In 2017, Alliance Environnement (formed by IEEP and Oréade-Brèche) and the Thünen Institute carried out an evaluation of the greening measures under the Direct Payments Regulation for the European Commission. The 2013 CAP reform introduced a payment for a compulsory set of ‘greening measures’ (crop diversification, maintenance of permanent grasslands, and ecological focus areas), accounting for 30% of the direct payments budget. The study assessed the drivers of Member States’ and farmers’ implementation choices as well as the effects so far of the measures on farming practices and production, their effectiveness in relation to environmental and climate objectives, their efficiency, coherence, relevance and EU added value.