Australia
Grape production is carried out in all States of Australia with most of the production in the temperate zone, which includes the States of South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. Wine grapes is by far the biggest industry which accounted for 85 percent (1,076,207 tonnes) of total grape production in 1998-99, compared to 9.5 percent (119,438 tonnes) for raisins and 5.5 percent (69,891 tonnes) for table grapes. The average yield of wine grapes is 6 to 25 t/ha, raisins 25 t/ha (fresh weight) and table grapes 15 t/ha respectively.
The viticulture industries in Australia are technically advanced and utilize the most modern production practices. Grape growers are highly skilled and generally have a disposition towards adopting new techniques. An extensive array of information resources and training opportunities are available to Australian grape growers. Education programmes are extensive and range from university training of viticulturists and oenologists, skills training of vineyard workers by the network of TAFE colleges across Australia and to the study of viticulture at secondary school level.
The research and development effort in viticulture and oenology is substantial and highly developed. Research is funded jointly by government and industry, with the industry contribution generated through a levy paid by grape growers and processors. Each of the grape industries has a research and development corporation, which develops a list of research priorities and allocates funds to appropriate strategic research projects. The major research providers are the Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, the Australian Department of Primary Industry, State Agriculture Departments and several Universities across Australia.
Over the last five years there has been a massive increase in wine grape planting and production, in response to significant growth in wine exports. In 1998-99 Australia exported 215.5 million liters of wine valued at AUS$1,067 million. The major markets were Europe, North America and New Zealand, while Asia has become an emerging market and will be a focus of future wine export strategies.
Australian table grape exports reached a record high in 1998-99 of 31,071 tonnes worth AUS$69.1 million. All table grape exports originate in production districts in southern Australia and are sent to markets throughout Asia. The table grape industry has expanded significantly over the last five years, mostly in districts across northern Australia. The key issues and problems for the table grape industry in the subtropics are dormancy and budburst manipulation, new varieties suited to the growing conditions and which satisfy market preferences, vine nutrition, floral initiation and bud fruitfulness, managing vegetative growth, integrated pest management and quality assurance. Imports of Californian table grapes have been approved and are expected to arrive during the period July to December 2000. Approval is expected in the near future for imports of table grapes from Chile. To be internationally competitive table grape growers in northern Australia need to improve vineyard efficiency and wine productivity.
Partnerships and collaborative research between Australia and countries in Asia have the potential to (a) assist the development of emerging Asian wine-grape and wine industries, (b) enhance development of table grape production in subtropical areas of Australia and (c) improve the skills of grape growers in Asia through access to the highly developed education programmes and extension information resources in Australia.
China
In the past 20 years, China achieved much success in viticulture development. Grape production in the People’s Republic of China currently ranks fifth in fruit production, following apple, citrus, pear and banana. The land area under grapes and production was estimated to be 178x103 ha and 2358.2 x103 t in 1998, respectively which are 6.1 times and 18.7 times as much as those in 1979. The area under cultivation of grapes increased sharply in the last few years while the area under the other four main fruit crops began to decrease.
Grapes can be found to be grown in the whole country except in the Hainan province and the two autonomous regions of Guangxi and Xizang (Tibet). The main areas for growing grapes in China are, however, located in the north. The five leading provinces or autonomous regions of Xingjiang, Hebei, Shangdong, Liaoning and Henan produced more than 70 percent of total grape production in the country in 1998. Most of this production was for table grapes (about 80 percent of the total grape production), and only about 10 percent of grape production was for wine making while the other 10 percent was for processing into raisins.
The principal table grape varieties cultivated in the country are Niunai (Cow's Nipples’), Kyoho, Muscat Hamburg, Thompson seedless, Longyan (Dragon Eyes), Jingxiu, Zana, Rizamat, Fenghuang 51, Red Globe, Jingzhaojing, Jingyu, Italia and Fujimori. Popular wine-making varieties are Chardonnay, Italian Riesling, Ugni Blanc, Chenin Blanc, Gewürztraminer, Sauvignon blanc, Semillon, White Riesling, and Rkatsiteli for white wine and Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, French blue, Muscat Hamburg, Pinot noir, Syrah, Carignan and Saperavi for red wine.
Most of the planting materials used in the country are cuttings. With planting density from about 1,000 to 5,000 vines per ha, young plants are set out in early spring in most areas in the north of China where it is very cold in winter while they may be planted in late autumn in the Valley of the Yangtze River. Grape vines need to be ‘heeled’ in winter in most of the northern regions of China where the most popular training systems are the multi-arm fan system with no trunk used for vertical trellis and the Dragon system with a strong permanent cordon. In the south of China or in the region where grape vines do not need to be heeled in winter, the vertical trellis system is most frequently used. Multi-arm fan system with a strong trunk, the bilateral cordon system, the standard T bar system and the umbrella system are the most extensively used training systems.
In general, a high dosage of manure is applied after harvest or in late autumn in most vineyards. In addition, three or four applications of chemical fertilizers are usually given after bud break, at time of flowering, during rapid growth of young fruit, and during the maturation of grape berries. Supplementary irrigation is necessary to grow grapes in most regions.
Fifty-four grape diseases and 43 insects that infest the crop are found in China. Only about 10 diseases and few insects can, however, endanger grape production in commercial vineyards. The main grape diseases in China are anthracnose, downy mildew, white rot, bitter rot, powdery mildew, grey mold, dead arm, brown spot, axle blotch, rust and crown gall. The commercially important grape insects are comstock mealy bug, scale, grape leafhopper, grape horn worn, Boston ivy tiger-moth, grape leaf beetle, grape erinose mite, grape clear wing-moth, and grape borer.
The grapevines come into bearing usually in the second or third year after planting and mature vines are controlled to produce 20 to 30 t/ha in irrigated vineyards in order to obtain a high grape quality. The quality of grapes produced in the last few years has improved as compared with that in the eighties. Most fruits produced in China were however, sold in the domestic markets. Only 650 tonnes of grapes and 1100 tonnes of raisins were exported in 1997. But much more grapes were imported into China. In 1997, 4800 tonnes of grapes were imported; this means 7.4 times more than that exported. This import was essentially from USA and most of the grapes imported were Red globe types.
After continuously rapid development during the past twenty years, China has achieved great successes in grape production. However, China still has a great potential in developing viticulture and the wine industry. The area under the cultivation of grapes and their production will continue to increase in the next few years. A further expansion in grape production may be expected when the problems such as grape quality and wine quality are improved. Long-term planning for grape development in the whole country, new varieties, new regions for vineyards, rapid development in grape production and wine production, support of the government, research institutions and involvement of foreign companies with modern equipment, investments and advanced technology are many more issues to be rapidly resolved.
India
Grapes are grown over an area of 34,000 ha with an annual production of 1,000,000 tonnes. It is grown in a variety of climates and soils, with more than 80 percent of the area falling within the tropical climatic belt. India has the distinction of achieving the highest productivity in grapes in the world. In spite of the fact that very high returns can be obtained through grape cultivation, the area under grapes is limited to only 34,000 ha. The relatively short period available for ripening in the north, soil and water salinity and drought in the hot tropics, unprecedented rains and heavy crop losses due to diseases are the main impediments to the expansion of the growing area. The economic considerations limiting the growth of the grape industry are high initial investments for establishing vineyards, annual recurring cost of its maintenance and the market glut during the peak season.
Thompson Seedless and its clones, namely, Tas-A-Ganesh and Sonaka are the predominant cultivars followed by Bangalore Blue (Syn. Isabella) and Anab-e-Shahi. Vines are raised on their own roots, propagated by rooting of the hardwood cuttings. Of late the ‘Dogridge’ rootstock is employed to combat the problem of soil and water salinity.
Vines are trained mostly to a bower (Pergola) system or the flat roof gable system using the extended Y trellis. Vines are pruned twice in the tropics, generally for one harvest. In certain varieties, double pruning and double cropping is a common practice. In some areas and varieties like Bangalore Blue and Gulabi, five harvests are obtained every two years.
Heavy application of mineral fertilizers and organic manure is a common production practice. Nutrient requirements are fixed, based on the petiole nutrient contents after 45 days from spur pruning. Irrigation is a must, and mostly the drip system is employed. The quantity of irrigation water is decided based on pan evaporation using 0.8 as the crop factor and the physiological stage of the vines.
Grape suffers from huge crop losses on account of downy mildew, powdery mildew and anthracnose. Diseases are managed by adjusting the pruning time and using various fungicides. Important pests are mealy bugs, thrips, flea beetle and jassids. Use of insecticides is the most popular way of pest control. The Australian lady bird beetle is used as a predator to control mealy bugs. Cluster and berry thinning, and girdling are practiced and growth regulators are used to improve the quality of berries.
Grapes are harvested almost around the year, but the major harvest is during March-April leading to frequent market gluts, since more than 80 percent of the production is consumed fresh and cold storage facilities are inadequate. A meagre 2.5 percent of the total production is exported as fresh grapes, 12 percent is dried for raisins while two percent is crushed for juice and one percent for wine production.
Cultivation of suitable varieties for the diversification of the grape industry, especially processing into wine and juice and developing technologies to be cost and quality competitive, are essential for the sustenance of the grape industry in India.
Japan
Most of the Japanese archipelago that has a maritime climate is located between 25 and 45 degrees north latitude, at the northeastern end of the monsoon area of Asia. The longest span of the Japanese archipelago is about 3,000 km. Tokyo, the nation’s capital, which is located in the central part of Japan, has 15.3 oC annual average temperature and 1,460 mm average rainfall a year.
Grape production has been undertaken in all four main islands in Japan from north to south. The major producing regions are Yamagata, Yamanashi and Nagano prefectures in the northern and central parts, and Okayama and Fukuoka prefectures in the southern part of Japan. In 1997, the total grape production was 250,900 metric tonnes, and the vineyard area was 22,800 ha. Most vineyards in Japan produce table grapes. In 1997, table grapes made up 87.4 percent of the total production, while the remaining 11.0 percent, 1.4 percent, and 0.2 percent went to the production of wine, juice, and canned fruit, respectively.
After the import of foreign cultivars in the late 19th century, grape growers tried to breed new good-quality table grapes that were suitable for Japan’s humid conditions. New cultivars such as ‘Kyoho’, ‘Muscat Bailey A’, and ‘Neo Muscat’ were derived from crosses between Vitis vinifera and V. labrusca in the middle of the 20th century. ‘Kyoho’, a tetraploid, which is one of the main cultivars in Japan, produces large-sized berries exceeding 15g with strong sweetness (18-20 o Brix) and good flavor. Another major cultivar is ‘Delaware’, which is one of the labrusca cultivars introduced from the USA in the late 19th century. This was the first cultivar to achieve successful production of seedless berries by the GA (gibberellic acid) treatment. Nowadays, the Persimmon and Grape Research Centre, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science has bred new cultivars for table grapes such as ‘Aki-queen’ and ‘Honey-Black', with large-sized and high-quality berries. Wine making in Japan has a history dating back 100 years. At present, only about 10 percent of the crop is fermented into wine due to the predominant use of table grapes. Cultivars suited to both dessert and wine, such as ‘Koshu’, ‘Muscat Bailey A’, and ‘Delaware,’ are popular among growers in Japan. As the consumption of wine increases, so does the demand for good-quality wine. Therefore, the use of superior European wine cultivars such as ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Chardonnay’ is currently on the rise.
In Japan, the average area of a vineyard belonging to an individual farmer is estimated to be below 0.5 ha. Very intensive field management requiring 3,500 to 4,500 hrs per ha is necessary because good-quality grapes are sold at prices higher than 1,000 yen (about US$9) per kg. The appearance and quality of fruit bunches largely affects the market price. Growers make big efforts to attain large and regularly sized berries, optimal cluster size and compactness, and good coloration by means of time-consuming cluster and berry thinning or bagging.
Most vineyards are furnished with horizontal trellises to prevent typhoon and disease damage during the summer season as well as to facilitate better cane growth control and intensive field management, including cluster thinning and GA treatment. Consumers prefer seedless grapes, which are easier to eat. Success in producing seedless ‘Delaware’ grapes with GA application remarkably increased the consumption of this grape.
Another feature of grape production in Japan is the use of a protected cultivation system. About 40 percent of the total acreage of vineyards is protected with plastic films or glass. There are several types of protection cultures: glasshouses, plastic houses, and partial covering devices. The use of a protected cultivation system has resulted in a prolonged period of table grape supply ranging from early April to early August. On the other hand, fruit harvesting in an open culture begins in late July for early cultivars and ends in December for late cultivars. Commercial double cropping in a year has been carried out in Okayama and Nagano prefectures.
Most grape cultivars are susceptible to many diseases. Some chemicals are sprayed 12-14 times a year to control diseases. It has become very important, however, to decrease the use of chemicals to preserve the environment. One of the major breeding objectives is to incorporate disease resistance into commercial cultivars. Inoculation techniques have been evaluated in Japan in the control of downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), anthracnose (Elsinoe ampelina), ripe rot (Glomerella cingulata), and grey mold (Botrytis cinerea).
The emphasis of research carried out on grapes over the past decade has been on chemical control of shoot growth, berry set and maturation, protected culture, virus infection, and on genetics and breeding.
There are several problems in grape production in Japan. Reducing the number of labour hours required mainly for cluster trimming and berry thinning, which are important procedures that affect the appearance and quality of table grapes is a major production constraint.
Myanmar
Grape cultivation in Myanmar commenced with the introduction of some varieties for experimental planting at Sebauk State Farm in 1959. In Myanmar, grapes are grown in the dry area of the country, and cultivation techniques have been developed according to local climatic conditions. There are three training systems that are practiced, namely, the Arbor, Kniffin and Y-type systems, out of which the Arbor is the most suitable system because of manual cultivation techniques that are practiced in Myanmar. The total area under grapes is about 747.31 ha and production is about 8,310.09 tonnes with an average yield of 11.12 t/ha. The production is still low when compared with other grape producing countries mainly due to lack of proper knowledge of modern techniques, weather conditions and the varieties currently used. The major constraint, among other things to boost production is the high investment costs for establishment of vineyards because grape farmers prefer the Arbor system, which requires higher investment. As research is essential for development of the grape industry, policies are being laid down to upgrade research activities. Further research studies and training, including study tours, are urgently required to upgrade the skill of the technicians working in the state farms. If all the requirements are fulfilled, the production of grapes in Myanmar could be increased substantially.
There is potential for development of grape production by area extension and yield improvement. Grape can be extended in the Divisions of Central Myanmar such as Mandalay, Magway and Sagaing Divisions.
Moreover, there would be a substantial increase in production of grapes if the growers are educated in the training and pruning techniques and given the high yielding quality grape varieties. There are some constraints for yield increase and area extension of grape in Myanmar. Lack of technical knowledge such as on training and pruning of vines are some of the major factors that contribute to low yield. The fungus diseases are difficult to control because the outbreaks of these are dependent upon weather conditions. Therefore, variations of yield losses due to diseases are observed every year. Lack of high yielding varieties of good quality is also a factor for low yield. Grape production is also a capital-intensive venture. The basic principles of pruning and training at the optimum stages of the annual growth cycle and the timely application of agro-chemicals and fertilizers as well as the practice of berry thinning and artificial induction of seedlessness are technologies most farmers need to know. A variety improvement programme through introduction, selection and breeding should also be undertaken to backstop the production effort.
Republic of Korea
The table grape production has a long history in Korea. It’s cultivation started during the Koryo Dynasty in the 14th century, but grape processing is very recent and its research improvements are somewhat inadequate to meet modern needs. In the past, wine making was carried out by companies that used grapes from their own farms and from their contract farmers. Now, the companies are almost exclusively using imported grape juice. Some farmers use berries from shattered clusters that contain enough sugars for grape juice making since these are difficult to sell as table grapes due to their low marketability.
Korea has three main grape cultivars. The predominant cultivar is ‘Campbell Early’. It occupies 66.3 percent of the total area planted under grapes. The next is ‘Kyoho’, which occupies 14.4 percent, and the third variety is ‘Sheridan’, which is grown on 11.8 percent of the grape production area. There are other cultivars selected through hybridization with European varieties (Vitis vinifera types). However, these cultivars need to be heeled in soil during winter. This heeling method requires a great deal of labour and sometimes these vines are easily attacked by soil borne diseases.
Much precipitation occurs in summer and it is extremely cold in winter. It’s hard for grape phylloxera beetle to multiply under these conditions. Grape growers usually establish vines without using rootstocks, but some phylloxera-infested areas were identified in 1998. To address this problem, many farmers try to use nursery plants grafted with resistant rootstocks. The Agricultural Extension Service is mass-producing virus-free nursery plants. Farmers use much pesticides and insecticides to protect vines from diseases. Simple plastic houses reduce chemical usage, berry cracking and berry shattering. Many physiological disorders occur yearly due to low temperatures and high rainfall.
For ‘Campbell Early’ grapes, many farmers generally use the Wakeman system for vine training. They are changing this system to an improved one, which has one or two arms and alternate canes trained in opposite directions. The height of trunk under this system is around 1.5m, which helps to reduce labour costs. Farmers use the arbor system for ‘Kyoho’ grapes which produces large berries averaging around 12g. These arbors and crop rows are narrow (1.8m-3.6m), and vines in alternate rows are removed in 4-5 years after planting. When grapevines are pruned, different numbers of buds are needed according to diameters and vigor of canes. But it is very difficult to prune vines with different vigor. Recently, many rice paddy fields have been diversified into vineyards in Korea. These rice lands have poor drainage, which creates some soil problems.
Excessive fertilization makes shoots longer than normal and causes berry shattering, which is one of the important disorders to be solved. Cover crops like rye and clover are used to reduce excessive nitrogen, prevent soil erosion and control weeds. Proper irrigation is recommended for optimum growth and to prevent berry cracking caused by sudden change of soil moisture. To reduce immature berries from over-cropping and cold damage, controlled bearing for optimum yields and timely harvesting is recommended.
Different methods of disposal and new storage techniques have been developed for extending the consumption of grapes. Long-term storage of grapes until the end of January extends consumption of grapes. The risk of price drop due to increasing cultivation areas and importation led the Korean government to restrain from further increasing grape growing areas in the country. Farmers are also searching for other alternatives such as making grape juice and wine. It is necessary to develop new production techniques to reduce crop losses from diseases and physiological disorders. Researchers and farmers in Korea are exerting efforts to improve the quality of grapes in the country.
Thailand
In Thailand, grapes are mainly cultivated in the Central Plain areas such as Ratchaburi, Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Pathom provinces, which are near Bangkok. The White Malaga and Cardinal varieties are grown commercially for table grape and wine making. The grape crop is grown in the areas that are water logged, using raised beds employing the ‘ditch and dyke’ system. The beds alternate with the ditches that provide for irrigation as well as for drainage. Arbor system of training is preferred to a trellis and the canes are spread out evenly to cover the area of the arbor. When the vine is 10 to 12 months old, the mature canes are pruned in order to force out the buds. One can expect the first crop in only 14 to 16 months after planting. The harvesting can be timed at will because planting and pruning can be done at anytime of the year. Two to three crops can be harvested from an individual vine in a year. In practice, however, most growers prune their vines twice a year and get two crops, one in the rainy season (May to October) and the other crop in the dry season (November to April). The latter crop is superior in quality due to higher sugar content and better appearance. However, the disadvantage of this intensive cropping system is that the vines are short-lived (only 7-10 years) and the vineyard management is also quite intensive.
There are serious problems of diseases and insects. The diseases that affect grapes are downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, dead arm and bitter rot; the most serious insects are thrips, mites, beetles and armyworm. The grape industry has now expanded to the North, Northeastern and Western regions. In the Northeast, the growers produce both table grapes and wine grapes. There are wineries in Loei and Nakhon Ratchasima provinces. In the North, the growers grow table grapes in Chiang Mai and Nan provinces and wine grapes in Phichit province. At present, there are about 2,717 ha producing 31,677 tonnes/year and the average yield is about 15 t/ha. The grapes are used both for table and wine production. The percentages of table and wine grapes are about 87.4 and 12.6 percent, respectively.
The grape industry in Thailand is faced with certain production constraints of which the hot and humid climate with high rainfall, which is characteristic of a tropical region, is the main production constraint. Despite these drawbacks, the quality of fruit produced in the dry season is of high quality, although not of the same standard as grapes produced in the sub-tropical zone. Grapes produced locally are mainly for domestic consumption whilst a portion of the production may find its way to regional markets. The unique feature of the grape industry in Thailand is the ability to produce up to three crops a year.
Viet Nam
In Viet Nam, grape production is mainly concentrated in the former Thuan Hai province (currently segmented into Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces). The production area of Ninh Thuan province occupies about 90 percent of the total area under grapes in the country. In addition, grapes have also become the subject for experimentation in North Viet Nam.
In the middle of 1980's there were four table grape varieties popularly grown in former Thuan Hai province. In the 1990's, only the Cardinal variety was grown commercially. It has high productivity potential but lacks excellent berry quality. It also has weak pest resistance because it has not been re-selected and improved for a long time. For many years farmers have had to produce planting-material of grapes for themselves by using cuttings. Today, there are 3 organizations tasked to produce planting material of grapes for farmers. All three of them are researching on rootstocks in order to get better planting material.
In Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan vine-growing regions, the most suitable planting time is at the end of the rainy season and at the beginning of the dry season. Plant density popularly used is about 2,000 plants per hectare. Farmers have only used the overhead-trellis system for training vines. Under this system, vine branches are trained according to a cobweb pattern. Grape growers have a habit of pruning branches for the first harvest after planting in about 8-10 months. Pruning can be carried out all year round. It is necessary to tie branches to each trellis and remove axillary buds at the right time to assure satisfactory flowering and to create good conditions for growth and development of main branches.
An average vineyard under each household is very small. Hence, controlling weeds is mainly done manually. Turning over the soil is often done after the last harvest at which time manuring and fertilizer application is carried out before the next pruning. Farmers have often used the flooding method of irrigation for their grape plots. It is usually irrigated every 10-15 days, but in sandy soils it is carried out more frequently, about 5-7 days each time.
Vines are attacked and infected by several pests and diseases. Of the pests, spider mites (red spider mites, yellow spider mites), armyworm, mealy bugs and thrips predominate while common diseases that attack the crop are downy mildew, bunch rot, powdery mildew and rust.
The crop in Ninh Thuan can be harvested at any time of the year with as much as 3 harvests per year. The life-span duration of the Cardinal variety in Viet Nam is short, usually about 10 years. Mean grape productivity is about 30 t/ha a year. Grape productivity is high and stable in Winter-Spring and Spring-Summer seasons but low and unstable in Autumn-Winter.
Up to now, most grapes produced in Viet Nam have been consumed as table grapes. Small quantities of grapes with very poor quality are processed into local juice and wine. There are 2 kinds of table grapes imported and popularly sold at local markets in Viet Nam, including a kind having very big berries, red color, fewer seeds and another with big berries, green-yellow color and seedless.
The potential for grape production development in Viet Nam, especially in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces, is very promising because the demand for grapes by many consumers is high. Thus, the presence of large markets for grapes, the favourable climatic and soil conditions in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan as well as the character of farmers, augurs well for the future of the grape industry.
At the present time, cultivation techniques for vines are not being properly studied. Farmers have had to use their own ingenuity in their vineyards in order to gain experience for themselves. As a result, the crops are unstable, use of fertilizers is excessive and these problems have had an adverse effect on production. In addition, in 1998 and 1999 Ninh Than was affected by natural disasters that caused serious damage to the viticulture industry. Storms and floods damaged and weakened the crop and it will take a long time for the crop to recover.
The Vietnamese Government has issued a series of general policies for development of fruit crops, including grapes, all over the country. The Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry has made some investment for research and extension activities on grapes. Since Ninh Thuan province was re-established in 1992, the provincial authorities have begun to show their concern towards the development of viticulture by investing in research. However, these investments are too small in comparison to the grape-growers' needs, especially on adoption of modern techniques.
The research on grapes in Viet Nam has mainly been implemented by the Cotton Research Centre (which has a Food and Fruit Crops Department serving local agriculture). The researchers in this organization are focused on solving the urgent problems such as selecting new grape varieties as a top priority. As a result, a new vine variety, code-named NH-01-48, was collected and recognised as a superior variety and allowed to be multiplied on a large scale by the Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry in 1999. Farmers have also begun to use this variety for production.
The new research strategy is also attempting to define production components that contribute to yield and population dynamics of some major pests and diseases on vines; determine effectiveness of some kinds of pesticides and fungicides for grapes; study and produce biological control methods in order to control armyworm in grapes and other crops.
Finally, the strategy also plans to define some main technical measures being popularly used in production; and develop a map of grape producing areas, study and produce successfully some kinds of vine products, popularly known as “Duong nho” and "LH1".
