Annex 4. Reference values for gaseous losses

Reference values for NH₃ emission

Reference	Location	Crop	N fertilizer	NH₃ emission	NH₃ loss
Reference	Location	Crop	(kg N/ha)	(kg N/ha)	(% of N fert.)
McKenzie and Tainton, 1993	South Africa	grass	50	1.4	0.027
McKenzie and Tainton, 1993	South Africa	grass	100	3.7	0.037
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	bare	40	5.8	0.145
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	bare	40	5.2	0.130
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	bare	40	3.2	0.080
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	bare	40	4.4	0.110
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	bare	40	4.4	0.110
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	bare	40	2.4	0.060
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	bare	40	3.2	0.080
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	pearl millet	40	5.5	0.137
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	pearl millet	40	2.3	0.057
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	pearl millet	40	3.6	0.090
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	pearl millet	40	4.1	0.104
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988	Jodhpur, India	pearl millet	40	4.4	0.110
Fan et al., 1996	Dehradun, India	bare	100	18.7	0.187
Fan et al., 1996	Dehradun, India	bare	100	17.9	0.179
Fan et al., 1996	Dehradun, India	bare	100	16.8	0.168
Fan et al., 1996	Dehradun, India	bare	100	15.9	0.159
Fan et al., 1996	Dehradun, India	bare	100	13.4	0.134
Fan et al., 1996	Dehradun, India	bare	100	10.9	0.109
Fan et al., 1996	Dehradun, India	bare	100	8.7	0.087
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	24.8	0.248
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	20.3	0.203
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	15.8	0.158
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	11.4	0.114
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	18.9	0.189
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	17.5	0.175
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	13.5	0.135
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	13.2	0.132
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	15.6	0.156
Fan et al., 1996	Delhi, India	bare	100	9.8	0.098
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	30	0.5	0.016
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	15	0.2	0.014
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	15	0.2	0.014
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	15	0.3	0.019
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	15	0.3	0.020
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	15	0.1	0.008
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	15	0.2	0.012
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	60	1.6	0.026
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	60	1.2	0.021
Patel and Mohanty, 1989	Cuttack, India	rice	60	1.8	0.031
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	0	5.6
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	60	14.4	0.240
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	60	9.9	0.164
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	60	8.3	0.139
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	60	9.7	0.161
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	60	12.3	0.204
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	60	10.0	0.167
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	60	11.3	0.189
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	120	21.5	0.180
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	120	17.4	0.145
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	120	12.5	0.104
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	120	17.2	0.144
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	120	18.9	0.158
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	180	28.4	0.158
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992	Pantnagar, India	bare	240	31.2	0.130
Palma et al., 1997	Buenos Aires, Argentina	maize		0.5
Palma et al., 1997	Buenos Aires, Argentina	maize	60	7.4	0.123
Palma et al., 1997	Buenos Aires, Argentina	maize	60	5.3	0.088
Palma et al., 1997	Buenos Aires, Argentina	maize		0.5
Palma et al., 1997	Buenos Aires, Argentina	maize	60	5.66	0.094
Palma et al., 1997	Buenos Aires, Argentina	maize	60	3.74	0.062
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	bare	40	3.6	0.090
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	bare	80	12.0	0.150
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	bare	120	27.6	0.230
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	prosopis trees	40	2.6	0.065
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	prosopis trees	80	7.6	0.095
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	prosopis trees	120	18.0	0.150
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	prosopis trees	80	12.1	0.151
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	prosopis trees	80	9.3	0.116
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	prosopis trees	80	6.7	0.084
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	prosopis trees	80	2.8	0.035
Aggarwal et al., 1987	Jodhpur, India	prosopis trees	80	0.8	0.010

Reference values for N₂O emission

Reference	Crop	Org. C	Precipitation	N fertilizer	N₂O emission
		(%)	(mm)	(kg N/ha)	(kg N/ha)
Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1996	Wheat, irrigated			250	3.2
Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1996	Wheat, irrigated			250	1.5
Mosier and Delgado, 1997	Grass	2.8	1 120	0	1.43
Mosier and Delgado, 1997	Grass	2.8	1 120	300	11.4
Mosier and Delgado, 1997	Grass	3.7	1 930	0	1.38
Mosier and Delgado, 1997	Grass	3.7	1 930	300	3.84
Mosier and Delgado, 1997	Grass	2.1	1 650	0	1.647
Mosier and Delgado, 1997	Grass	2.1	1 650	300	4.012
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	1.37
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	0.44
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	0.309
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	150	0.938
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	0.84
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	0.336
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	0.497
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	100	1.57
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	0.903
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	300	5.998
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	0.762
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	300	2.54
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	0	1.03
Mosier et al., 1998	Sorghum	2.1	1 650	100	7.19
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	1.6	1 250	84	0.011
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	1.5	1 125	34	0.11
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane		1 125	22	0.013
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	1.5	275	45	0.052
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	1.5	275	35	0.17
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane		275	39	0.092
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane		275	20	0.006
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	8	1 100	95	0.38
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	5.6	3 810	124	1.25
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	5.5	3 800	94	0.33
Mahmood et al., 1998	Maize, irrigated	1.1	340	100	0.16
Mahmood et al., 1998	Wheat, irrigated	1.1	340	100	0.49
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	0	2.3
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	0	4.3
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300	22.6
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300
Veldkamp and Keller, 1997	Banana		3 962	360
Veldkamp and Keller, 1997	Banana		3 962	360
Veldkamp and Keller, 1997	Banana		3 962	360	6.1
Freney et al., 1981	Rice, flooded		40	20	0.0
Watanabe et al., 2000	Maize		1 150	0	0.119
Watanabe et al., 2000	Maize		1 150	62.5	0.196
Watanabe et al., 2000	Maize		1 150	0	0.109
Watanabe et al., 2000	Maize		1 150	62.4	0.289
Watanabe et al., 2000	Maize		1 150	0	0.122
Watanabe et al., 2000	Maize		1 150	75	0.351
Watanabe et al., 2000	Maize		1 150	0	0.1
Watanabe et al., 2000	Maize		1 150	46.9	0.403
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		0	0.315
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		0	0.425
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		86	0.649
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		86	0.629
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		86	0.905
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		86	0.712
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		0	0.306
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		0	0.484
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		86	0.749
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		86	1.092
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		86	0.859
Suratno et al., 1998	Rice, flooded	2.4		86	1.012
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	1.802
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		200	1.427
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	1.948
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	1.773
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	0.741
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		200	1.04
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	0.835
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	1.097
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	0.452
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		200	0.16
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	0.181
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		120	0.639
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		112	0.831
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		192	0.16
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		112	0.181
Bronson et al., 1997a; b	Rice, flooded	1.7		112	0.526
Weitz et al., 1999	Balsa tree plantation	5.2		65	2.84
Crill et al., 2000	Corn	7.5	3 962	0	0.51
Crill et al., 2000	Corn	7.5	3 962	122	1.83
Crill et al., 2000	Papaya	7.5	3 962	0	0.19
Crill et al., 2000	Papaya	7.5	3 962	133	1.37

Reference values for NO_x emissions

Reference	Crop	Org. C	Precipitation	N fertilizer	NO_x emission
Reference	Crop	(%)	(mm)	(kg N/ha)	(kg N/ha)
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	1.6	1 250	84	0.01
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	1.5	1 125	34	0.00
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane		1 125	22	0.01
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	1.5	275	45	0.01
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	1.5	275	35	0.00
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane		275	39	0.01
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane		275	20	0.00
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	8.0	1 100	95	1.95
Matson et al., 1996	Sugar cane	5.5	3 800	94	0.71
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	0	0.82
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	0	1.13
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300	4.64
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300	8.38
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300	7.48
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300	5.41
Veldkamp et al., 1998	Grass		3 962	300	6.97
Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1996	Wheat, irrigated			250	6.29
Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1996	Wheat, irrigated			250	2.71
Weitz et al., 1999	Tree plantation			65	0.41
Cardenas et al., 1993	Savannah	1.0		80	0.14
Cardenas et al., 1993	Savannah	1.0		80	0.05
Cardenas et al., 1993	Savannah	1.0		0	0.02
Rondon et al., 1993	Savannah	0.9	1 300	0	0.01
Rondon et al., 1993	Savannah	0.9	1 300	200	0.65
Rondon et al., 1993	Savannah	0.9	1 300	200	0.06
Rondon et al., 1993	Savannah	2.0	1 300	200	0.29
Veldkamp and Keller, 1997	Banana		3 962	360	10.70
Meixner et al., 1997	Maize		846	0	0.34
Meixner et al., 1997	Maize		846	16	1.10
Sanhueza et al., 1994	Savannah	4.0		200	0.01
Sanhueza et al., 1994	Savannah	4.0		200	0.20
Sanhueza et al., 1994	Savannah	4.0		0	0.00
Skiba et al., 1997	Grass	1.4		100	0.03
Skiba et al., 1997	Grass	1.4		100	0.17
Skiba et al., 1997	Grass	1.4		100	0.14
Skiba et al., 1997	Grass	1.4		100	0.14