The competitive environment of dairy cattle production systems is often linked to increased pressure on animal welfare due to various stress factors. It is argued that there is trade-off between production and animal welfare, which includes animal health. However, this is not always the case. The EIP-AGRI Focus Group on ‘Robust and resilient dairy production systems’ discussed how to combine both of these issues. Robust and resilient dairy farms can cope with these challenges in the context of increasingly volatile economic and environmental circumstances. This report gives an overview of the issues and solutions that were discussed in the Focus Group.