Even as structural and rural transformation opens up new opportunities, it also generates major risks for smallholders, rural small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and other marginalized groups. This chapter considers if, why and how collective action and rural collective organizations can enhance the scope of inclusive rural transformation.  It considers three questions: how does collective action empower rural people and thereby encourage rural transformation? How do rural collective organizations contribute to making this transformation more inclusive? Which strategies, policies and investments can strengthen the inclusiveness of rural collective organizations?