This case study provides an overview and analysis of lessons learned in developing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of adaptation in the agriculture sector in Colombia, as part of a broader national adaptation M&E system. It presents the policy and institutional context for adaptation M&E in Colombia; the process, theory and methodology applied for designing the adaptation M&E system and in particular its agriculture components; and the outcome, or the vulnerability and risk analysis, and the indicators, that have been identified for assessing adaptation in the agriculture sector. Finally, lessons learned in terms of challenges, successes and next steps are discussed.