table 5. The total anticipated expenditure of Takas 2 149 million for the ten-year aquaculture development plan (Table 6) is expected to be funded from national resources and by bilateral and multilateral assistance.
4.5 External Assistance Requirement
Besides problems of management of waters and aquaculture development, the absence of reliable information on the resource potential has been a serious restraint to proper planning. Consequent to a rapid assessment of the country's problems and needs, the following assistance projects have been planned:
(a) Fisheries Development in Bangladesh - Project coordination
(b) Fisheries Development in Bangladesh - Marketing
(c) Fisheries Development in Bangladesh - Training and extension
(d) Fisheries Development in Bangladesh - Research and resource development
(e) Fisheries Development in Bangladesh - Aquaculture
Under these projects, provision has been made for the training of Bangladesh personnel abroad, expert services, supply of equipment and an overall survey of the fisheries resources of the country. The total external and government expenditure in these projects is expected to be in the order of Takas 2 620 million.
DANIDA has proposed assisting in the establishment of an aquaculture complex by supplying equipment, expert services and bearing a portion of the local cost. A project has been proposed for the development of fisheries including aquaculture, in an irrigation project (Chandpur irrigation and flood control project) with the assistance of the World Bank. A feasibility study has begun for the preparation of an inland fisheries project and the establishment of a hatchery complex with World Bank/IDA financial assistance. Under the latter project, studies on the prospects of shrimp culture will be undertaken.
It would appear that identification of problems and projects for the development of fisheries, particularly for aquaculture, has been accomplished. Implementation of the programmes will appreciably help the development of fisheries and aquaculture in the country. However, there are many more areas where development work cannot be undertaken with the available limited country resources. Some of these areas include a large number of embanked areas for flood control and irrigation in the inland and coastal areas, in which major capital investment is necessary to implement aquaculture development. Basic technology of aquaculture in such areas will be developed by 1983 and then organized development of those areas for fish production will have to be initiated.
Credit facilities extended to private aquaculturists by the Agricultural Development Bank are inadequate because of their limited finance capacity. International banks, viz., the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Islamic Bank, etc., could render substantial assistance by providing funds for extension of credit facilities to private fish farmers, and thereby helping development of fish farming in this country within the shortest possible time.
TABLE 1
Additional Area (ha) Proposed for Aquaculture Development (1974-84)
|
Year |
Total |
Tank and dighi |
||
|
Fresh water |
Brackish water |
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
||
|
1974-75 |
1 000 |
300 |
- |
700 |
|
1975-76 |
4 000 |
1 000 |
- |
3 000 |
|
1976-77 |
5 000 |
1 500 |
- |
3 500 |
|
1977-78 |
7 000 |
2 000 |
- |
5 000 |
|
1978-79 |
8 000 |
2 500 |
- |
5 500 |
|
1979-80 |
10 000 |
2 500 |
500 |
7 000 |
|
1980-81 |
15 000 |
4 500 |
500 |
10 000 |
|
1981-82 |
20 000 |
6 000 |
1 000 |
13 000 |
|
1982-83 |
25 000 |
7 500 |
1 500 |
16 000 |
|
1983-84 |
30 000 |
8 000 |
2 000 |
20 000 |
|
Total |
125 000 |
35 800 |
5 500 |
83 700 |
TABLE 2
Projection of Additional Fish Seed Requirements (1974-83)
|
Year |
Seed production (millions) |
|||
|
Natural |
Induced |
|||
|
Eggs |
Fingerlings |
Eggs |
Fingerlings |
|
|
1974 |
50 |
20 |
- |
- |
|
1978 |
250 |
100 |
55 |
22 |
|
1983 |
1 250 |
500 |
500 |
200 |
TABLE 3
Requirements of Additional Fingerlings for Aquaculture by 1983
|
Type of water area |
Species |
Total area to be stocked (ha) |
Rate of stocking (ha) |
Total no. of fingerlings (million) |
|
Ponds and dighis (intensive culture) |
Carp |
35 800 |
7 000 |
250.6 |
|
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
Carp |
83 700 |
4 000 |
334.8 |
|
Brackish water |
Shrimp |
5 500 |
20 000 |
110.0 |
TABLE 4
Projected Increases in Aquaculture Area, Operation Costs and Production by 1979 and 19841/
1/ The present total production is estimated to be 72 700 tons
|
Type of water area |
Area (ha) |
Operation costs (million Takas) |
Fingerling (million) |
Rate of production (kg/ha) |
Production (tons) |
|
1979 |
7 300 |
49 |
51 |
1 625 |
11 862 |
|
Pond and dighis (intensive culture in fresh water) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
17 700 |
27 |
71 |
600 |
10 620 |
|
Brackish water |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Total |
25 000 |
- |
122 |
- |
22 482 |
|
1984 |
35 800 |
215 |
250 |
1 625 |
58 175 |
|
Pond and dighis (intensive culture) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
83 700 |
209 |
340 |
600 |
50 220 |
|
Brackish water |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ponds and dighis |
5 500 |
8 |
110 |
300 |
1 650 |
|
Total |
125 000 |
- |
700 |
- |
110 045 |
TABLE 5
Projection of Additional Fish Seed Requirements and Costs for their Production (1975-83) 1/
1/ Nursery and rearing ponds required for nursing spawn and raising fingerlings will be 350 ha. The 100 fish breeding stations at present have about 100 ha of water area in production. Part of this will be utilized for spawn and the rest for fingerling production
|
Year |
Nursery area to be operated (ha) |
Spawn to be stocked (million) |
Fingerlings (million) |
Rearing expense (million Takas)2/ |
Total (million Takas) |
|||
|
Natural |
Induced breeding |
Natural |
Induced breeding |
Natural |
Induced breeding |
|||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
|
1975 |
12 |
47.5 |
12.0 |
19.0 |
4.9 |
0.798 |
0.061 |
0.859 |
|
1976 |
24 |
87.5 |
33.5 |
35.0 |
13.4 |
1.470 |
0.162 |
1.632 |
|
1977 |
42 |
147.5 |
58.5 |
59.0 |
23.4 |
2.478 |
0.293 |
2.771 |
|
1978 |
62 |
242.5 |
62.0 |
97.0 |
24.9 |
4.074 |
0.311 |
4.385 |
|
1979 |
90 |
292.5 |
151.0 |
117.0 |
60.4 |
4.914 |
0.755 |
5.669 |
|
1980 |
130 |
437.5 |
210.0 |
175.0 |
83.9 |
7.350 |
1,049 |
8.399 |
|
1981 |
186 |
669.0 |
264.0 |
267.5 |
105.4 |
11.235 |
1.318 |
12.553 |
|
1982 |
276 |
927.5 |
461.0 |
371.0 |
148.4 |
15.582 |
1.855 |
17.437 |
|
1983 |
350 |
1 250.0 |
500.0 |
500.0 |
200.0 |
21.000 |
2.500 |
23.500 |
2/ Rearing expense for natural fingerlings estimated at Takas 42 000/million, and rearing expense of cultured fingerlings at Takas 12 500/million. Rearing expense includes transportation of spawn, equipment, fertilization and labour cost
TABLE 6
Ten-year Aquaculture Development Plan for Bangladesh (1974-84)
|
|
1974-79 |
1979-84 |
Total | |
|
Area (ha) |
|
|
| |
|
Tanks and dighi |
|
|
| |
|
|
(Fresh water) |
7 300 |
35 800 |
|
|
|
(Brackish water) |
- |
5 500 |
|
|
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
17 700 |
83 700 |
| |
|
Total |
25 000 |
125 000 |
150 000 | |
|
Development cost1/ (million Takas) |
|
|
| |
|
Tanks and dighi |
|
|
| |
|
|
(Fresh water) |
73 |
285 |
358 |
|
|
(Brackish water) |
- |
55 |
55 |
|
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
53 |
198 |
251 | |
|
Total |
126 |
438 |
564 | |
|
Operational cost 2/ - (million Takas) |
|
|
| |
|
Tanks and dighi |
|
|
| |
|
|
(Fresh water) |
99 |
648 |
747 |
|
|
(Brackish water) |
- |
19 |
19 |
|
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
104 |
636 |
740 | |
|
Total |
282 |
1 303 |
1 585 | |
|
Fingerlings required (million) |
|
|
| |
|
Tanks and dighi |
|
|
| |
|
|
(Fresh water) |
116 |
756 |
872 |
|
|
(Brackish water) |
- |
250 |
250 |
|
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
166 |
1 018 |
1 184 | |
|
Total |
282 |
2 024 |
2 306 | |
|
Production (tons) |
|
|
| |
|
Tanks and dighi |
|
|
| |
|
|
(Fresh water) |
26 814 |
175 501 |
202 315 |
|
|
(Brackish water) |
- |
3 750 |
3 750 |
|
Baor (Ox-bow lake) |
24 900 |
152 700 |
177 600 | |
|
Total |
51 714 |
331 951 |
383 665 | |
1/ Development cost has been calculated at (i) Tank and dighi - Takas 10 000/ha; (ii) Baor - Takas 3 000/ha2/ Operational cost has been calculated at (i) Tank and dighi (Fresh) - Takas 6 000/ha; (ii) Brackish - Takas 1 500/ha (iii) Baor - Takas 2 500/ha
Operational cost includes stocking, manuring, labour charge, fishing and other miscellaneous expenditure (excluding managerial cost)
Total cost: 1/ + 2/ Takas 2 149 million
Value: Takas 2 302 million at Takas 6 000/ton
