This paper analyses the relationship between agriculture transformation and employment in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region, where unemployment, particularly among the young generation, represents a fundamental challenge. The paper summarizes the origins of the problem and sheds light on policy reforms in agriculture and agroindustry that contribute to the elimination of the rural-urban gap in livelihoods and infrastructure, promote employment and reduce rural outmigration, taking into account the complex interlinkages between migration, agriculture and rural development. A three-pronged approach is proposed aimed at curbing poverty, increasing employment opportunities and ensuring inclusive agricultural transformation.