The standard provides details for the conduct of pest risk analysis (PRA) to determine if pests are quarantine pests. It describes the integrated processes to be used for risk assessment as well as the selection of risk management options.
S1 It also includes details regarding the analysis of risks of plant pests to the environment and biological diversity, including those risks affecting uncultivated/unmanaged plants, wild flora, habitats and ecosystems contained in the PRA area. Some explanatory comments on the scope of the IPPC in regard to environmental risks are given in Annex 1.
S2 It includes guidance on evaluating potential phytosanitary risks to plants and plant products posed by living modified organisms (LMOs). This guidance does not alter the scope of ISPM No. 11 but is intended to clarify issues related to the PRA for LMOs. Some explanatory comments on the scope of the IPPC in regard to PRA for LMOs are given in Annex 2.
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, 1994. World Trade Organization, Geneva.
S2 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000. CBD, Montreal.
S2 Code of conduct for the import and release of biological control agents, 1996. ISPM No. 3, FAO, Rome.
S2 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992. CBD, Montreal.
Determination of pest status in an area, 1998. ISPM No. 8, FAO, Rome.
Export certification system, 1997. ISPM No. 7, FAO, Rome
S2 Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture, 2002. Research and Technology Paper 9, FAO, Rome.
Glossary of phytosanitary terms, 2004. ISPM No. 5, FAO, Rome.
S2 Glossary supplement No. 1: Guidelines on the interpretation and application of the concept of official control for regulated pests, 2001. ISPM No. 5, FAO, Rome.
S2 Glossary supplement No. 2: Guidelines on the understanding of potential economic importance and related terms including reference to environmental considerations, 2003. ISPM No. 5, FAO, Rome.
Guidelines for pest risk analysis, 1996. ISPM No. 2, FAO, Rome.
S2 Guidelines for phytosanitary certificates, 2001. ISPM No. 12, FAO, Rome.
Guidelines for surveillance, 1998. ISPM No. 6, FAO, Rome.
International Plant Protection Convention, 1997. FAO, Rome.
Principles of plant quarantine as related to international trade, 1995. ISPM No. 1, FAO, Rome.
Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas, 1996. ISPM No. 4, FAO, Rome.
Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest-free production sites, 1999. ISPM No. 10, FAO, Rome.
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area |
An officially defined country, part of a country or all or parts of several countries [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; CEPM, 1999; based on the World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures] |
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commodity |
A type of plant, plant product or other article being moved for trade or other purpose [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001] |
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consignment |
A quantity of plants, plant products and/or other articles being moved from one country to another and covered, when required, by a single phytosanitary certificate (a consignment may be composed of one or more commodities or lots) [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001] |
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country of origin (of a consignment of plant products) |
Country where the plants from which the plant products are derived were grown [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999] |
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country of origin (of a consignment of plants) |
Country where the plants were grown [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999] |
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country of origin (of regulated articles other than plants and plant products) |
Country where the regulated articles were first exposed to contamination by pests [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999] |
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endangered area |
An area where ecological factors favour the establishment of a pest whose presence in the area will result in economically important loss [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999] |
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entry (of a pest) |
Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled [FAO, 1995] |
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establishment |
Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997; formerly established] |
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introduction |
The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997] |
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IPPC |
The International Plant Protection Convention, as deposited in 1951 with FAO in Rome and as subsequently amended [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001] |
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S2 living modified organism |
Any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology [Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000] |
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S2 LMO |
Living modified organism |
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S2 modern biotechnology |
The application of:a. in vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles; orb. fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family, that overcome natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers and that are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection. [Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000] |
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National Plant Protection Organization |
Official service established by a government to discharge the functions specified by the IPPC [FAO, 1990; formerly Plant Protection Organization (National)] |
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NPPO |
National Plant Protection Organization [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001] |
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official |
Established, authorized or performed by a National Plant Protection Organization [FAO, 1990] |
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pathway |
Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995] |
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pest |
Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997] |
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pest categorization |
The process for determining whether a pest has or has not the characteristics of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non-quarantine pest [ISPM No. 11, 2001] |
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Pest Free Area |
An area in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained [FAO, 1995] |
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pest free production site |
A defined portion of a place of production in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained for a defined period and that is managed as a separate unit in the same way as a pest free place of production [ISPM No. 10, 1999] |
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Pest Risk Analysis |
The process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it [FAO, 1995; revised IPPC, 1997] |
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pest risk assessment (for quarantine pests) |
Evaluation of the probability of the introduction and spread of a pest and of the associated potential economic consequences [FAO, 1995; revised ISPM No. 11, 2001] |
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pest risk management (for quarantine pests) |
Evaluation and selection of options to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of a pest [FAO, 1995; revised ISPM No. 11, 2001] |
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Phytosanitary Certificate |
Certificate patterned after the model certificates of the IPPC [FAO, 1990] |
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phytosanitary measure |
Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of pests [FAO, 1995; revised IPPC, 1997] |
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phytosanitary regulation |
Official rule to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests, including establishment of procedures for phytosanitary certification [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; CEPM, 1999; ICPM, 2001] |
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post-entry quarantine |
Quarantine applied to a consignment after entry [FAO, 1995] |
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PRA area |
Area in relation to which a pest risk analysis is conducted [FAO, 1995] |
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prohibition |
A phytosanitary regulation forbidding the importation or movement of specified pests or commodities [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995] |
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quarantine pest |
A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997] |
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Regional Plant Protection Organization |
An intergovernmental organization with the functions laid down by Article IX of the IPPC [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; CEPM, 1999; formerly Plant Protection Organization (Regional)] |
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RPPO |
Regional Plant Protection Organization [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001] |
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spread |
Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area [FAO, 1995] |
The objectives of a PRA are, for a specified area, to identify pests and/or pathways of quarantine concern and evaluate their risk, to identify endangered areas, and, if appropriate, to identify risk management options. Pest risk analysis (PRA) for quarantine pests follows a process defined by three stages:
Stage 1 (initiating the process) involves identifying the pest(s) and pathways that are of quarantine concern and should be considered for risk analysis in relation to the identified PRA area.
Stage 2 (risk assessment) begins with the categorization of individual pests to determine whether the criteria for a quarantine pest are satisfied. Risk assessment continues with an evaluation of the probability of pest entry, establishment, and spread, and of their potential economic consequences (including environmental consequences - S1).
Stage 3 (risk management) involves identifying management options for reducing the risks identified at stage 2. These are evaluated for efficacy, feasibility and impact in order to select those that are appropriate.
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[1] Throughout this text,
S1 indicates the supplementary text on environmental risks and S2
the supplementary text on living modified organisms. See complete
explanation in the section Endorsement. [2] The references listed in brackets refer to the definition or revision of the term. |
