The CRP on Dryland Systems is all about integration: between different research disciplines, between biophysical and socio-economic factors, between crop farming and pastoralism, between research and development. The program aims to develop new technologies, new livelihood opportunities, stronger local institutions, enabling policies to support technology adoption, and ultimately higher incomes and better lives for the poorest and most vulnerable households. This issue of Caravan describes the new program, and some of the research innovations it will build on. The issue begins with two ‘opinion pieces’ by scientists from partner organizations in the CRP. They share lessons learnt from past successes (and failures), and ideas that could be applied to dryland systems worldwide. Other articles present examples of the integrated, multi-disciplinary approach that is central to the CRP on Dryland Systems – farming systems research, water-saving irrigation methods, salinity management, conservation agriculture, rangelands, feed and fodder, animal breeding and horticulture. We look at new approaches for selecting research sites, and an innovative project that helps women access high-value export markets. These articles provide food for thought. They also provide convincing evidence that good research and strong partnerships can transform livelihoods even in the most difficult dryland environment.