Agriculture is an important part of the economy in Central Asia and contributes significantly to the food security of the majority of population. Sustainable development of agriculture, increase of production and improvement of population welfare largely depend on soil condition and its fertility. Over the past decade, the agricultural lands, however, have suffered from progressive degradation leading steadily to the loss of their fertility and eventually to a low yield and inefficiency of production as a whole. Land degradation is the direct result of inefficient farming driven by conventional soil tillage that leads to intensive mechanical pressure on fertile soil layer. This is why the soil structure is severely disturbed, and living organisms in the soil ecosystem inflict tangible damages. Arid and rough topographic conditions, difference in altitudinal zonation and increasing impact of climate change will only worsen the situation in time. It is therefore necessary to take proactive measures for preserving the structure of soil cover, accumulating moisture and providing optimal conditions to support the vital functions of soil organisms. Such measures should primarily include: the reduction of mechanical pressure on soil through direct-seeding and zero-tillage practices; the protection of soil cover; the increase of moisture deposits and organic matter by keeping surface mulch; and the improvement of agricultural cultivation techniques and adoption of diversified crop rotation.