AGRO-ECOLOGICAL LAND RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
A CASE STUDY OF KENYA
RESOURCES DATA BASE AND LAND PRODUCTIVITY
Main Report
A CASE STUDY OF KENYA
RESOURCES DATA BASE AND LAND PRODUCTIVITY
Main Report
| AGRO-ECOLOGICAL LAND RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING A CASE STUDY OF KENYA RESOURCES DATA BASE AND LAND PRODUCTIVITY Main Report |
A.H. Kassam, H.T. van Velthuizen, G.W. Fischer and M.M. Shah
Any part of the national land resources data base and the productivity models described in this report may be modified in the light of new knowledge and/or new objectives. The data base and the models are part of a larger district and national level planning tool and they are expected to be expanded and refined with use.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO or 1IASA concerning the legal or constitutional status of any sea area or concerning the delineation of frontiers.
M-51
ISBN 92-5103303-X
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© FAO 1993
Land and Water Development Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
and
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
1991
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
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2.2 Land Utilization Types and Ecological Requirements
2.3 Compilation of National Land Resources and Land Use Data Base
2.4 Assessment of Potential Productivity
3.1.4 Area inventory of climatic resources
3.2.1 Exploratory soil map of Kenya
3.2.9 Soil mapping unit composition
3.4 Computerized Land Resources Inventory
4 SOIL EROSION AND PRODUCTIVITY
4.2 Soil Erosion and Loss of Productivity
4.2.1 Effect of topsoil loss on productivity
4.2.2 Effect of soil depth reduction on productivity
4.2.3 Assessment of tolerable soil loss on a combined basis of topsoil loss and soil depth reduction
4.3 Soil Conservation Measures
4.3.1 Estimation of conservation need
4.3.2 Costs of conservation measures
5.1 Land Suitability Assessment and Selection of Crop Options
5.1.1 Crops and land utilization types
5.1.4 Soil erosion and yield loss
5.1.5 Land suitability assessment and crop options
5.2 Formulation of Cropping Pattern Options
5.2.2 Cropping pattern options
5.3 Formulation of Crop Rotation Options
5.3.1 Crop combination requirements
5.4 Quantification of Productivity Potentials of Crop Rotations
5.4.2 Intercropping increments
5.4.3 Production stability constraints
5.4.4 Crop productivity potential
5.5 Interphase with Fuelwood and Livestock Productivity Models
5.5.1 Fuelwood productivity model
5.5.2 Fodder from fuelwood land
5.5.3 Fodder potential from fallow land
5.5.4 Crop residues, crop by-products and crop primary products
6.1.3 Fodder from browse, fodder trees and fuelwood trees
6.1.5 Fodder from fodder crops
6.1.6 Crop residues, by-products and primary products
6.1.7 Feed supply potential (primary productivity)
6.2 Characterization of Livestock Systems
6.2.1 Cattle systems: dairy and meat
6.2.2 Goat systems: dairy and meat
6.2.3 Sheep systems: meat and wool
6.2.4 Pastoral systems: meat and milk
6.3 Quantification of Herd Performance
6.3.1 Cattle systems: dairy and meat
6.3.2 Goat systems: dairy and meat
6.3.3 Sheep Systems: meat and wool
6.3.5 Poultry and pig: meat and egg
6.4 Estimation of Feed requirements
6.4.1 Cattle systems: dairy and meat
6.4.2 Goat systems: dairy and meat
6.4.3 Sheep Systems: meat and wool
6.4.4 Pastoral systems:meat and milk
6.4.5 Poultry and pig: meat and egg
6.5 Livestock Productivity Potential
7.1 Tree Species and Land Utilization Types
7.2 Climatic Adaptability and Yield Potentials
7.2.1 Photosynthesis characteristics
7.2.3 Climatic yield potentials
7.3 Edaphic Adaptability and Suitability
7.4 Slope Limitations and Soil Erosion
7.5 Land Suitability Assessment
7.5.1 Fuelwood productivity potential
7.5.2 Interphase with crop and livestock productivity models
Figures
2.1 Schematic presentation of methodology
3.1 Make-up of land resources data base
3.3 Schematic presentation of types of growing periods
3.4 Number of growing periods and dry periods per year
3.5 Generalized map of thermal zones
3.6 Generalized map of mean total dominant length of growing period zones
3.7 Generalized map of pattern of length of growing period zones
3.8 Generalized map of landforms
3.9 Generalized map of slope-gradient classes
3.10 Generalized map of geology/parent material
3.11 Example of soil mapping unit composition of soil mapping unit Ps3
3.12 Generalized map of cash crop zones
3.13 Generalized map of forest zones
3.14 Generalized map of parkland areas
3.15 Generalized map of irrigation schemes
3.16 Generalized map of tse-tse infestation areas
4.1 Schematic presentation of the soil erosion and productivity model
4.2 Generalized map of potential erosion hazard
5.1 Schematic presentation of crop productivity model
5.2 Schematic presentation of the land suitability assessment programme for crop production
5.3 Generalized land suitability for rainfed production of cowpea at intermediate level of inputs
6.1 Schematic presentation of the livestock productivity model
6.3 Schematic presentation of suitability assessment for grassland/pasture
6.4 Schematic presentation of the land suitability assessment programme for pasture production
6.5 Generalized land suitability for rainfed pasture production at intermediate level of inputs
7.1 Schematic presentation of fuelwood productivity model
7.2 Schematic presentation of the land suitability assessment programme for fuelwood production
7.3 Generalized land suitability for rainfed production of Eucalyptus camaldulensis at intermediate level of inputs
Tables
3.1 Extents of districts and provinces
3.2 Extract agroclimatic data bank -data set 1 (historical data)
3.3 Extract agroclimatic data bank -data set 2 (average climatic data)
3.4 Extract agroclimatic data bank -data set 3 (average data)
3.5 Patterns of growing periods (LGP-Pattern) - historical profiles of occurrence of number of length of growing periods per year
3.6 Relationships between mean total dominant and mean total associated lengths of, growing period
3.7 Relationship between individual component mean length and mean total length of growing period
3.9 Extents of mean total dominant length of growing period zones
3.10 Extents of pattern of length of growing period zones
3.11 Occurrence of soil mapping units by landform
3.14 Quartiles of slope classes
3.17 Percentage occurrence of textural classes
3.18 Extents (%) of soil phases
3.19 Extents of cash crop zones
3.21 Extents of parkland areas
3.22 Extents of irrigation schemes
3.23 Extent of tse-tse infestation areas
4.1 Slope-cultivation association screen
4.2 Regeneration capacity of topsoil (mm/year) by length of growing period (LGP) and thermal zone
4.3 Ranking of soils (Kenya Soil Survey) according to their susceptibility to productivity loss per unit of topsoil
4.4 Relationships between topsoil loss to yield loss
4.5 The proportion of land downgraded from given depth classes to shallower depth classes or to bedrock as a result of soil erosion at different rates over a 100 year period
4.6 Tolerable rates of topsoil loss (t ha-1 year-1) to give not more than 10% loss of land from a given depth class and not more than 50% crop yield reduction at low input level over a 100-year period
4.7 Economic aspects of soil conservation measures
5.1 List of crops included in the assessment
5.2 Attributes of land utilization types
5.3 Average photosynthesis response of individual leaves of four groups of crops to radiation and temperature
5.4 Climatic adaptability attributes of crops
5.5 Crop growth cycle and thermal regime associations
5.6 Thermal zones suitability ratings
5.7 Reduction ratings for perennials matched to total length of growing period (LGP, days)
5.8 Crop edaphic adaptability inventory
5.9 Relation between basic soil requirements for crops and soil characteristics
5.10 Definitions of the principle multiple cropping patterns
5.11 Related terminology used in multiple cropping systems
5.12 Important rainfed cropping patterns generalized according to thermal zones and length of growing period (LGP) zones
5.13 Yield reductions (%) of crops when grown as second or third crop in the annual cropping pattern relative to its yield as a first crop
5.14 Suggested land equivalent ratios (LER) at different levels of inputs by length of growing period (LGP) and crop yield relative to maximum attainable yield
6.1 Pasture and fodder species of grasses and legumes
6.2 Attributes of land utilization types considered for pasture and fodder production
6.3 Thermal zone screen for pasture and fodder species
6.4 Relationships between temperature and rate of leaf photosynthesis (kg CH20/ha/hr) for legume species in adaptability groups I and II, and grass species in adaptability groups III and IV
6.5 Potential biomass from pasture and fodder grasses and legumes (t/ha dry weight) at three input levels
6.6 Attributes of the non-pastoral land utilization types considered for livestock production
6.10 Herd proportions by districts of nomadic herds in areas with less than 120 days length of growing period, expressed in TLUs
6.11 Pastoral cattle herd structures
6.12 Pastoral sheep and goat herd structures
6.13 Pastoral camel herd structure
6.14 Suitability ratings for livestock systems by thermal zone
6.15 Suitability ratings for livestock systems by length of growing period zone
6.16 Output of livestock products per herd TLU
6.17 Feed requirements per herd TLU (kg/day dry weight)
7.1 Fuelwood species characteristics
7.2 Attributes of land utilization types considered for fuelwood production
7.3 Adaptability groups for fuelwood species
7.4 Relationships between temperature and rate of of photosynthesis (kg CH20 ha-1 hr-1) for six adaptability classes of fuelwood species
7.5 Rotation length (years) by moisture zones
7.6 Thermal zone suitability ratings for fuelwood species
7.7 Moisture screen for fuelwood species
7.8 Soil requirements of fuelwood species
APPENDIX TABLES
A5.1 Crop yields (t/ha dry weight) at the high input level by LGPs (days)
A5.2 Crop yields (t/ha dry weight) at the intermediate input level by LGPs (days)
A5.3 Crop yields (t/ha dry weight) at the low input level by LGPs (days)
A7.1 Total biomass yield potential (Bm) without constraints (mean annual increment t/ha dry weight) at high level of inputs
A7.2 Total biomass yield potential (Bm) without constraints (mean annual increment t/ha dry weight) at intermediate level of inputs
A7.3 Total biomass yield potential (Bm) without constraints (mean annual increment t/ha dry weight) at low level of inputs
A7.4 Wood biomass yield potential (Bw) without constraints (mean annual increment t/ha dry weight) at high level of inputs
A7.5 Wood biomass yield potential (Bw) without constraints (mean annual increment t/ha dry weight) at intermediate level of inputs
A7.6 Wood biomass yield potential (Bw) without constraints (mean annual increment t/ha dry weight) at low level of inputs