Work Plan Implementation (General) SCS/GEN/82/35
TRAINING ON ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE POTENTIAL, MALAYSIA
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Work Plan Implementation (General) SCS/GEN/82/35 TRAINING ON ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE POTENTIAL, MALAYSIA |
REGIONAL
Prepared by
Robert H. Gedney
Team Leader
FAO/SCSP Consultant
James M. Kapetsky
Fishery Resources Officer
FAO Headquarters, Rome
Walther W. Kuhnhold
FAO/SCSP Consultant
NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
The copyright in this publication is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be made through and addressed to the Programme Leader, South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, P.O. Box 1184, M.C.C., Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines.
SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME
Manila, Philippines
January 1982
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 Species selection
1.3 Models considered
1.4 The Malaysian model
1.4.1 Pond size and construction for L. calcarifer
1.4.2 Pond size and construction for P. monodon
1.4.3 Water change requirements
1.4.4 Intake and drainage channels
1.4.5 Siting
1.4.6 Pond layout
1.5 Fishery management and production data
2. CONSTRUCTION COSTS FOR THE MALAYSIAN MODEL
2.1 Model basis
2.2 P. monodon pond
2.3 L. calcarifer pond
3.1 Limitations and importance
3.2 Production data, P. monodon
3.3 Implications of production data, P. monodon
3.4 Production data, L. calcarifer
3.5 Implications of production data, L. calcarifer
4. FIRST-STAGE SCREENING — SITE SELECTION AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
4.1 Introduction and overview
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 The screening process
4.2.2 Interfacing of screening results
4.3 Mangrove forests in relation to coastal aquaculture site selection
4.3.1 Mangrove forests provide a number of advantages over other
kinds of coastal areas for establishing aquaculture sites
4.3.2 Mangrove forests are important for maintaining the
productivity of coastal fishery resources
4.3.3 Mangrove forests are being rapidly removed in Malaysia
4.4 The first-stage screening process as a fishery policy, planning and development activity.
5. SECOND-STAGE SCREENING — SITE SELECTION AT THE FIELD LEVEL
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Survey team
5.2.1 Experts
5.2.2 Support personnel
5.3.1 Category 1: Engineering
5.3.2 Category 2: Water quality
5.3.3 Category 3: Forestry
5.3.4 Category 4: Socio-economics
5.4 Ratings of parameters in Table 5.1
5.5 Ranking of site suitability
5.6 Site selection
6. RATING OF THE PROPOSED SITE AT K. SUNGEI PINANG, BALIK PULAU DISTRICT
6.1 Physical measurements and other rating data for Balik Pulau site
6.1.1 Location and general description
6.1.2 Tidal characteristics
6.1.3 Climatology
6.1.4 Topography
6.1.5 Water quality data
6.1.6 Phytoplankton
6.1.7 Soils
6.2 Socio-economic rating of the Balik Pulau site
6.2.1 Infrastructure
6.2.2 Verification of input-output data
6.2.3 Welfare aspects
6.2.4 Summary of the rating of the Balik Pulau site on socio-economic parameters
7. SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 The Malaysian models
7.2 L. calcarifer culture
7.3 P. monodon culture
7.4 Methodology for site selection
7.5 Mangrove forests and fisheries
7.6 Aquaculture development at Kampung Sungei Pinang, Balik Pulau
7.7 Future regional activities in aquaculture site selection
APPENDICES
1. Project Activities and Schedule
3. Management Requirements and Production of Penaeus Monodon (Tiger Prawn)
4. Management Requirements and Production of Lates calcarifer (Seabass)
5. Socio-Economic Background Information of Fisheries and Aquaculture
6. Physical Data — Balik Pulau Site
The project was planned as a training mission both to assist the Government in developing procedures for assessing coastal aquaculture potential with respect primarily to fishpond culture, and to aid in evaluating the Balik Pulau site in Pinang. The activities and schedule of this project, as specified by the Government, are reproduced in Appendix 1. In addition, at a meeting on 10 November 1981, the Director-General of Fisheries, stated that one of the principal purposes of the programme of the Government was to improve the income of the artisanal fisherman by additionally making him a fish farmer as an integral part of coastal aquaculture development. This goal was fully considered in the study.
The coastal fishery of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia has been intensive (432 000 tons in 1979), resulting in a declining trend in annual fish landings and also a saturation of fishermen in recent years. Coastal mangrove areas are virtually unused for aquaculture. There are an estimated 112000 ha in Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 1) and 540 000 ha in Sabah and Sarawak. In the adjacent Philippines and in Thailand, mangrove swamps are being used extensively for coastal fishpond culture. To determine the potential of aquaculture in mangrove swamps in Malaysia, the Government is negotiating an extensive bilateral pre-feasibility study.
The objective of the present study was to give the Government staff the maximum training possible, within a very limited time frame, in the identification and evaluation of potential coastal and pond culture sites. Preliminary work in comparative site evaluation was done by Jamandre and Rabanal (1975). In addition, the Government has requested that the Balik Pulau site (Fig. 2) on the west coast of Pinang be evaluated as a potential aquaculture site. This site was used for practical application training on measuring site selection parameters in the present project.
A team was organized by the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme (SCSP) comprising experienced aquaculturists from Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand with additional consultants from the SCSP and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. The Government organized a counterpart staff which participated fully in all aspects of the Project. Team members were as follows:
Robert H. Gedney, SCSP Consultant, Team Leader
Ong Kah Sin, Chief Aquaculture Section, Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), Malaysia, Co-Team Leader
William L. Chan, SCSP Senior Small-Scale Fisheries Adviser, Adviser
Team
Bambang Salamoen Ranoemihardjo
Chief, Culture Technique Division
Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Centre
(Balai Budidaya Air Payau)
Jepara, Indonesia
Dominador V. Racho
Supervising Fishery Extension Specialist
Chief, Regional Fisheries Extension Division
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Region II Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Philippines
Thavorn Tamsavate
Senior Fishery Biologist
Prachaupkhirikhan Brackishwater Fisheries Station
Thailand
James M. Kapetsky
Fishery Resources Officer
FAO Headquarters
Rome
Walther W. Kuhnhold
SCSP Consultant
Counterparts
Hambal Hanafi
Fisheries Research Officer (site selection)
Fisheries Research Institute (FRI)
Glugor, Pinang
Othman Muhamad
Fisheries Research Officer (Chemist)
FRI, Glugor, Pinang
Abdul Rahim b. Rashid
Fisheries Officer (Engineer)
FDM, Kuala Lumpur
Nik Ab. Wahab bin Mat Diah
Fisheries Officer (Biologist)
FDM, Kuala Lumpur
Rusli b. Adb. Hamid
Biologist (MAJUIKAN)
Ministry of Agriculture
Kuala Lumpur
Fig. 1 Distribution of mangrove forests in Peninsular Malaysia (Adopted from Fig. 1 SCS/80/WP/94b)
Fig. 2 The Balik Pulau site along the West Coast of Pinang
Assisting Personnel
Faazaz Ab. Latiff
Fisheries Officer, FRI
Wong Yat Kuan
Laboratory Assistant, FRI
Special Grade
Ismail b. Hj. Mat Zain
Draftsman, FDM
Rauf B. Musleh, Technician, FDM
Hassan b. Rahim. Driver, FRI
Ibrahim Abu. Laboratory Attendant, FRI
The project schedule. Appendix 1, actually covered five weeks in Malaysia with the Team Leader arriving first on 8 November. However, members of the Team did not arrive until 14–16 November, and it was by 20 November before field equipment could be extensively mobilized. As a consequence, there was little more than 1-½ weeks for data collection. The final 1-½ weeks were required for completion of field work, analyses and report preparation. The time available was minimal for the project purposes.
In all aspects of the study, the counterpart staff and the team inputs were fully integrated. A series of lectures discussions was held covering various topics as noted in Appendix 2. At the Balik Pulau site, field sampling and laboratory analyses were necessarily limited to basic parameters. The problem of the Government was recognized as the need to investigate and evaluate a large number of sites in an efficient and economic manner on their suitability for aquaculture development. A detailed physical investigation of each possible site would be timeconsuming and very costly and therefore inefficient. Accordingly, a three step screening of alternative sites has been developed as a basis for final site selection. In addition, an evaluation of the Balik Pulau site is made on the basis of the proposed procedures.
Within Malaysia, brackishwater pond culture is in an early stage of development. Thus it was first necessary to develop a Malaysian model aquaculture system as a guide to the establishment of siting methodology.
The data on fish production target values used in this report for the Malaysian model, are all based on Thai production data, as furnished by the Thai representative. Some of these data appear to be quite high as compared to experience elsewhere. Therefore, the data should be utilized on a conservative basis, subject to the above qualification.