Climatic constraints, especially the scarcity of water and land resources have always been characteristic of Mediterranean agricultural systems that have developed ingenious farming systems to adapt. Today, the resilience of these systems is challenged since climatic disruptions will generate different conditions for agricultural production throughout the region and will impact the availability and quality of water, the environment, forests and biodiversity, plant and animal production, the dissemination of agricultural and animal diseases as well as the food security of populations, especially the vulnerable ones in rural areas.Agricultural development is a key component of environmental, social and economic sustainability. This is because the underlying factors of this sustainability, i.e. food and water are fundamental human needs.

Thanks to the precious contributions of the experts that have participated to this Watch Letter issue, we striveto present a diversity of viewpoints, expertise and topics in order to provide the most complete array possible of the Mediterranean in a situation of changing climate. Lastly, we would like to thank the Fondation Crédit Agricole du Maroc pour le Développement durable, our partnerfor this publication.