Aquaculture in Zambia is a vital driver of agricultural development, economic growth, and poverty reduction, especially in northern and rural areas. However, limited access to markets and purchasing power means that many fish farmers rely on integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) systems, where on-farm resources are used as inputs for aquaculture. Despite its importance, there is a gap in research on how these local systems manage resources, which slows the development of innovative and efficient practices.

This study delves into the resource management patterns of smallholders in Zambia, highlighting the creative use of on-farm materials such as livestock manure, homemade feeds (from maize and soybean), garden residues, and kitchen waste. Farmers' strategies vary based on their income levels, proximity to towns like Luwingu, experience in aquaculture, and access to extension services. While high-intensity feeding systems incorporate commercial feeds and fertilizers alongside diverse homemade inputs, low-intensity systems make do with farm waste and termites.

The findings underline the need for innovations tailored to resource-poor contexts. From improving feed composition to better resource allocation, these recommendations aim to enhance productivity and sustainability for smallholders, offering a pathway to more resilient and inclusive aquaculture systems in Zambia.