The FAO-Finland Programme is supporting Tanzania in its efforts towards developing and implementing national efforts on integrated fire management as a key factor to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. All stakeholders1 see the fire situation in Tanzania as complex, difficult, widespread and of significant concern. The detail of the fire situation in Tanzania needs to be examined and properly described. This study was intended to establish a thorough understanding on the existing indigenous knowledge, practices and customary norms (IKPC) on fires in Tanzania in order to establish a basis for how, when, where and why communities in the nine study sites use fires. The study conducted in nine villages from nine districts and regions, respectively. The study covered the northeastern, central, western, and southern parts of Tanzania.