MANUAL ON PROCEDURES
FOR DISEASE ERADICATION
BY STAMPING OUT
FOR DISEASE ERADICATION
BY STAMPING OUT
| FAO Animal Health Manual | No. 12 |
|
MANUAL ON PROCEDURES FOR DISEASE ERADICATION BY STAMPING OUT |
Text prepared by
William A. Geering
Consultant, EMPRES/Infectious Diseases Group, FAO, Rome
Former Director, Animal and Plant Health,
Bureau of Resource Sciences and Deputy Chief Veterinary Officer,
Australia
Mary-Louise Penrith
Assistant Director, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa
and Consultant, African swine fever epidemiology
and control, FAO, Rome
David Nyakahuma
Associate Professional Officer (Early Warning),
EMPRES/Infectious Diseases Group, FAO, Rome
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
ISBN 92-5-104585-2
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Stamping out is a recognized and proven strategy for rapid elimination of an introduced exotic disease or other emergency livestock disease. The crucial elements of stamping out are:
Stamping out is often the most cost-effective strategy. The disease eradication campaign is shorter and achieved for a lower overall cost and there is a shorter waiting period before the country can be recognized as free of the disease and resume export of livestock and animal products.
Several social, economic and other factors need to be evaluated before stamping out is selected as the strategy for a disease contingency plan. These include:
(In this context it should be noted that vaccination is not available for some epidemic livestock diseases and stamping out is the only viable option. African swine fever is such a disease. At the other end of the spectrum, for some diseases stamping out is unlikely to have much effect. This particularly applies to insect-borne diseases such as Rift Valley fever and bluetongue.)
(Whilst stamping out is likely to be less costly and more efficient overall, it may be quite resource-intensive in the short term.)
Well organized veterinary services that have the full political support of the government are crucial to the success of the disease-eradication campaign. The full support of other services such as the police, army and public works is essential. The final important element is prior preparation of a comprehensive contingency plan for the disease in question.
This manual does not discuss strategic issues. For these, reference should be made to the FAO Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency plans and manuals on preparation of contingency plans for specific diseases such as rinderpest and African swine fever.
This is a procedures manual: how to carry out important activities in a disease stamping-out campaign. It is divided into three parts:
This manual cannot take into account different circumstances in all countries. It is therefore important that countries use it as the basis for preparing their own manual tailored to suit their requirements and resources. Where possible, an attempt has been made to take into account the circumstances in developing countries and to suggest procedures based on experience of eradication in countries with limited resources.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, © FAO 2001
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
Part 1: DESTRUCTION OF ANIMALS
Chapter 2
ORGANIZATION OF DESTRUCTION
Action plan
Selection of destruction site
Order of destruction
Chapter 3
METHODS OF DESTRUCTION
Firearms (rifles and guns)
Captive-bolt pistols
Pithing
Other physical methods
Gaseous agents
Injectable agents
Chapter 4
DESTRUCTION OF VARIOUS SPECIES
Cattle and buffalo
Sheep
Pigs
Goats
Horses, donkeys and mules
Deer
Birds
Dogs
Cats
Rats, mice, guinea pigs
Rabbits
Primates
Fish
Circus and zoo animals
Chapter 2
SELECTION OF DISPOSAL METHOD AND SITE
Disposal on the IP (or DCP)
Disposal off the IP (or DCP)
Chapter 3
METHODS OF DISPOSAL
Burial
Cremation
Incinerators
Pit burning
Rendering
Composting
Chapter 4
ITEMS REQUIRING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
Milk and dairy products
Hatching eggs and hatchery waste
Effluent
Wool and mohair
Part 3: DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
Chapter 2
KNOW THE ENEMY - THE EMERGENCY DISEASE AGENT
Disinfectant susceptibilities of important disease agents
Disinfectant/chemical selections for particular viruses
Epidemiological considerations affecting decontamination
procedures for particular viruses
Comparison of amplification, persistence and resistance of important
infectious animal disease agents
Chapter 3
WEAPONS: DISINFECTANTS AND CHEMICALS FOR INACTIVATION
OF EXOTIC VIRUSES AND DISEASE AGENTS
Introduction
Selection of disinfectants
Safety precautions
Chapter 4
BATTLEFIELD STRATEGY - DISINFECTION PROCEDURES
Personal decontamination
Property decontamination
Vehicle and machinery decontamination
Chapter 5
AREAS OF SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
Animal effluent
Dairy equipment and milk storage tanks
Animal feed
Specialist equipment on the IP and DCP
Appendix 1
EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST
Personal equipment
Decontamination site: IP or DCP
Property decontamination
Vehicle decontamination: LDCC, road control points and road and
rail transport
Appendix 2
SUPPLIERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF DISINFECTANTS
Appendix 3
PRACTICALITIES OF DECONTAMINATION WITH FORMALDEHYDE
GAS
REFERENCES
Video and training resources
OIE publications
This Manual of procedures for disease eradication by stamping out is based on The destruction of animals, Disposal procedures and Decontamination operation procedures manuals of AUSVETPLAN (second edition, 1996). AUSVETPLAN is a series of technical response plans that describe the Australian approach to an exotic animal disease incursion. The procedures are adapted in this manual to apply to eradication of foci of serious infectious diseases of domestic livestock in any country where they may occur.
The permission of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Commonwealth of Australia, to use these documents as the basis for the preparation of this manual is gratefully acknowledged.
The original AUSVETPLAN Operational manual for destruction of animals was drafted by Drs L. Pryde, J. Galvin, R. Gordon, J. Murray, M. Riley and R. Webster. Disposal procedures was drafted by Drs L. Pryde, J. Galvin, R. Gordon, R. Hadwin, J. Murray, M. Riley and R. Webster. Decontamination operation procedures was drafted by Drs. G. Abraham, J. Morrison, C. Mayberry, B. Cottam and R. Gobby. The work of these authors is gratefully acknowledged.