Table 2a. Summary of dietary
nutrient requirement and utilization of the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon |
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Nutrient
level (as g/kg) |
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Life stage/size class |
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Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence
(1991), 38% CPt |
Larvae |
Post-larvae (PL) |
Juvenile |
P. monodon bodyu |
Adult/ broodstock |
Data source |
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[a] |
[b] |
[c] |
[d] |
[e] |
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Crude protein, % min |
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38 |
45 |
45, 40�44d |
35�40, 40d, 33�44, 35,
40, 40b, 44b |
70 |
35�38d |
[a] 34 [b] 34, 26 [c]28,
26, 23, 15, 16, 20, 20 [d] 30 [e] 26 |
Amino
acids, g/kg diet for feed and g/kg dry matter for P. monodon |
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Arginine |
22 |
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18.5�25.0�30, 37.1, 25 |
49.9 |
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[c] 1,5,7, 21, 27 [d] 30 |
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Histidine |
8 |
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8 |
6.9�9.2 |
11.8 |
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[b] 6, [c] 21,7 [d] 30 |
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Isoleucine |
13.2 |
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10.1 |
6.1�17.6 |
26.5 |
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[b] 6, [c] 21,7 [d] 30 |
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Leucine |
20.5 |
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17 |
10.3�29 |
59.6 |
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[b] 6, [c] 21,7 [d] 30 |
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Lysine |
20.1 |
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20.8�27.5�31.6 |
44 |
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[c] 5,7,21 |
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Methionine |
9.1 |
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8.9 |
10, 12.4, 6r |
15 |
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[b] 2, [c] 7, 21, 64 |
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Methionine + Cysteine |
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10.6r |
23 |
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[c] 64 |
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Phenylalanine |
15.2 |
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14 |
16.2, 17 |
29.7 |
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[b] 6, [c] 7, 21 [d] 30 |
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Threonine |
13.7 |
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14 |
15.6, 16.1 |
26.9 |
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[b] 4, [c] 7, 21 [d] 30 |
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Tryptophan |
3 |
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2 |
4.4 |
6.6 |
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[b] 6, [c] 7, 21 [d] 30 |
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Valine |
15.2 |
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13.5 |
20.3 |
30.4 |
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[b] 3, [c] 7 [d] 30 |
Crude lipid, % min |
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6.0�7.5 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
7, 3.5�8.0, 5�8 |
5.88 |
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[a] 34 [b] 34 [c] 23,
21,34,37 [d] 30 |
Essential fatty acids, %
min |
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18:2n�6 Linoleic acid |
0.4 |
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0.05 |
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0.8712 |
[e] 8, [c] 21 |
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20:4n�6 Arachidonic acid |
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0.79 |
[e] 8 |
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18:3n�3 Linolenic acid |
0.3 |
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0.1 |
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0.4598 |
[e] 8, [c] 21 |
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20:5n�3 Eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA)� |
0.4 |
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0.01 |
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1.43; 1.77 |
[e] 8, 9, [c] 21 |
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22:6n�3
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) |
0.4 |
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0.005 |
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0.75; 0.9 |
[e] 8, 9, [c] 21 |
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n3/n6 ratio |
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2.5:1 |
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1.81 |
[c] 38 [e] 8 |
Lecithin (%) |
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>1 |
1 |
1 |
0.1�2 |
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[a] 60 [b] 60 [c] 21 |
Cholesterol (%) |
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0.3�0.4 |
0.4, 1 |
0.4, 1 |
>0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.17, 0.1 |
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[a] 34, 60 [b] 34, 60 [c]
39, 34, 21, 61, 62 |
Carbohydrate, % max |
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32 |
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[c] 23 |
Crude fibre, % max |
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<4.0 |
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<4 |
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[c] 41 |
Gross energy, min kJ/g |
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19.17 |
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[d] 30 |
Gross energy, min
kcal/100 g |
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330a, 280�370, 263�331, 330e |
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[c] 22, 21, 23, 29 |
Digestible energy, min
kJ/g |
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Metabolizable energy, min
kJ/g |
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Protein to energy ratio,
mg/kcal |
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146�150, 125, 121a |
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[c] 23, 24, 25 |
P/E ratio (mg protein/kJ) |
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28, 29.86 |
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[c] 25,35 |
Lipid:carbohydrate ratio |
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1:4.6c |
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[c] 23 |
Minerals (%) |
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Ash (%) |
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<14 |
<16 |
16.35 |
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[b] 26 [c] 26 [d] 30 |
Macroelements (%) |
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Calcium, max |
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<2.3 |
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[c] 31 [d] 31 |
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Calcium: Phosphorus |
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01:01 |
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[c] 42 |
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Phosphorus, min |
1.5h (0.8)i |
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0.5g |
1�2f |
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[b] 33 [c] 32 [d] 32 |
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Potassium, % |
0.9 |
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1.2�1.5 g/100 g |
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[c] 17 |
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Magnesium, min |
0.2 |
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0l |
0l |
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[b] 45 [c] 45 |
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Sodium, min |
0.6 |
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Microelements, min mg/kg
dry diet |
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Iron |
300 |
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0l |
0l |
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[b] 45 [c] 45 |
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Copper |
35 |
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15�21, 30k |
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[c] 44 |
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Manganese |
20 |
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Zinc |
110 |
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15j |
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[c] 43 |
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Cobalt |
10 |
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Selenium |
1 |
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<0.3 |
<0.3 |
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[b] 45 [c] 45 |
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Iodine |
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1 |
1 |
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[b] 45 [c] 45 |
Vitamins, min IU/kg |
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Vitamin A |
10 000 IU/kg |
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8 400 |
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[c] 56 |
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Vitamin D |
5 000 IU/kg |
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0.1 mg/kg (4 000 IU/kg)� |
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[c] 50 |
Vitamins, min mg/kg |
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Vitamin E |
300 |
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85�89 (179n) |
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[c] 57 |
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Vitamin K (menadione) |
5 |
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5o, 35p, 30�40 |
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[c] 50, 63 |
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Thiamine (B1) |
50 |
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13�14 |
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[c] 13, 27 |
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Riboflavin (B2) |
40 |
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22.3, 22.5 |
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[c] 46, 27 |
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Pyridoxine (B6) |
50 |
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72�89 |
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[c] 47 |
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Pantothenic acid |
75 |
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101�139 |
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[c] 14 |
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Niacin |
200 |
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6.4, 17.4�37.5, 6.83 |
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[c] 27, 48, 49 |
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Folic acid |
10 |
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1.9�2.1, 2�8 |
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[c] 52, 27 |
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Vitamin B12
(cyanocobalamin) |
0.1 |
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0.2, 0.05�0.4 |
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[c] 53, 27 |
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Choline |
400 |
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6 200, 600 |
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[c] 51, 50 |
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Inositol |
300 |
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3 400 |
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[c] 12, 50 |
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Biotin |
1 |
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1, 2�2.4 |
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[c] 50, 10 |
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Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
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>>40 ppm to 2000 ppm |
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2 000�2 500, 209�220m, 100�500m |
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[a] 11, [c] 27, 54, 55 |
Astaxanthin (mg/kg) |
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50�100 |
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[c] 58 |
Paraaminobenzoic acid
(mg/kg) |
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270q |
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[c] 57 |
Chitin |
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5% |
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[c] 59 |
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1Chen, Leu and
Roelants (1992); 2Millamena, Bautista Teruel and Kanazawa (1996a); 3Millamena,
Bautista Teruel and Kanazawa (1996b); 4Millamena et al. (1997); |
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5Millamena et al. (1998); 6Millamena et
al. (1999); 7Donghui et al. (2000);
8Millamena (1989); 9Chayaburakul
et al. (1999); 10Shiau and Chin (1998); 11Swings (1999);� |
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12Shiau and Su
(2004); 13Chen, Wu & Tang (1991); 14Shiau and
Hsu (1999); 15Dayal et al. (2003); 16Alava and Lim (1983); 17Shiau and
Hsieh (2001); |
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19Liao and Liu
(1989); 20Shiau, Kwok and Chou (1991); 21Ayyappan and
Ahamad Ali (2007); 22AQUACOP (1977); 23Chuntapa et al. (1999); 24Shiau and Peng (1992);� |
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25Bautista, 1986; 26FAO, 2007b; 27Chen, 1993; 28Lin et al.,
1982; 29Shiau and Chou, 1991; 30Sarac et al, 1993; 31Davis and Lawrence, 1997; |
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32Davis, Lawrence
& Gatlin, 1993b (L. vannamei); 33Penaflorida, 1999; 34Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence, 1991; 35Shiau and
Peng, 1992;� |
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36Hajra, Ghosh and
Mandal, 1988; 37D�Abramo, 1989; 38Glencross et al., 2002b; 39Sheen et al.,1994; 40Goh, 2005; 41Hertrampf, 2006; 42Piedad�Pascual, 1988;� |
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43Davis, Lawrence
and Gatlin, 1993a; 44Lee and Shiau, 2002; 45Davis and Lawrence, 1997; 46Chen and Hwang, 1992; 47Shiau and Wu, 2003; 48Shiau and Suen, 1994;� |
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49McVey, 1993; 50Conklin,
1997; 51Shiau and Lo, 2001; 52Shiau and Huang, 2001; 53Shiau and Lung, 1993; 54Chen and Chang, 1994 ; 55Guillaume, 2001;� |
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56Shiau and Chen,
2000; 57Lee and Shiau, 2004; 58Meyers and Latscha, 1997; 59Shiau and Yu, 1998; 60Paibulkichakul et al., 1998;� |
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61Smith, Tabrett,
and Barclay, 2001; 62Hunter and Chamberlain, 2006; 63Shiau and
Liu, 1994; 64Smith, Tabrett and Glencross, 2007; |
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aAt 40 % feed
protein level; b44 % in brackish (16 ppt) water and 40 % in seawater (32
ppt); cAt 35 % protein in diet; |
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dPostlarvae 0.7�1.0
cm, juvenile 3.0�6.0 cm and adult >6 cm (FAO, 2007b); eAt 36 % feed
protein level; fAt calcium levels of 2%; gIn the absence of Ca; |
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hTotal phosphous; iAvailable
phosphorus; jLitopenaeus vannamei, basal zinc in diet 18 mg/kg; kLevel for
"nonspecific immune response"; |
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lOceanic seawater
has high levels and plant ingredients contain element, so shrimp may not
require a supplemental dietary source;� |
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mAscorbyl
polyphosphate, stable form of vitamin C (polyphosphorylated L�ascorbic acid);
nLevel
to achieve maximum tissue concentration;� |
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oNot the
water-soluble form of vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones are fat
soluble); pIf menadione, the water-soluble form of vitamin K is used; |
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qIncluded in diets,
but not researched; r38 % protein; sThe balance of cholesterol is provided by the raw
materials.� |
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tSuggested amino
acid levels for juvenile growout with a feed crude protein (CP) level of 38%. |
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uPenaeus monodon of
initial weight of 1.5 grams fed an artificial diet for 42 days. |
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