8. APPENDIXES

8.1 Expected Outputs of the Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods Programme

• National fisheries plans and policies improved through adoption of relevant CCRF principles and national poverty alleviation planning which accounts for fisheries
• communities’ needs
• Improved capacity of communities and their partners to participate in planning and management for fisheries livelihoods;
• Co-management systems established and functioning;
• Eco-systems and the resources they support enhanced and/or protected
• Economic and social benefits from the artisanal sub-sector enhanced.
• Policies, institutions and processes informed by dissemination of SFLP experience and knowledge.
• Effective institutional network for programme implementation established.

8.2 Causes of accidents at sea (from the four country reports)

Most of the causes mentioned come from Joal-Fdiouth in the Region of Petite Côte, Senegal, which does not constitute a case study community. However, the area is one of the most productive fishing zones in the country, and the region where most accidents occur. It illustrates well the causes of accidents. Additional causes have been added from the cases of Bonfi and Koukoudé in Guinea.

8.2.1 Causes related to fishing practices

• overloading canoes with fish causes instability and possible capsizing;
• fishing further out to sea with canoes insufficiently adapted to the conditions there may lead to the capsizing of the vessel;
• engine break down or lack of fuel, leaving a canoe without a means of propulsion;
• use of explosives for fishing.

8.2.2 Causes related to visibility

• artisanal fishing with un-marked gear, so that other vessels run over and damage them;
• collisions caused by unnoticed trawlers fishing in the inshore zone at night without lights;
• canoes lack radar reflectors and are not detected by bigger vessels in the offshore zone, causing collision;
• canoes cannot lift anchors on time, or leave quickly enough if a larger vessel is in a collision course with them;
• use of fires on canoes to alert bigger vessels of their presence, leading to explosions of fuel tanks;
• industrial vessels are too fast or use automatic pilot, so that they cannot change course in time to prevent collision.

8.2.3 Causes related to interactions between artisanal and industrial fishing

• illegal transfer of fish from industrial to artisanal vessels means that the vessels involved come too close, causing damage to the smaller;
• artisanal vessels fishing for shark near industrial vessels which throw by-catch overboard.

8.2.4 Complicating factors

• lack of safety equipment or alternative means of propulsion on board means survival after an accident or engine failure is reduced;
• cultural attitudes and beliefs which lead to a fatalistic attitude towards safety;
• safety gear is often unavailable on local markets;
• fishers of multiple nationalities and origins active in the same area lead to misunderstandings, miscommunications, disagreements and accidents;
• in the northern most countries with cold currents, hypothermia means survival time of crewmembers who end up in the cold water after an accident is very short.