Field Document 4
October 1986
IMPROVEMENT OF THE SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES, INDONESIA |
| FI:GCP/INS/056/CAN Field Document 4 October 1986 |
FAO/GOVERNMENT COOPERATIVE PROGRAMME
Report prepared by the
Indonesian Fisheries Development Project
(1984–1985)
Based on the work of
Tatang Sujastani
National Team Leader
This report was prepared during the course of the project identified on the title page. The conclusions and recommendations given in the report are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1986
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1.3 Official Arrangements and Activities
2. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 Improvement in Survey Facility
4. Fish seed area in Anambas Islands
5. Fish seed area in Lingga - Singkep and Senayang Islands
Marine fisheries play an important role in the economics of Indonesia with an annual production valued at US$ 257 million in 1983, or about 7% of the agricultural GDP, and provides employment for approximately 3 million people, or 5% of the total national labour force. As an archipelagic nation, Indonesia consists of 13 667 islands, and therefore has extensive coastlines of more than 81 000 km in total. Over 60% of the population of the country, estimated presently at about 160 million, live in these coastal areas.
The marine fisheries production in 1983 reached 1.7 million tons. The annual increase during the last five years averaged around 5% of which 90% was from small-scale fisheries in the near-shore waters of the overpopulated coastal villages of Java, the east coast of Sumatra and the south coast of Sulawesi, using simple gear including lines, traps, gillnet and various types of seines.
The Indonesian fisheries area is approximately 5.8 million km2, consisting of the territorial and inland waters of 3.1 million km2, and the Exclusive Economic Zone of Indonesia of 2.7 million km2.
The population increase and the export demands for penaeid shrimp and tuna encouraged development, particularly in the years since 1968. The modernization of fishing industry facilities and the extension of fishing grounds have been some of the notable indicative trends.
The animal protein requirement was set by the government at 33 kg/head/year; only 12.19 kg/head/year was reached in 1980, responsible for roughly 60 percent of the animal protein intake.
Coastal waters with the highest productivity are those receiving the outflow of rivers, generally with mangrove forests on the shore, farming ecosystems of great biological importance to fisheries. Coral reefs are also found in abundance supporting fisheries of importance especially those at artisanal levels.
Located between the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, the Indonesian Archipelago has two monsoons, east and west. These have pronounced influences on coastal fishing activities through adverse affects on the accessibility of fish stocks and on the operational capability of small fishing boats using various indigeneous fishing gear.
The Indonesian Fisheries Development Project (INFIDEP) Phase II worked in the waters of the Riau Archipelago District in the South China Sea. This area had previously been studied and estimated to contain approximately 500 000 t of fish1. Considering that the total marine fisheries production is in the area of 9 000 t, it would appear that these waters offer considerable opportunity for further development. The findings of INFIDEP show that the observed fish biomass is mostly distributed in areas outside the existing traditional fishing grounds and that the migratory movement of the fish stocks is apparently linked to the monsoons. The acoustic surveys carried out in the project period are therefore designed to develop these previous findings.
The mariculture component is a continuation of a previous activity and directed towards the location of the natural fish seed resources. For this purpose a team of consultants has been hired to conduct a three-month fish seed survey, which would form the subject of a separate report. A substantial number of seed survey cruises were concentrated around the islands of Bintan, Lingga, Singkep and Anambas, in an area considered to be the most suitable for marine fish culture development due to its proximity to Singapore.
The INFIDEP comprised two phases. The first phase was originally scheduled for 34 months from May 1980, but due to a number of unforeseen factors, the not to exceed (NTE) date of this phase was extended to 30 April 1984. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) assistance amounted to US$ 1 083 302, and the contribution of the Indonesian Government was Rp 1 024 672 3001.
The INFIDEP Phase II project was initiated to continue working towards development goals based on the positive outcome of the first phase. This was officially signed, as an amendment to the original PD, on 16 August 1984 as a one year extension with an additional funding of US$ 200 000. Activities commenced when the National Project Leader began his duties on 4 December 1984. However, due to the Indonesian Fiscal Year beginning in April, project operations began in April 1985 and terminated on 31 March 1986. This stretched schedule did not affect the available budget allotment.
During the period, two acoustic surveys were conducted entirely by Indonesian staff. Assistance on acoustic instrument calibration was given by an FAO acoustic expert.
The finfish culture component was executed in the Bintan Island area of the Riau Archipelago District and improved operational practices and efficiency. Because of the importance of fish seed for sea-farming, a team of consultants undertook a detailed study on the fish seed resource in the area. This study, which took three months, was completed in the third week of March 1986. A report on this will be submitted separately.
As a result of rough weather conditions the second acoustic survey in the South China Sea was not completed until mid-March 1986, when the fish seed surveys carried out by the consultants were completed. Due to the official completion of the INFIDEP, Phase II project on 31 March 1986, data processing, analyses and reporting of these activities could not be completed in time.
1 Rp 1005.00 = US$ 1.00 (April 1984)
The programme goals to which this project is committed are:
to increase Indonesia's productive capacity on a self-sustaining basis
to increase employement and to improve income distribution.
The relevant sector goal is to assist the Government of Indonesia in the improvement of the socio-economic status of small-scale fisherman, through the rational development and management of Indonesia's fishery resources, in accordance with needs.
The planned objectives of Phase II are:
to carry out fish seed surveys to determine the availability of seed for finfish farming
to conduct acoustic surveys in improving methods for better investigation of close inshore waters
to train technical staff in developing essential knowledge and leadership in the field of mariculture, catching technologies and acoustics.
The area of work is the South China Sea in the Riau Archipelago District.
The purpose of this report is to present the main results obtained during Phase II and the recommendations for the advancement of knowledge of fishery resources for development and management purposes and the development of marine finfish culture in the area.
Equipment essential for carring out the acoustic survey was properly installed in the RV TENGGIRI. Portable units of acoustic instruments with which to conduct surveys, in the shallow and inshore waters, were acquired. These were used in small boats by means of tape-recording, for field data acquisition and replaying in the computerized echo-integrator system of the RV TENGGIRI, for data interpretations and analysis.
The fishery resource surveys were conducted in the South China Sea, in the Riau Archipelago District, well-known as Natuna-Anambas waters. Two acoustic survey cruises were made in the area during Phase II. The timing of the surveys were planned to cover the range of seasons as well as to provide a representative time-series seasonal coverage.
The first cruise (October-November 1985) covered the area of Siantan and Jemaja of the Anambas and East and West Bunguran of the Natuna. Both echo-integrator systems were utilized to make comparative studies to find out the relative differences between the two systems. This activity, including the calibration of the equipment, was supervised by the FAO acoustic expert and a report was prepared. Approximately 990 n.mi of acoustic track was covered in the Anambas and 806 n.mi in the Natuna.
The fish biomass estimation shows that the stock density in Anambas averaged 43.8 t/n.mi2 (30.3 t/n.mi2 in daytime and 57.5 t/n.mi2 at night). However, the estimated stock density in Natuna averaged only 27.5 t/n.mi2 (26.7 t/n.mi2 during the day and 28.2 t/n.mi2 at night).
The second cruise was conducted from February-March 1986 to collect information during the worst monsoon season in the area. The wind-speed ranged from 5 to 8 on the Beaufort scale (approximately 9 to 18 m/sec or 17–36 kn) and wave height from 2 to 4 m. These rough sea conditions caused poor gains on the acoustic instruments and saturations occurred in the echo-integration systems. The RV TENGGIRI had to anchor in sheltered areas nearby in the west coast of Midai Island in the Natuna and in the south coast of Ayer Abu Island in the Anambas.
A 407 n.mi acoustic track in the Anambas was covered, and the results showed a very low fish stock density. The stock density in daytime had an average of 1.85 t/n.mi2 (0.6–3.1 t/n.mi2) and at night of 1.3 t/n.mi2 (0.4–2.2 t/n.mi2).
As already reported, a great variability in pelagic fish abundance in the area has been observed seasonally. The information gained during Phase II shows that the October-November 1985 findings correspond relatively to that of November-December 1983, showing an occurrence of high pelagic biomass densities ranging from 29 to 59 t/n.mi2. However, a quite low density of less than 5 t/n.mi2 was observed at the end of the north monsoon. It could probably be concluded that a high density of pelagic fish occurs in the period between the south and north monsoons, falling within the period October-December.
Mariculture or sea-farming, is a relatively new fishery activity but it can be mastered within a short period of time. The fishermen in the area have been keeping their catches live in wood, stick or bamboo containers as a means of holding and/or fattening them before they are sold.
The potential role of mariculture in the improvement of the needy rural coastal and small-scale fishing communities has been recognized for some time. The utilization of the vast unexploited coastal resources and usable areas in support of mariculture development is therefore of high priority. The existence of a high demand for live fish in Singapore would potentially support this development. It has been estimated that the daily consumption of marine fish is approximately 250 t, of which sea-farmed species are in particularly high demand, bringing a sustained high wholesale price. When live, fish of these species may bring a wholesale price of US$ 35/kg. Traditionally, live fish are delivered directly to holding facilities at sea and it is difficult, therefore, to trace their suppliers.
The Phase II activity in this field is directed towards fish seed study to support the development of finfish culture.
The mariculture field trials yielded valuable information of a biological and technological nature important to sea-farming development. It has become evident that adequate seed supply and the provision of low-priced feeds are two essential prerequisites for successful finfish culture.
The rearing practices of grouper, seabass and other coral fish conducted by the marine fishermen in the area consist traditionally of holding and fattening live fish in wood stick or bamboo cages until the fish attain marketable size. Juveniles are available as a by-catch of traps and beach seines. These have been improved by increasing yield rate and economic return through culture management design.
There are two groups of finfish for culture. In one, the species are carnivorous represented by the serranids (grouper), typically Epinephelus tauvina (estuarine grouper, locally called kerapu), Pelctropomus leopardus (leopard coral trout or sunuk) and P. maculatus (spotted coral trout or sunuk) which have a considerably fast weight increment rate and related higher feed costs. In the other, the species are herbivorous as represented by the siganids, Siganus spp. (rabbitfish or dingkis) and have a comparatively slower growth but are capable of thriving on natural vegetation of little or no cost. These fish have a high seasonal market demand in Singapore and consequently high commercial value.
A complementary fish to be reared is, prospectively, the red snapper, Lutjanus sanguineus (local name kakap merah) and L. johni or jennaha which has the fastest daily growth rate compared to the other species mentioned as its daily weight increments may range from 0.40 to 1.46 percent. The market price is, however, much lower by about one third the price than that of grouper.
The results of culture trials during the course of the project show that there are two systems of culture for finfish farming, viz., floating culture and bottom culture. However, success would depend upon proper selection of sites.
Suitable sites should be well sheltered from the strong weather conditions of the monsoon wherein the velocity of current should be within the range of an average of 2–15 m/sec and the wave height less than 2 m. The water depth should be more than 7–8 m, the dissolved oxygen level around 6–8 ppm, salinity 25–34‰ and pH 7.8–8.4. The bottom should be well oxygenated and devoid of trapped nutrients. It is better to select sites away from the influence of pollutants from population centres.
Rafts are mandatory for the floating culture system. Their function is to provide a framework for the rigging of the net cage. They are buoyed with floats to provide a working platform. Materials for raft construction are wood or bamboo. In the Bintan area the local wood called kayu kapur is suitable, as it lasts for 3 to 4 years.
The types of floats vary and include bamboo or light wood and used metal drums coated with anti-corrosive and anti-fouling paints that last for 8–14 months. Coating with fibreglass ensures the wood will last 3–4 years.
The cheapest net webbing for cages, available in the area, is polyethylene netting that may have a lifespan of 2 years. For rearing of fish weighing 400–1 000 g/individual, a 1.4–2 in mesh-size of 18–21 ply is suitable. Thicker netting is better, as it is more resistant to crabs and pufferfish.
The size of a unit net cage depends on the available capital; however, a minimum size of 2 × 3 × 2 m is recommended. During the trials the net size used was 3 × 3 × 3 m. Square cages make construction and management easier.
Floating net cages are positioned by wooden stakes, poles or anchors. The mooring system must be strong to secure the rafts and maintain the floating facilities in position in all weather conditions.
The bottom culture system involves set net-cages fixed to the bottom which are suitable in shallow coastal waters and mangrove areas. The existing net-cages are rectangular in shape with sizes varying from 3 to 8 m in length and 2 to 3 m in width. The outer partition is a fence of closeset wooden poles set into the seabed. The inner layer is polyethylene net webbing. The bottom layer is sometimes made of wire webbing which is placed 1 m off the bottom. The lifespan of the system is two years with proper maintenance.
Regarding feed and feeding, every effort was made to reduce the costs. The conversion ratio was estimated at 7.8:1. However, the results of trials in Bintan of the feeding of Epinephelus in cages, suggests that feed could be given at 4–5% of bodyweight per day for fish weighing less than 1 kg. For larger individuals less feed, at about 2–3% of bodyweight. As a supplementary diet, luring small fish to aggregate inside the cage by light attraction was found useful.
The magnitude of seed resources in the area has not yet been assessed quantitatively. Based on the environmental conditions, the presence of adults and the information collected from the local fishermen, potential seed grounds in the Anambas waters of Niulwan Bay, Pemutus Bay, Air Masuk, Ladan and Putih Bay, could be expected. In the southern part of the South China Sea, a number of potential fish seed sites are located at the Lingga-Singkep-Senayang island group of Pancur Bay, Sungai Pinang, Sedamai, Lalang, Maroek Tua, Posik, Bakong, Kuala Klungu, Pasir Nali, Sebangka, Monang, Limas Teban and Benan (Figures 4 and 5).
Siganus canaliculatus fry exist in abundance from March-May and from September to November in the area but other Siganus species exist in certain locations only. S. javus is found in Sungai Pinang and Bakong in Lingga-Singkep Islands; S. virgatus in Kongka Kecil, Lalang, Ladan, Pemutus Bay, Putih Bay and Air Masuk; and S. guttatus in abundance in Niulwan Bay, Lalang, Bakong, Maroek Kecil, Kuala Klungu and Sebangka.
The catch of serranid fry during the survey was very poor. It may be due to the lack of understanding of their behaviour. Post-larvae have, however, been found in shallow, sandy shores during the flood tide, especially in places receiving outflows of fresh water.
Beach seines and small purse-seines have been utilized to catch the fry. Ring nets are, however, easier to operate in areas having muddy bottom conditions.
Natural seed resources could not be depended upon for fishfarming development purposes in the area. The seasonal accessibility hinders a full-scale production increase. It is recommended that artificial propagation methods be used to overcome this problem and enable a viable production programme to be carried out.
The development of a finfish culture in the area should thus emphasize the need to overcome the major constraints, including insufficient supplies of quality seed stock and economic fish feeds.
The training of the counterpart personnel during Phase II stressed in-service training involving fishery acoustic surveys and marine finfish farming.
Training with acoustics for three weeks in the Fishery Laboratory, Lowestoft, UK, was acquired for two bio-acousticians and an electronic engineer, of the Fishing Technology Development Centre, of the Directorate-General of Fisheries, and of the Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development. They gained advanced knowledge in data interpretation, especially the engineer, who acquired the knowledge to maintain the equipment onboard the RV TENGGIRI.
During Phase II it was felt that a need of the fish acoustic survey was to obtain fish samples by purse-seine. The skipper of the RV TENGGIRI was nominated as the candidate for a 6–9 month training period as fishing master; however, due to his limited proficiency of the English language the training period was not carried out.
Training on marine finfish farming was acquired by two counterparts from Tanjung Pinang, Riau Archipelago District. These are the technical staff of the Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture, AARD and from the Fisheries Service Office of the Riau Archipelago District. A one-month training and study tour was conducted at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Institute in Songkhla, Thailand.
The knowledge attained by the trainees during study abroad is passed on to other counterparts and technical staff through seminars and field demonstrations.
The following recommendations are presented to establish appropriate follow-up actions and to provide guidelines for future development :
The Government of Indonesia should continue the finfish culture development in the Riau Archipelago and the fishery resource evaluations in the South China Sea, with the further financial support of funding agencies.
The Government of Indonesia should consider strengthening and maintaining the present fishery acoustic survey team consisting of scientists from the Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, AARD and the technical staff of the Fishing Technology Development Centre, DGF, in order to ensure successful execution of future acoustic surveys in Indonesian waters.
The Government of Indonesia should consider increasing the knowledge and skill of scientists from the Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture, AARD, Tanjung Pinang Laboratory and the field (extension) technical staff of the Fisheries Service Office, Riau Archipelago District, to support the mariculture development in the area.
Consideration should be given by the Fishing Technology Development Centre, DGF, Semarang, as to the possibility of sending abroad the skipper of the RV TENGGIRI to a country with an important purse-seine fishery for training in seining operations (utilizing sonar).
Consideration should be given by the Fishing Technology Development Centre, DGF, Semarang, as to the possibility of sending abroad the skipper of the RV TENGGIRI to obtain training in the field of electronic engineering so that repair and maintenance of electronical equipment is ensured.
Consideration should be given by the FTDC to provide the RV TENGGIRI, through external assistance, with two units of purse-seine nets of a suitable size.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Fig. 3 Distribution and abundance of pelagic fish biomass in the Anambas area based on Cr. 01/86 02–03 in t/n.mi2
Figure 4
Figure 5
