The diversity of agriculture in the world reflects the immense variety of societies and natural environments on the planet. Indeed, agricultural systems range from various types of shifting slash-and-burn practices – sometimes very similar to those of the first sedentary human groups – to quasi-automated agricultures in some regions of the world. These systems present huge gaps in terms of modes of exploitation of natural resources, levels of capital use, productivity and market integration. They reflect various stages of transformation of agriculture depending on their technical level, their integration into globalized markets and the structural changes of national economies around the world. They also echo the transition from agrarian societies – organized around the relationships between rural communities and with their natural environment –, to predominantly urban ones characterized by a high degree of division of labor, where agricultural production is increasingly implemented through processes of artificialization of cultivated areas and the industrialization of the food chain. And yet, in absolute terms, there have never been as many farmers globally as there are today. A historical perspective is necessary to understand the multiplicity of agricultural situations existing today and the very specific and central role of family farming systems. Family agriculture is embedded in agrarian history, a history that has played a key role in the overall evolution of economies and societies. In recent centuries, it has been intrinsically linked with the major agricultural and industrial changes that have taken place, at very different speeds in different parts of the world.