Nearly 80 percent of seasonal crop areas in the Near East and North Africa Region are rainfed, a system whose water source is highly variable, insufficient to satisfy the crop water demand, and often exposed to drought. These conditions make farming in rainfed areas highly risky and unpredictable, with negative implications for farmers’ livelihood and national food security as well. Depending on the expected rainfall regime, there are two major farming practices that can be adopted to reduce the production uncertainty: Supplemental Irrigation (SI) and Conservation Agriculture (CA).