Mangrove forests are located along the Pacific coast and are dominated by Rhizophora mangle, Pelliciera rhizophorae and Mora oleifera, the first being the most widespread. Their average height is sometimes over 25 m and three storeys can be distinguished. The dominant storey is always monopolized by red mangrove, while undergrowth is scant or non-existent.
Donaldson, P. O., K. M. Macdonald, J. W. Rankin, and T. A. McKenzie. 1963. Forests of the Republic of Panama: Resource development, industrial development, product potential. Greenacres, Inc., Consulting Foresters, 4501 Rainier Ave. S., Seattle, Wash., USA.
Year |
Area |
Source |
Trend |
Methodology/Comments |
1969 |
361 542 |
MACI-FAO. 1969. Ubicación actual de los bosques de Panamá. Proyecto de inventario y demostración forestal Unpublished report provided by RENARE, Panamá |
X |
Cited in: Cintrón G. 1985. Mangrove Area Management in Panamá. Characteristics and management guidelines for two mangrove areas in Panama |
1980 |
486 000 |
FAO, UNEP. 1981. Los Recursos Forestales de la America Tropical. Proyecto de Evaluación de los Recursos Forestales Tropicales (en el marco de SINUVIMA). FAO, UNEP, Rome 349 pp. |
Based on: FAO. 1973. Inventariación y demostraciones forestales. Panamá. Asistencia tecnica en reforestación. Informe de misión del Sr. Arturo Romero M-PCP 6 /PAN/02/T - Documento de Trabajo. Roma. Estimation for 1980 obtained by applying deforestation rate. | |
1982 |
505 650 |
FAO. 1982. Mangroves Management and Harvesting, Panama. Based on the work of Letourneau, L.R. Dixon, R.G. Working document 82/44. RLA/77/019. FAO, Rome, 24 pp. |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. The "Year" is the publication year. | |
1982 |
500 000 |
FAO. 1982. Mangroves Management and Harvesting, Panama. Based on the work of Letourneau, L.R. Dixon, R.G. Working document 82/44. RLA/77/019. FAO, Rome, 24 pp. |
Information based on several sources and ground survey in part of the country. | |
1988 |
170 827 |
Anguizola, R.M. and Cedeño, V.J. 1988. Inventario de manglares de la República de Panamá. Instituto Geográfico Nacional "Tommy Guardia", Panamá R. de Panamá. |
X |
Cited in: D'Croz, L. 1993. Status and uses of mangroves in the Republic of Panamá. In: Lacerda, L.D. 1993. Conservation and sustainable utilization of mangrove forests in Latin America and Africa regions. Vol. 2 Part I- Latin America. p. 115-128. Mangrove Ecosystems technical reports ITTO/ISME Project PD114/90 (F). Okinawa, Japan. 272 pp. |
1988 |
181 400 |
Spalding, M.D., Blasco, F. and Field, C.D., eds. 1997. World Mangrove Atlas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan. 178 pp. |
Map analysis. Scale 1:250 000. | |
1991 |
297 532 |
Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables (RENARE). nd. |
Snedaker, S.C. 1991. Personal communication. Cited in: Fisher, P and Spalding, M.D. 1993. Protected areas with mangrove habitat. Draft Report World Conservation Centre, Cambridge, UK. 60 pp. The "Year" is the year of the communication. | |
1992 |
164 968 |
Jimenez. 1992. Mangrove forest of the Pacific Coast of Central America. In: U. Seelinger, ed. 1992. Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America. p. 259-267. Academic Press, San Diego, 392 pp. |
X |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. The "Year" is the publication year. |
2000 |
158 100 |
World Resources Institute. 2000. World resources 2000-2001: people and ecosystem—the fraying web of life. Washington, DC., UNDP. 400 pp. |
X |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. "Year" is the publication year. |
