Migration flows, including those to, from and between rural areas, have long shaped - and been shaped - by the NENA region’s complex socio-economic and political landscape. Demographic shifts and the mismatch between labour supply and demand have created common migration routes within and between NENA countries, as well as globally. More and more rural youth are aspiring to migrate abroad or to urban centres. With limited employment opportunities in rural areas, rural youth remain unemployed or work as unskilled agricultural labourers, often in part-time, seasonal, low-paying and precarious jobs. The decision to migrate among rural youth is not always informed nor voluntary. In many cases, migration is perceived as the only alternative to improve their living conditions and life prospects. » Economic migration can have mixed outcomes for rural and agricultural development and food security. Better management can help mitigate negative consequences and ensure that outcomes are decidedly positive. This includes i) facilitating the transfer and productive use of remittances in rural areas, ii) engaging diaspora communities and iii) facilitating human mobility, in addition to addressing the adverse drivers of migration