The Focus Group brought together 20 experts from 15 EU Member States and a diverse range of backgrounds. They explored the potential for making effective use of the EIP-AGRI to improve the long-term viability of High Nature Value (HNV) farming systems and thereby stop/reverse the decline in HNV farmland currently observed. The initial scope of the Focus Group was intended to be - how to improve the profitability of HNV farming without losing the HNV characteristics? However, the Focus Group members pointed out this was a rather narrow perspective and actually part of a bigger question of - how to improve the social and economic sustainability of HNV farming without losing the HNV characteristics? After clearly concluding that any discussion of socio-economic sustainability needs to be centered upon the HNV farmer and the HNV farming household (rather than the core principles underpinning the concept of “HNV farming”), the Focus Group (FG) identified five “acceptable” development pathways. These pathways have the potential to support more socially and economically sustainable HNV farming, whilst not excessively threatening the HNV characteristics of the farming system: Pathway 1: Networking and cooperation Pathway 2: Farm diversification Pathway 3: Increasing the selling price of HNV products and improving access to markets Pathway 4: Adopting new technologies Pathway 5: Increasing the physical output of the farm (within specific constraints) They also identified a number of ’fail factors and ’key enabling conditions’ that are likely to influence the adoption of these development pathways by individual HNV farmers in the context of their specific niche of agronomic and socio-economic circumstances. No single pathway, or combination of pathways, can be considered as a “perfect solution” for all HNV farming systems.