Conventional agriculture is very productive. But high productivity comes at a cost: soil that is depleted or eroded, watercourses that are polluted or drying up, and a food system that produces 20–40% of greenhouse gas emissions. Many people now agree that we urgently need to transform the food system, including agriculture. Agroforestry, as a nature-based approach to production and land use, will play an important role in this transformation. Agroforestry is land use that combines trees with crops, trees with livestock, or trees with both crops and livestock. This mix of components creates an agroforestry system in which the components interact in a beneficial manner, improving agriculture in many ways; for example, by improving farm yields, increasing farm incomes, and contributing to soil and water conservation. Agroforestry is a form of ‘trees-on-farms’