Table A4.1. Protein requirements of livestock expressed in terms of the protein content of forage | |
LIVESTOCK TYPE |
PROTEIN CONTENT (%) |
SHEEP | |
Store |
6 |
Fattening |
10 |
CATTLE | |
Dairy cows lactating |
15 |
Cows pregnant |
10 |
Calves (>8 weeks) |
16 |
HORSES | |
Mature |
6 |
Table A4.2 Examples of criteria for interpreting mineral content ratios of grass species in terms of deficiencies and surpluses for livestock production, Zambia (FAO, 1991c) | |
Phosphorus:Nitrogen |
> 0.15 - N deficiency |
< 0.05 - P deficiency | |
(P deficiency < 0.05%, N deficiency < 0.5%) | |
Potassium:Nitrogen |
deficit < 1.0 > surplus |
Calcium:Phosphorus |
deficit < 0.6 > surplus |
Magnesium:Phosphorus |
deficit < 0.35 > surplus |
Manganese |
< 20 ppm (maintenance) - 50 ppm (pregnancy) |
Table A4.3 Nutrient contents of veld forage species (grasses and shrubs) relative to livestock feeding requirements, South Africa (Tainton, 1988) | ||||
NUTRIENT |
UNIT |
RELATIVE TO LIVESTOCK FEEDING REQUIREMENTS | ||
EXCESSIVE |
MARGINALY DEFICIENT |
EXTREMELY DEFICIENT | ||
Crude protein |
% |
>9 |
5 - 9 |
<5 |
Calcium (Ca) |
% |
>0.2 - 0.5 |
0.15 - 0.20 |
<0.15 |
Magnesium (Mg) |
% |
>0.07 - 0.10 |
0.04 - 0.07 |
<0.04 |
Phosphorus (P) |
% |
>0.20 - 0.46 |
0.10 - 0.20 |
<0.10 |
Iron (Fe) |
ppm |
>30 |
20 - 30 |
<20 |
Copper (Cu) |
ppm |
> 5 - 10 |
4 - 5 |
<4 |
Cobalt (Co) |
ppm |
>0.10 |
0.06 - 0.10 |
<0.06 |
Manganese (Mn) |
ppm |
>40 |
20 - 40 |
<20 |
Note: ppm = parts per million |
Table A4.4 Mineral requirements of sheep and cattle expressed in terms of concentration in pasture, New Zealand (Grace, 1983) | |||
NUTRIENT |
UNIT |
PASTURE MINERAL CONTENT | |
SHEEP |
CATTLE | ||
Sodium (Na) |
% |
0.09 |
0.12 |
Note: ppm = parts per million |