INTRODUCTION |
1 |
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I. |
FISH USE OF TIME AND SPACE |
2 |
1.1 |
Migration and migration: definition and
relationship |
3 |
1.2 |
Genetic fitness: comprehensive approach |
4 |
1.3 |
Fitness: implications for migration |
6 |
1.4 |
Methods of study of migration |
7 |
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References |
8 |
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II. |
METHODS OF STUDY OF FISH BEHAVIOUR |
10 |
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2.1 |
Methods of study independent of the catch |
10 |
2.1.1 |
Visual observation |
10 |
2.1.2 |
Resistivity fish counter |
10 |
2.1.3 |
Hydroacoustics |
11 |
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2.2 |
Methods of study dependent of the catch |
15 |
2.2.1 |
Variations in density and catch per unit of fishing effort
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15 |
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2.3 |
Tagging and types of marks and tags |
17 |
2.3.1 |
Introduction |
17 |
2.3.2 |
Types of marks and tags |
18 |
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2.4 |
Intrinsic biological marks |
19 |
2.4.1 |
Morphometric and meristic variables and truss network
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19 |
2.4.2 |
Pigmentation pattern |
20 |
2.4.3 |
Genetic marks |
20 |
2.4.3.1 |
Enzymatic polymorphism |
20 |
2.4.3.2 |
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA |
21 |
2.4.3.3 |
Genetic fingerprinting |
21 |
2.4.3.4 |
Main techniques used in genetic tagging |
22 |
2.4.3.5 |
Choice of genetic marks |
26 |
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2.5 |
Extrinsic biological marks |
27 |
2.5.1 |
Parasites |
27 |
2.5.2 |
Chemometry |
28 |
2.5.2.1 |
Fatty acids |
28 |
2.5.2.2 |
Other extrinsic elements |
29 |
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2.6 |
Extrinsic tagging |
30 |
2.6.1 |
Marking by mutilation |
31 |
2.6.2 |
Extrinsic chemical marks |
34 |
2.6.3 |
Marking with dyes |
35 |
2.6.4 |
Marking by cold branding |
36 |
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2.7 |
Physical marks (tags) |
37 |
2.7.1 |
Physical external tags |
37 |
2.7.1.1 |
Intra-muscular insertion tags |
37 |
2.7.1.2 |
Dangling and trans-structural tags |
39 |
2.7.2 |
Physical internal tags |
40 |
2.7.2.1 |
EVI (Elastomer Visible Implant) tag |
40 |
2.7.2.2 |
VI tags. |
41 |
2.7.2.3 |
Coded wire tags (CWTs) |
42 |
2.7.2.4 |
Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT tags) |
46 |
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2.8 |
Active physical tags |
48 |
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Biotelemetry transmitters, data storage tags |
48 |
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2.9 |
Choice of methos of study |
48 |
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Bibliographic references |
52 |
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ANAESTHESIA, FISH TAGGING, BIASES RELATED TO TAGGING
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III. |
ANAESTHESIA |
58 |
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3.1 |
Types of anaesthetics, legal aspects |
58 |
3.1.1 |
Chemical anaesthetics |
58 |
3.1.2 |
Alternative methods |
60 |
3.2 |
Stages of anaesthesia |
62 |
3.3 |
Choice of an anaesthetic |
62 |
3.4 |
Factors influencing anaesthesia, choice of concentration
and duration |
64 |
3.5 |
Physiological and fish behaviour changes due to anaesthesia
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65 |
3.6 |
Suggestions to improve anaesthesia protocol and recovery
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68 |
3.7 |
Instruction sheets for the main anaesthetics |
69 |
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IV. |
ATTACHING TELEMETRIC TAGS |
72 |
4.1 |
Introduction |
72 |
4.2 |
External attachment |
73 |
4.3 |
Intragastric insertion |
74 |
4.4 |
Intraperitoneal implantation |
75 |
4.4.1 |
Incision |
76 |
4.4.2 |
Positioning the transmitter |
77 |
4.4.3 |
Closing the wound: stitching |
78 |
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How to stitch |
78 |
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Types of suture |
79 |
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Choice of suture material |
80 |
4.4.4 |
Alternative methods to close the wound |
81 |
4.4.5 |
Healing dynamics |
83 |
4.4.6 |
Prophylaxy, post-operative measures |
83 |
4.5 |
Weight, dimensions and shape of transmitters: biological
restrictions |
85 |
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V. |
BIASES RELATED TO TAGGING |
86 |
5.1 |
Survival |
86 |
5.2 |
Infections and injuries |
87 |
5.3 |
Consequences on growth and feeding |
88 |
5.4 |
Effects of tagging on behaviour and physiology
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90 |
5.4.1 |
Buoyancy and balance |
90 |
5.4.2 |
Swimming performances and energy consumption |
90 |
5.4.3 |
Effects on social interactions |
91 |
5.4.4 |
Activity and habitat selection |
91 |
5.4.5 |
Other behavioural disturbances |
92 |
5.5. |
Rejection and loss of transmitters |
92 |
5.5.1 |
Shedding of external tags |
92 |
5.5.2 |
Regurgitation of intra-gastric tags |
93 |
5.5.3 |
Expulsion of intraperitoneal implants |
93 |
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Mechanism of implant exit |
93 |
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Factors influencing implant exit |
95 |
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CONCLUSIONS |
96 |
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References |
97 |
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Tracking and biotelemetry |
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Signals properties, study strategies, use of results
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VI. |
BASIC PRINCIPLES, SIGNAL PROPAGATION |
102 |
6.1 |
Specifics and common points of radio and acoustic
biotelemetry |
103 |
6.2 |
Acoustic signal propagation |
104 |
6.2.1 |
Propagation speed, reflection, refraction |
104 |
6.2.2 |
Losses related to propagation |
105 |
6.2.3 |
Noise and decrease of signal/noise ratio |
106 |
6.2.4 |
Calculation of the maximum reception range |
107 |
6.3 |
Radio signal propagation |
108 |
6.3.1 |
Attenuation of radio signals in the water |
108 |
6.3.2 |
Attenuation in the air and at the air-water interface
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109 |
6.3.3 |
Losses related to the receiving station |
110 |
6.3.4 |
Losses and gains related to receiving and transmitting
antennae |
110 |
6.3.5 |
Power of transmitters, sensitivity of receptors |
111 |
6.3.6 |
Calculation of the maximum reception range |
112 |
6.4 |
Choice of radio type and transmission frequency according
to the environment |
113 |
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VII. |
POSITIONING THE TRANSMITTING SOURCE |
115 |
7.1 |
Homing in |
115 |
7.2 |
Distance positioning by triangulation |
115 |
7.2.1 |
Basic principle |
115 |
7.2.2 |
Calculation of cartesian coordinates |
116 |
7.2.3 |
Triangulation by directional receiving stations |
117 |
7.2.4 |
Accuracy of positioning by triangulation |
117 |
7.2.5 |
Reception diagrams and optimisation of the use of directional
antennae |
118 |
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Use of a loop antenna |
119 |
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Use of a Yagi antenna |
119 |
7.3 |
Positioning of combined acoustic /radio transmitters by a
single operator |
120 |
7.4 |
Positioning of acoustic transmitters by hyperbolic
navigation |
121 |
7.5 |
Software for pre-analysis of radio-tracking data X-Y
PGM track |
121 |
7.5.1 |
Working principle |
121 |
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General remarks |
122 |
7.5.2 |
Complementary explanation |
122 |
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Part A |
122 |
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Part B |
122 |
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Part C |
123 |
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Part D |
124 |
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Part E |
124 |
7.5.3 |
Program list |
125 |
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VIII. |
STUDY STRATEGY |
129 |
8.1 |
Data collection frequency |
129 |
8.1.1 |
Continuous collection |
129 |
8.1.2 |
Periodic collection (daily or more than daily) |
129 |
8.1.3 |
Periodic collection (less than daily) |
131 |
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Manual monitoring |
131 |
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Automatic detection |
131 |
8.2 |
Technical limitation of the number of fish that can be
detected |
132 |
8.3 |
Improvement in detection performance |
134 |
8.3.1 |
Multi-antenna stations |
134 |
8.3.2 |
Coded transmitters |
136 |
8.4 |
Transmitter search, progression speed |
136 |
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IX. |
CALCULATION OF THE HOME RANGE AND THE ACTIVITY AREA
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138 |
9.1 |
The convex polygon method |
138 |
9.1.1 |
Principle |
138 |
9.1.2 |
Limitations |
138 |
9.2 |
Bivariate normal models and circular statistics
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138 |
9.2.1 |
Principle |
138 |
9.2.2 |
Limitations |
139 |
9.3 |
Grid methods and probability of use by the species
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140 |
9.3.1 |
Principle |
140 |
9.3.2 |
Limitations |
140 |
9.4 |
Comparison of the different methods |
142 |
9.5 |
Calculation of a convex polygon surface area |
142 |
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X. |
BIOTELEMETRY, PROGRAMMABLE TAGS AND SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
|
144 |
10.1 |
Introduction |
144 |
10.2 |
Measurement of biotelemetry signals |
144 |
10.3 |
Drawbacks specific to biotelemetry transmitters
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147 |
10.4 |
Programmable transmitters |
148 |
10.5 |
Examples |
150 |
10.5.1 |
Telemetry application in aquaculture |
150 |
10.5.2 |
Repeated reproductive homing in Barbus barbus
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152 |
10.5.3 |
Activity of and habitat selection by eel (Anguilla
anguilla) |
153 |
10.5.4 |
Use of cardiac rhythm as a metabolic indicator |
155 |
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XI. |
SYNTHESIS, CONCLUSION, PRACTICAL ASPECTS |
157 |
11.1 |
Structure a study or a project |
157 |
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Study objective |
157 |
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Fish |
157 |
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Environment |
157 |
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Calculation of the total study cost, determination of
financial feasibility |
157 |
11.2 |
Information, reward |
158 |
11.3 |
Risks inherent to biotelemetry methods |
158 |
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References |
159 |