In this chapter we present our assessments of the current socioeconomic and biophysical vulnerability of the Ethiopian agricultural sector, mainly focusing on key indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability and selected food enterprises. General circulation model (GCM) projections to 2050 are used to uncover what the future holds for the agricultural sector and what should be considered to enhance the sector’s adaptive capacity. Crop simulation models are used to assess the changes in prices of major commodities expected with climate change. Finally, a future direction for sustainable planned adaptation is suggested for policymakers to guide their actions.