Mangroves are widespread along the coast of Indonesia. They are keep found along the eastern shore of Sumatra, the western and eastern shores of Kalimantan, the western and southern shores of Bird’s Head as well as the southern shore of Irian Jaya, and the shores of the Aru islands, with limited other areas in south-eastern Sulawesi and along the northern shore of Java. Their structure is simple and they constitute belts of mainly Rhizophora sp., Avicennia sp., Sonneratia sp., Ceriops sp., Xylocarpus sp. and Lumnitzera sp., determined by soil, current and inundation patterns. Tree heights are usually between 7 and 25 m. Large areas of mangrove, especially near the estuaries of major rivers, have been disturbed by extraction for fuelwood, charcoal and tannin production.
Continuing cutting has given rise to thickets of the fern Acrostichum aureum and Acanthus spp., by which natural regeneration of the main mangrove species is greatly impaired.
Martosubroto, P. & Naamin, N. 1977. Relationship between tidal forests (mangroves) and commercial shrimp production in Indonesia. Marine Resources Indonesia 18: 81-86.
Year |
Area |
Source |
Trend |
Methodology/Comments |
1950 |
2 501 825 |
Martosubroto, P. & Naamin, N. 1977. Relationship between tidal forests (mangroves) and commercial shrimp production in Indonesia. Marine Resources Indonesia 18: 81-86. |
Map analysis. This figure excludes Bali and Nusa Tenggara and provides a low estimate for Irian Jaya. | |
1973 |
3 807 100 |
Directorate of forestry Planning. 1981. Report on the Forest of Indonesia. Publication No. 18, 1981 |
Cited in: Sutter, H., Ministry of Forestry, Government of Indonesia, FAO. 1989. Forest Resources and Land Use in Indonesia. This figure excludes Nusa Tenggara. | |
1977 |
9 500 000 |
Martosubroto, P. & Naamin, N. 1977. Relationship between tidal forests (mangroves) and commercial shrimp production in Indonesia. Marine Resources Indonesia 18: 81-86. |
||
1978 |
1 000 000 |
Directorate of Forest Planning. 1979. Forestry in Indonesia 1978. Bogor |
Cited in: FAO, UNEP. 1981. Tropical Forest Resourcess Assesment Project, Forest Resources of Tropical Asia. FAO, UNEP, 475 pp. According to the authors this figure has to be considered as on the high side. | |
1978 |
3 600 000 |
Soemodihardjo, S. 1978. Utilization and management of mangrove resources in Indonesia. |
Cited in: Snedaker, S.C. 1984. The Mangroves of Asia and Oceania: Status and Research Planning. In: proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environment Research and Management, p 5-15 Kuala Lumpur, August 25-29, 1980. Edited by E. Soepadmo, A.N. Rao and D.J. MacIntosh. 1984 | |
1978 |
3 627 119 |
Wiroatmodjo, P. and Judi, D.M. 1978. Pengelolaan hutan payau di Indonesia / Management of brakish-water forests in Indonesia. Presented at Seminar on Mangrove Ecosystem, 27 February - 1 March 1978, Jakarta. |
Cited in: FAO. 1982. Management and utilization of mangroves in Asia and the Pacific. FAO environment paper 3. 160 pp. This figure does not include Bali. | |
1978 |
3 707 119 |
Knox, G. and Miyabara, T. 1984. Coastal Zone Resource Development and Conservation in Southeast Asia with special reference to Indonesia. UNESCO East-West Centre, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia, 182 pp. |
Based on: Burbridge, P. R., Koesoebiono. 1980. Management of Mangrove exploitation in Indonesia; Wiroatmodjo, P. and Judi, D.M. 1978. Pengelolaan hutan payau di Indonesia / Management of brakish-water forests in Indonesia. Presented at Seminar on Mangrove Ecosystem, 27 February - 1 March 1978, Jakarta | |
1980 |
2 171 300 |
Sutter, H. 1989. Forest Resources and Land Use in Indonesia. Forestry studies: I-1. MOF - FAO. |
Vegetation map of Outer Islands at the scale of 1:2 750 000, source date 1972; Jawa and Bali at scale | |
1982 |
3 177 200 |
Sutter, H., Ministry of Forestry, Government of Indonesia, FAO. 1989. Forest Resources and Land Use in Indonesia. Forestry studies: I-1. MOF - FAO. |
Bina Programme 1982 & FAO 1981 and 1982 edited from Asian Wetland Bureau, quoted in article in The Jakarta Post of 27 March 1989 by Information Officer at AKEPHI, the Network for forest Conservation in Indonesia. | |
1982 |
4 251 011 |
FAO. 1985. Mangrove management in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. FAO Environment Paper (FAO), no. 4. FAO, Rome, 62 pp. |
BINA program - Directorate of Forest Planning | |
1982 |
4 254 312 |
Forestry Department. 1982 |
X |
Cited in: Soemodihardjo, S., Wiroatmodjo, P., Abdullah, A. Tantra, I.G.M. and Soegiarto, A. 1993. Condition, socio-economic values and environmental significance of mangrove areas. In: Clough, B.F. 1993. The Economic and environmental values of mangrove forests and their present state of conservation in the South-East Asia/Pacific Region. p. 17-38 Mangrove Ecosystems Technical Reports vol.3 ITTO/ISME/JIAM Project PD71/89. Rev. 1(F) Okinawa, Japan, ISME. 202 pp. |
1983 |
2 176 300 |
Saenger, P., Hegerl E.J. and J.D.S., Davie. 1983. Global status of mangrove ecosystems. Commission on Ecology Papers No.3. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland. 88 pp. |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. The "Year" is the publication year. The figure is very similar to the one cited in Sutter, et al. 1989 (see above) It could refere to the same source, the difference in the figure could be due to a different conversion factor used. | |
1984 |
4 250 000 |
Darsidi, A. 1984. Mangrove forest management in Indonesia. In: Soemodihardjo, S. et al (eds) Proceedings of the Seminar on the mangrove ecosystem II, Baturaden, 1982. LIPI : 19-26 |
Cited in: Soegiarto, A. 2000. Research and conservation of Mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the International Wokshop 26-30 March, 2000, Okinawa, Japan - Asia-Pacific cooperation on Research for conservation of Mangroves. This figure could refer to For. Dep. 1982. (see above) | |
1984 |
4 345 116 |
Soegiarto and Sukardjo. 1984. |
Cited in: Cholik, F. and A. Poernomo. 1986. Development of aquaculture in mangrove areas and its relationship to the mangrove ecosystem. In: Mepham, R.H. 1986. Papers contributed to the workshop on strategies for the management of fisheries and aquaculture in mangrove ecosystems. p. 93-104. Bangkok, Thailand, 23 June 1986. The "Year" is the publication year. | |
1985 |
3 790 500 |
Regional Physical Planning Programme for Transmigration (RePPProT mid 1980's, 1985-89) |
Cited in: The World Bank. 2001. Indonesia: environment and natural resource management in a time of transition. Washington DC. World Bank. 147 pp. | |
1985 |
3 737 340 |
National Forest – Iventory. 1993. INTAGM Dep. Kehutanan using Landsat data from early and mid -1980's |
X |
Remote sensing. |
1988 |
4 542 100 |
Spalding, M.D., Blasco, F. and Field, C.D., eds. 1997. World Mangrove Atlas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan. 178 pp. |
Map analysis. Scale 1:2 500 000. According to the authors, the estimate by Soemodihardjo, S. et al., 1993 (see above, ref. year 1982) is likely to be more accurate. | |
1988 |
3 493 110 |
Ibid. |
X |
Combined national level mangrove estimate based on the following remote sensing studies. The reference year is the area weighted average: Bali: Forestry Department. 1982 (cited in Soemodihardjo, S., Wiroatmodjo, P., Abdullah, A. Tantra, I.G.M. and Soegiarto, A., 1993 ). (Ref. Year: 1982). Irian Jaya: National Forest - Inventory, INTAGM Dep. 1993. (by Hatari, H. pers comm 2002). (Ref. Year: 1985). Java: Regional Physical Planning Programme for Transmigration (RePPProT mid 1980's (1985-89) (cited in The World Bank, 2001). (Ref Year: 1985). Kalimantan: National Forest - Inventory, INTAGM Dep., 1993. (by Hatari, H. pers comm 2002). (Ref. Year: 1985) Maluku: National Forest - Inventory, INTAGM Dep. 1993 (by Hatari, H. pers comm 2002) (Ref Year: 1985) Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi: FAO, Directorate General of Forest Inventory and Land Use Planning. 1995. (Ref Year 1989). Sumatera: Aizpuru, M., Blasco, F. 2000 Reference Year: 2000. |
1989 |
3 743 500 |
FAO, Directorate General of Forest Inventory and Land Use Planning. 1995. Second Interim Forest Resources Statistics Indonesia. UTF/INS/066/INS |
Remote sensing. Same figures as in Nat. For. Inv., 1985 (see above) except for Sulawesi. | |
1992 |
3 515 471 |
Selamat Datang di Situs- Departemen Kehutan Republik Indonesia. n.d. Peta Fungsi Kawasan Hutan (Peta Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan). |
Remote sensing imagery (Landsat) | |
1993 |
2 490 185 |
Giesen, W. 1993. Indonesia's mangroves: an update on remaining area and main management issues. Presented at the international seminar on coastal zone management of small island ecosystems. Ambon 7 - 10 April 1993. AWB Indonesia. 10 pp |
Calculation on remaining mangrove areas based on RePPProT's (1985-1989) series and Land-system maps plus remote sensing information for some of the islands. | |
1996 |
3 533 600 |
Kitamura, S., Anwar, C., Chaniago, A., Baba, S. 1997. Handbook of mangroves in Indonesia - Bali & Lombok - JICA, ISME, Japan, p.119. |
Secondary reference, no primary source is provided. | |
2000 |
4 000 000 |
Aizpuru, M., Achard, F., and Blasco, F. 2000. Global Assessment of Cover Change of the Mangrove Forests using satellite imagery at medium to high resolution. In EEC Research project n 15017-1999-05 FIED ISP FR – Joint Research center, Ispra. |
National level estimate extrapolated from a remote case study (Java) plus literature review. | |
2000 |
2 423 700 |
World Resources Institute. 2000. World resources 2000-2001: people and ecosystem—the fraying web of life. Washington, DC., UNDP. 400 pp. |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. "Year" is the publication year. |