Aquatic foods hold a unique potential to contribute to a much-needed transformation of food systems thanks to their high nutritional value, cultural significance, and relatively low environmental impact. However, realizing this potential requires a transformative approach to help overcome two grand challenges: sustainably increasing the production of nutritious aquatic foods and ensuring equitable access to these resources. This paper highlights the key recommendations from the White Paper on Challenge 3 (‘Sustainably nourish the global population’) of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (hereafter, the Ocean Decade), developed by a group of experts under the Vision 2030 process, on the science needed to support a ‘Blue Transformation’. A holistic, interdisciplinary science agenda is proposed, emphasizing strengthened institutional and public–private partnerships, prioritizing the inclusion of small-scale actors, women, and youth, and focusing on delivering science targeted to solve specific challenges. The Ocean Decade provides a platform to catalyse these efforts, fostering a paradigm shift towards inclusive, co-created science. Achieving these goals will enable aquatic food systems to contribute significantly to global food security and the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.