Conclusions
RAS, which have a long history of supporting farmers to respond to different types of challenges and opportunities, have a very important role in promoting climate-smart agriculture. The current contribution of RAS to the three objectives of climate-smart agriculture vary widely mainly due to lack of sufficient capacities at different levels. The capacities of RAS at the individual, organizational and enabling environment level need to be enhanced, if they are to effectively contribute to the promotion of climate-smart agriculture.