0128-B5

Comparison growth rate in governmental and participation plantation in Kermanshah

Mohammad Fattahi ¹

These plantations were established with Pistacia atlantica, which is one of the important endemic species in Iran with wide distribution and high economic value. Therefore, reforestation and plantation with the species is very necessary. Governmental and participation plantation was started at 1986 and 1989 in two similar conditions (semi- arid, with winter cold and warm summer, regosols....).Both near Kermanshah province.

Factors including, height, diameter (collar and diameter breast height) crown form, stem height, mode of branching and etc. were compared and results were as follows:

1 - In participation plantation, tree height, collar diameter, D.B.H., canopy diameter of seedling were 2.3, 2.5, 7, respectively and 2.5 times more than those of governmental project.
2 - Mean annual height increment, D.B.H, canopy growth in participation plantation and governmental projects were 23.25 (cm.), 2.9 (mm), 12.03 (cm) and 8.15 (cm), 0.34 (mm), 7.29 (cm) respectively.
3 - In participation plantation 82% of seedling crown form was regular and closed and 18% oblang- ovate, but in governmental project 78% of oblang- ovate and 23% regular and closed.
4 - In participation plantation 80% of seedling mode of branching was unforked and 20% forked without any broomed branching, but in governmental project 20% of unforked and 80%forked and broomed.
5 - Management,,tending and protection in participation plantation are much better than government project.
6 Percent of survival and seedling vitality with usage of native knowledge in participation plantation were excellent.

Accordingly planting and developing of these methods around the villages and degraded lands will be successful, if the government were able to pay a loan to rural or to fund the project.

Introduction

Pistacia atlantica is one of the important species in Iran ( except north of Iran), especially in west, east ,center and south east of Iran , the variable rainfall between 250 to 750mm. Inadequacies income people living these regions and livestock with scattered traditional agriculture main reasons for reduce this species from quantities and qualities.

Therefore, vegetation these regions become less, especially west forest of Iran in this century affected by different factors. But administration this forest come back 4 decaded ago. Ratio rehabilitation to degradation various between 1/40 to 1/80. This ratio shows degradation is very high and ecosystems of these regions become fragile. This indicators shows administration forest with this methods until here is not suitable, and we must use of the location people living that region. Number of villages in Iran more than 40000 and most of them scattered in different places such as forests and rangelands. One of the best method for rehabilitation and afforestation degraded lands on around villages usage the people living there, by recognize customary and traditional rights of local people.

Materials and methods

This study carried out in kermanshah province in the west of Iran, about 1650 meters above sea level and 46_ 27´ N., 34_ 18´ W. Govavar plantation or governmental plantation (G.P.) situated in the south of Eslamabad town 25 kilometer and participation plantation (P.P.) in 30 kilometer north it.

Aims of these studies are comparison between two plantation aspect survival, protection, vitality, growth and costs and contribution of people in participation. Government was plantation established in 1986 planting at banquette method, with fancying and keeper, participation in 1989 planted in usual pit, without fance, but plugging area after spring rainfall. In both of regions different species such as: Pistacia atlantica, Amygdalus communis, Pyrus glabra, etc were planted. But only Pistacia atlantica was studied . Both regions were in semi-arid climatic with average rainfall of 500mm, which almost 80% of precipitation occurred in fall and winter, with prolonged dry about 5 months, soil texture is clay loam. calcareous , pH 7.5, planting season at autumn .

Quantitative and qualitative measurement such as height, collar diameter (C.D.) and diameter breast height (D.B.H.), crown form (nearly rounded and oblong- ovate), stem height, crown height, mean crown diameter, mode of branching (forked, unforked and broom shaped) vitality seedling, area management, costs values were carried out and the data were Statistically (T- test) analyzed.

Results

Table number 1 shows the quantity of different parameters on base of mean, maximum, minimum and range of them in government and participation plantations. Mean a comparison on base T-test shows that there are significant differences at 1-% level among height, diameter collar, diameter breast height, stem height, crown height, mean crown diameter seedling.

1- Comparison between mean seedling height showed seedling height at participation sector 2.28 times more than governmental sector. Minimum and maximum, seedling height at participation were 180 and 350 cm, respectively, while they were at governmental sector 30 and 220 cm. Mean seedling height ( 279 cm) at participation sector more than top seedling height (220 cm) at governmental sector ( histogram N.1)
2- The annual average increment height and D.B.H. at participation sector respectively are 3 and 8 times more than governmental.
3- Comparison between mean seedling D.B.H. showed that mean seedling D.B.H at participation sector 7 times, seedling D.B.H maximum is 3 times more than governmental sector (histogram N.2). Sample variances at participation sector less than governmental sector, this shows steady state exist between seedling and more than 90%. Seedling passing from 5 class D.B.H in participation sector very high (85%).
4- Comparison between mean seedling stems height, at participation sector 10 times more than governmental or mean seedling stems height at participation sector 4 times more than maximum seedling stems at governmental sector.
5- Comparison between mean seedling crown diameter at participation sector 2.5 times more than governmental.
6- Comparison between seedling mode of branching shows that 80% of seedlings were unforked and 20% forked without any broomed at participation sector. But at governmental were 20% unforked, 80% forked and broomed, respectively (histogram N.3).
9-Comparison mean crown form: 82% seedling in participation plantation was nearly rounded, regular and 18%. Was oblong- ovate, but in governmental were 78% oblong - ovate, irregular and broken only 23% nearly rounded and regular (histogram N.4).

Comparison from quality:

1-Comparison area management, planted, tending and protection done by traditional like private protection, area plugging at two times after spring rainfall in participation plantation, in fact usage of native knowledge by less than costs (50%) were very suitable. But grazing area plantation in a few time each year, existence plentiful weed, high costs in governmental plantation.
2-at government and participation plantation. Mean survival and vitality seedling, 98% of seedlings planted in participation plantation showed survival with 95% vitality. This ratio in governmental plantation was 65%with less than 50% vitality.

Table 1 Mean, maximum, minimum and range of different parameters

Discussion

One of the important aims of this study were comparison between two planted areas one of which is supported by governmental budget and another participation sector by help of some lead such as, delivered seedling, lead technical, suitable method, to make a loan. Vise-à-vise protection and utilization for them.

Second aim is to, encourage villagers to establish this method for high income and reduce dependent to natural resources around him.

Third aim reduce role of government in implementation and administration these regions and development them among people living in villages and forest regions, because these activities need high budget and more staff, and this method in countries failed. On the other hand this region has prolong dry, hot summer. Therefore administration of these plantation village acompiend with high risk.

Result of this study show that governmental management can not continue present management and as soon as exchange from government to participation.

History plantation with pistacia atlantica in Iran less than three decades ago (less and scattered), especially in different west provinces of Iran such as Kurdestan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Fars, and a few years ago in most of other west provinces, and more than fellow with another species.

1 -Survival of Pistacia atlantica in Kermanshah, Kurdestan, Lorestan and Fars, Azarbaejan east provinces in Iran are: 60%, 65%, 51%, 68% and 71% respectively but in participation sector in Kermanshah province is 98%.
2- Vitality of pistacia atlantica in Kermanshah, and Fars provinces are 50%, 65% in participation is 95%
3-Mean annual height increment in Kermanshah, Kurdestan,Lorestan and Fars provinces were: 9cm, 13.5cm, 7cm,14.1 respectively and in participation sector was 23.1cm . Results shows that mean annual height increment was 39 to 71 % more than another governmental projects.
4- Mean annual collar diameter increment in Kermanshah, Kurdestan, Lorestan and Fars provinces were: 0.34mm, 1.2mm, 0.45mm, 1.81mm respectively and in participation sector was 2.9mm.

Conclusion

Results show rate growth, conservation of pistacia atlantica in participation sector more than governmental sector. Herefore efficiency more we needs exchange such as:

• Exchange management system from centralized to half centralized for promoting and encouraging local community and private sector participation in multipurpose tree species activities on around their villages with support of various measures including awareness campaigns, allocation of degraded lands, provision of free seedlings, afforestation credits and grants.
• Designing, monitoring, value the implementation development programs by government experts and implementing and conservation by rural communities.

Literature

1-Fattahi,Mohammad, 2001, Rate growth of Pistacia atantica plantation in west of Iran. Second conference of Pistacia atlantica - Shiraz. 2-31 August 2001.

2-Fattahi,Mohammad, 1987, Pistacia spp. In kurdestan province, Agricultural and Natural resource research center of kurdestan province.

3-Ghaze barzegar, Akbar et al., 2001, survival and rate growth of different species in Azarbaijan

4-Hemmati Ahmad, 1998, Adaptation and comparison of Exotic and endemic species in Lorestan province, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran - Iran

5-Nematee Esmael, 1997, Autoecology of Pistacia atlantica in Fars province, gorgan university.

6-Saber negahdar, Mohammad reza, 2001, Rate growth of Pistacia atlantica in Arsanjan Fars province, not printed

¹ Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Tehran -IRAN
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