Aggett, P.J., Agostoni, C., Axelsson, I., Edwards, C.A., Goulet, O., Hernell, O., Koletzko, B., Lafeber, H.N., Micheli, J.L., Michaelsen, K.F., Rigo, J., Szajewska, H. & Weaver, L.T. 2003. ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Nondigestible carbohydrates in the diets of infants and young children: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 36: 329-337.
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, AOAC International. Also valid are: a second revision of this edition (2003); the 16th edition (1995) and the 15th edition (1990). This last was published in Arlington, Virginia, USA, by AOAC International.
Atwater, W.O. & Benedict, F.G. 1902. Experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body, 1898-1900. US Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin No. 109, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Atwater, W.O. & Bryant, A.P. 1900. The availability and fuel values of food materials. Connecticut (Storrs) Agricultural Experiment Station 12th Annual Report, 1899.
Atwater, W.O. & Woods, C.D. 1896. The chemical composition of American food materials. US Official Experiment Stations, Experiment Station Bulletin No. 28. Washington, DC.
Beach, R.C. & Menzies, I. 1986. Determination of lactulose and soya oligosaccharides in infant formula milk feeds. J. Dairy Res., 53: 293-299.
Brand-Miller, J.C. & Holt, S.H.A. 1998. Australian Aboriginal plant foods: a consideration of the nutritional composition and health implications. Nutrition Research Reviews, 11: 5-23.
Calloway, D.H. & Kretsch, M.J. 1978. Protein and energy utilisation in men given rural Guatemalen diet and egg formulas with and without added oat bra. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 31: 1118-1126.
CCNFSDU. 2001a. 23rd Session, November 2001 (ALINORM 03/26, paras 133-137). Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU).
CCNFSDU. 2001b. Energy conversion factors: derivation of energy factors for incorporation in Codex nutrition labelling guidelines. Twenty-third Session, Berlin, Germany, 26-30 November 2001 (CX/NFSDU 01/9). Discussion paper prepared by Australia delegation.
CCNFSDU. 2002. 24th Session, November 2002 (ALINORM 03/26A, paras 113-115). Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU).
Charrondière, U.R., Chevassus-Agnes, S., Marroni, S. & Burlingame, B. In press. Impact of different macronutrient definitions and of energy conversion factors on energy supply estimations. In J. of Food Composition and Analysis, in press. Special Issue: Joint 5th International Food Data Conference and 27th United States National Nutrient Databank Conference, edited by J. Pennington and P. Stumbo.
Codex Alimentarius. 1991. General Standards for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods. Codex Stan. 1-1985 (rev. 1-1991).
Codex Alimentarius. 1994. Foods for special dietary uses (including foods for infants and children). Volume 4. FAO and WHO.
Codex Alimentarius. 2001. Codex Guidelines on Nutrition Labelling CAC/GL 2-1985 (Rev. 1 - 1993). At: www.micronutrient.org/idpas/pdf/1114CodexNutrLabel.pdf.
Coppa, G.V., Pierani, P., Zampini, L. et al. 1997. Lactose, oligosaccharide and monosaccharide content of milk from mothers delivering preterm newborns over the first month of lactation. Minerva Pediatr., 49: 471-475.
Cummings, J.H. 1981. Short chain fatty acids in the human colon. Gut, 22: 763-779.
Davidson, L.A. & Lonnerdal, B. 1987. Persistence of human milk proteins in the breast-fed infant. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 76: 733-740.
EC. 1990. Directive 90/496/EEC: Nutrition labelling for foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, L276: 40-44.
EC. 1997. Regulation 258/97: Novel foods and novel food ingredients. Official Journal of the European Communities, L43: 1-7.
Englyst, H.N. & Cummings, J.H. 1988. Improved method for measurement of dietary fiber as non-polysaccharides in plant foods. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 71: 808-814.
FAO. 1947. Energy yielding components of foods and the computation of caloric values. Washington, DC, FAO Committee on Calorie Conversion Factors and Food Composition Tables.
FAO. 1950. Calorie requirements. Report of the Committee of Calorie Requirements. FAO Nutritional Studies No. 5. Washington, DC.
FAO. 1957a. Calorie requirements. Report of the Second Committee of Calorie Requirements. FAO Nutritional Studies No. 15. Rome.
FAO. 1957b. Protein requirements. Report of the FAO Committee. FAO Nutritional Series No. 16. Rome.
FAO. 1964. Protein requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group. FAO Nutrition Meeting Report Series No. 37. Rome.
FAO. 1973. Energy and protein requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee. FAO Nutrition Meeting Report Series No. 52. Rome.
FAO. 1994. Fats and oils in human nutrition. Report of a Joint Expert Consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 57. Rome.
FAO. 1998. Carbohydrates in human nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 66. Rome.
FAO. 2004. Energy in human nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 78. Rome.
FDA. 1985. CFR 107, Subpart D - Nutrient requirements for infant formulas. 107.100 - Nutrient specifications. USA. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Flatt, J.P. & Tremblay, A. 1997. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. In G.A. Bray, C. Bouchard and W.P.T. James, eds. Handbook of obesity. New York, Marcel Dekker.
FNBIM. 2002. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Washington, DC, National Academic Press for the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (FNBIM).
Fomon, S.J. 1993. Nutrition of normal infants. St Louis, Missouri, USA, Mosby.
Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H. & Wiseman, M. 1990. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. Part 1, p. 78 (Table 8.15). London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Harnly, J., Gebhardt, S., Holden, J. & Cutrufelli, R. In press. Determination of protein, lipid, carbohydrate and energy content of foods for the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. In Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, in press, see separate entry in this Reference list.
Hendrickse, R.J., Wooldridge, M.A. & Russell, A. 1977. Lactulose in baby milks causing diarrhoea simulating lactose intolerance. Br. Med. J., 1: 1194-1195.
Hicks, K.B. 1988. High-performance liquid chromatography of carbohydrates. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, 46: 17.
James, K.A.C., Body, D.R. & Smith,W.C. 1986. A nutritional evaluation of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) using growing pigs. New Zealand Journal of Technology, 2(4): 219-223.
Jenkins, D.J., Kendall, C.W., Popovich, D.G., Vidgen, E., Mehling, C.C., Vuksan, V., Ransom, T.P., Rao, A.V., Rosenberg, Z., Rosenberg, R., Tariq, N., Corey, P., Jones, P.J., Raeini, M., Story, J.A., Furumoto, E.J., Illingworth, D.R., Pappu, A.S. & Connelly, P.W. 2001. Effect of a very-high-fiber vegetable, fruit, and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism, 50: 494-503.
Jones, D.B. 1941. Factors for converting percentages of nitrogen in foods and feeds into percentages of proteins. Circular No. 183. Washington, DC, United States Department of Agriculture.
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. In press. J. Food Composition and Analysis, Volume 17, Special Issue: Food Energy, edited by B. Burlingame.
King-Brink, M. & Sebranek, J.G. 1993. Combustion method for determination of crude protein in meat and meat products: collaborative study. J. AOAC International, 76(4): 787-793.
Klensin, J.C., Feskanich, D., Lin, V., Truswell, A.S. & Southgate, D.A.T. 1989. Identification of food components for INFOODS data interchange. Tokyo, United Nations University.
Krogh, A. & Krogh, M. 1913. A study of the diet and metabolism of Eskimos undertaken in 1908 on an expedition to Greenland. Medd. Gronland, 51: 1-52.
LeBlanc, M.H. 2002. The physical environment. In A. Fanaroff and R.J. Martin. Neonatal-perinatal medicine. Diseases of the fetus and infant. 7th edition. St Louis, Missouri, USA, Mosby.
Livesey, G. 1990. Energy values of unavailable carbohydrate and diets: an inquiry and analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51: 617-637.
Livesey, G. 2001. A perspective on food energy standards for nutrition labelling. British Journal of Nutrition, 85: 271-287.
Livesey, G. 2002. Thermogenesis associated with fermentable carbohydrate in humans, validity of indirect calorimetry, and implications of dietary thermogenesis for energy requirements, food energy and body weight. International Journal of Obesity, 26: 1553-1569.
Livesey, G. In press (a). Energy terminology and analytical methods, a review In Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, in press, see separate entry in this Reference list.
Livesey, G. In press (b). A case for net metabolisable energy (NME). In Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, in press, see separate entry in this Reference list.
Livesey, G., Buss, D., Coussement, P., Edwards, D.G., Howlett, J., Jonas, D.A., Kleiner, J.E., Mueller, D. & Sentko, A. 2000. Suitability of traditional energy values for novel foods and ingredients. Food control, 11: 249-289.
MacLean, WC., Jr. In press. Use of the net metabolizable energy values for labelling of infant formulas and foods - potential issues. In Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, in press, see separate entry in this Reference list.
Mazengo, M.C., Simell, O., Likmanji, Z., Shirima, R. & Karvetti, R.-L. 1997. Food composition in rural and urban Tanzania. Acta Tropica, 68: 313-326.
McVeagh, P. & Miller, J.B. 1997. Human milk oligosaccharides: only the breast. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 33: 281-286.
Merrill, A.L. & Watt, B.K. 1955. Energy value of foods, basis and derivation. Agriculture Handbook No. 74. Washington, DC, Unites States Department of Agriculture.
Merrill, A.L. & Watt, B.K. 1973. Energy value of foods: basis and derivation. Agriculture Handbook No. 74. Washington, DC, ARS United States Department of Agriculture.
Monro, J. & Burlingame, B. 1996. Carbohydrates and related food components: INFOODS tagnames, meanings, and uses. J. Food Composition and Analysis, 9: 100-118.
NRC. 1981. Nutritional energetic of domestic animals and glossary of terms. 2nd Revision. Washington, DC, National Academy Press for National Research Council (NRC).
Roberts, S.J. and Young, V.R. 1988. Energy costs of fat and protein deposition in the human infant. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 48: 951-955.
Rosado, J.L., Lopez, P., Morales, M., Munoz, E. & Allen, L.H. 1992. Bioavailability of energy, nitrogen, fat, zinc, iron and calcium from rural and urban Mexican diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 68: 45-58.
Sosulski, F.W. & Imafidon, G.I. 1990. Amino acid composition and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for animal and plant foods. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38: 1351-1356.
Southgate, D.A.T. 1976. Determination of food carbohydrates. London, Applied Science Publishers.
Southgate, D.A.T. & Durnin, J.V.G.A. 1970. Calorie conversion factors. An experimental re-assessment of the factors used in the calculation of the energy value of human diets. Br. J. Nutr., 24: 517-535.
Summerbell, C.D., Watts, C., Higgins, J.P.T. & Garrow, J.S. 1998. Randomised controlled trials of novel, simple and well-supervised weight reducing diets in outpatients. British Medical Journal, 317: 1487-1489.
Theander, O. & Aman, P. 1982. Studies in dietary fibre: A method for the analysis and chemical characterization of total dietary fibre. J. Sci. Food Agric., 33: 340.
USDA. 2003. National nutrient database for standard reference. Release No. 16. Nutrient Data Laboratory. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Available at: www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp.
Vasconcellos, M.T.L. de. In press. The impact of different methods to determine energy contents of food on the prevalence of undernutrition: A case study in a Brazilian food consumption survey. In Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, in press, see separate entry in this Reference list.
Walker, A.P. 1996. The nutritional challenges in the new South Africa. Nutrition Research Reviews, 9: 33-63.
Warwick, P.M. & Baines, J. 2000. Point of view: energy factors used for food labelling and other purposes should be derived in a consistent fashion for all food components. British Journal of Nutrition, 84: 897-902.
WHO. 1985. Energy and protein requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva.
WHO. 2003. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series No. 916. Geneva.
WHO. Forthcoming. Protein and amino acids requirements in human nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series. Geneva.
Willi, S.M., Oexmann, M.J., Wright, N.M., Collop, N.A. & Key, L.L. Jr. 1998. The effects of a high-protein, low-fat, ketogenic diet on adolescents with morbid obesity: body composition, blood chemistries, and sleep abnormalities. Pediatrics, 101: 61-67.
